The document summarizes the main SQL commands divided into 4 groups: 1. DDL (Data Definition Language) commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP are used to define and modify database schema. 2. DML (Data Manipulation Language) commands like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and SELECT are used to manage data. 3. DCL (Data Control Language) commands like GRANT and REVOKE control access privileges. 4. DTL (Data Transaction Language) commands like BEGIN WORK, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK manage transactions. It then provides more details on the syntax of key commands like CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE etc.

1. Linguagem SQL
g g
PROGRAMAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS
Á
INFORMÁTICOS

2. Linguagem SQL
A linguagem SQL pode‐se dividir essencialmente
em quatro grupos de comandos
q g p
DDL – Data Definition Language
(CREATE, ALTER, DROP )
DML – Data Manipulation Language
(INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT)
DCL – Data Control Language
(GRANT, REVOKE)
DTL – Data Transation Language
(BEGIN WORK, COMMIT, ROLLBACK)

3. DDL Data Definition Language
CREATE
{DATABASE | TABLES | INDEX | VIEWS}
DROP
{DATABASE | TABLES | INDEX | VIEWS}
ALTER TABLE
RENAME TABLE

4. CREATE DATABASE Syntax
CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] db_name
[
[create_specification [, create_specification]
p f [, p f ]
...]
create_specification: [DEFAULT] CHARACTER
SET charset_name
SET charset name | [DEFAULT] COLLATE
collation_name
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create
‐database.html
d t b ht l

5. CREATE TABLE Syntax
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name [(create_definition,...)]
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl name [(create definition )]
[table_options] [select_statement]
create_definition:
column_definition
| [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY [index_type] (index_col_name,...)
| KEY [index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...)
| INDEX [index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...)
| [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] UNIQUE [INDEX] [index_name] [index_type]
(index_col_name,...)
| [FULLTEXT|SPATIAL] [INDEX] [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
| [FULLTEXT|SPATIAL] [INDEX] [index name] (index col name, )
| [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
[reference_definition]
| CHECK (expr)column_definition: col_name type [NOT NULL | NULL] [DEFAULT
default_value] [AUTO_INCREMENT] [[PRIMARY] KEY] [COMMENT string ]
default value] [AUTO INCREMENT] [[PRIMARY] KEY] [COMMENT 'string']
[reference_definition]
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create table.htm
http://dev mysql com/doc/refman/5 0/en/create‐table htm

6. CREATE INDEX Syntax
CREATE [UNIQUE|FULLTEXT|SPATIAL] INDEX
index_name [index_type] ON tbl_name
index name [index type] ON tbl name
(index_col_name,...)index_col_name:
col_name
col name [(length)] [ASC | DESC]
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create
‐index.html

7. CREATE VIEW Syntax
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [ALGORITHM =
{UNDEFINED | MERGE | TEMPTABLE}]
VIEW view_name [(column_list)] AS
select_statement
select statement [WITH [CASCADED |
LOCAL] CHECK OPTION]
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create
p // y q / / /5 / /
‐view.html

8. DROP Syntax
DROP {DATABASE | SCHEMA} [IF EXISTS]
db_name
DROP INDEX index_name ON tbl_name
DROP [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF EXISTS]
tbl_name [ tbl
tbl [, tbl_name] ... [RESTRICT |
] [RESTRICT |
CASCADE]
DROP VIEW [IF EXISTS] view_name [,
DROP VIEW [IF EXISTS] view name [
view_name] ... [RESTRICT | CASCADE]
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/sql‐
syntax‐data‐definition.html
y

9. RENAME TABLE Syntax
RENAME {DATABASE | SCHEMA} db_name
RENAME {DATABASE | SCHEMA} db name
TO new_db_name;
RENAME TABLE tbl_name TO new_tb _name
tb a e O e tbl a e
[, tbl_name2 TO new_tbl_name2] ...

10. DML Data Manipulation Language
INSERT
DELETE
UPDATE
LOAD DATA INFILE
SELECT
UNION

11. INSERT Syntax
INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY]
[IGNORE] [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)] VALUES
({expr | DEFAULT} ) ( ) [ ON DUPLICATE KEY
| DEFAULT},...),(...),... [ ON DUPLICATE KEY
UPDATE col_name=expr, ... ]
INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY]
[IGNORE] [INTO] tbl_name SET l
[IGNORE] [INTO] tbl SET col_name={expr |
{
DEFAULT}, ... [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
col_name=expr, ... ]
INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY]
[IGNORE] [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)] SELECT ...

12. DELETE Syntax
DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] [QUICK] [IGNORE]
FROM tbl_name
FROM tbl name [WHERE
where_definition] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT
row_count]
row count]

13. UPDATE Syntax
UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] tbl_name
SET col_name1=expr1 [, col_name2=expr2 ]
SET col name1=expr1 [ col name2=expr2 ...]
[WHERE where_definition] [ORDER BY ...]
[LIMIT row_count]
[LIMIT row count]

14. LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax
LOAD DATA [LOW_PRIORITY | CONCURRENT]
[
[LOCAL] INFILE 'file_name.txt' [REPLACE |
] f [ |
IGNORE] INTO TABLE tbl_name [FIELDS
[
[TERMINATED BY 't'] [[OPTIONALLY]
] [[ ]
ENCLOSED BY ''] [ESCAPED BY '' ] ]
[LINES [STARTING BY '']
[TERMINATED BY 'n'] ] [IGNORE number
LINES] [(col_name,...)]

15. SELECT Syntax
SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW ] [HIGH_PRIORITY] [STRAIGHT_JOIN]
[SQL_SMALL_RESULT] [SQL_BIG_RESULT] [SQL_BUFFER_RESULT] [SQL_CACHE |
SQL_NO_CACHE] [SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS]
select_expr, ...
[INTO OUTFILE 'file_name' export_options | INTO DUMPFILE
'file_name']
[FROM table_references
[WHERE where_definition]
[GROUP BY {col_name
[GROUP BY {col name | expr | position} [ASC | DESC] [WITH
| position} [ASC | DESC], ... [WITH
ROLLUP]]
[HAVING where_definition]
[ORDER BY {col_name
[ORDER BY {col name | expr | position} [ASC | DESC] ]
| position} [ASC | DESC] , ...]
[LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]
[PROCEDURE procedure_name(argument_list)]
[FOR UPDATE | LOCK IN SHARE MODE]]

16. UNION Syntax
SELECT ...
UNION [ALL | DISTINCT]
SELECT ...
[UNION [ALL | DISTINCT]
SELECT ...]
SELECT ]