linear feature extraction from topographic maps using energy density and shear transform
this paper is based on MATLAB to extract linear features such as roads and rivers from geographic maps
El documento describe las etapas clave del proceso de diseño de un proyecto arquitectónico, incluyendo la definición de necesidades, el desarrollo de un programa de diseño, la generación de hipótesis y esquemas, y la creación de planes básicos y ejecutivos. El objetivo final es producir un conjunto completo de planos y documentos que describan el diseño de un edificio antes de su construcción.
El documento define el concepto arquitectónico como la idea base a partir de la cual se desarrolla un proyecto arquitectónico. Explica que el concepto surge del análisis de los problemas y necesidades del proyecto y puede referirse a la forma, imagen mental o estrategia. Además, señala que detrás de todo buen proyecto existe un concepto o idea generadora. Por último, presenta algunos ejemplos como las Torres Petronas que simbolizan un portal hacia el cielo.
El presente libro continua con la construcción de una reflexión, que inicio con la investigación “Ciudad, hábitat y vivienda informal en la Colombia de los años 90” , en la que se desarrolló una visión amplia de la diversidad regional del país y se aportó en la comprensión de la ciudad, los barrios y la vivienda informal de las principales ciudades de Colombia; sus manifestaciones y tendencias, los elementos discordantes, las particularidades y los aspectos comunes, al igual que las lógicas contenidas en su construcción y consolidación.
El documento describe el proceso de diseño arquitectónico, dividiéndolo en 5 etapas: identificación de oportunidades, evaluación y selección, desarrollo e ingeniería, pruebas y evaluación, y comienzo de la producción. También describe el proceso creativo como preparación, incubación, iluminación y verificación. Finalmente, detalla los elementos del proceso de diseño arquitectónico como interpretación del programa, planteamiento del programa, investigación, anteproyecto, proyecto básico, proyecto de ejecución
El documento presenta definiciones de arquitectura a lo largo de la historia. La arquitectura se define como el arte de planear, proyectar y diseñar espacios habitables, que requiere tanto capacidad de diseño como conocimiento de construcción. Se compone de tres elementos: belleza, firmeza y utilidad. La arquitectura busca un equilibrio entre forma, función y estructura para crear espacios que satisfagan las necesidades humanas.
Este documento describe la arquitectura mexicana y sus antecedentes culturales. Resume las principales culturas prehispánicas de Mesoamérica como los olmecas, mayas, aztecas y teotihuacanos. También describe el descubrimiento y conquista de México por los españoles y el establecimiento del Virreinato de la Nueva España. Finalmente, detalla los principales elementos arquitectónicos y géneros de edificaciones de las culturas mesoamericanas.
El documento describe la arquitectura romana, incluyendo tipos de edificios públicos como templos, basílicas, termas y estructuras para espectáculos; monumentos conmemorativos como arcos de triunfo y columnas; obras de ingeniería como puentes y acueductos; y viviendas privadas como domus e insulae. El Panteón de Roma se destaca como un templo circular innovador con una gran cúpula y óculo central que influenció la arquitectura posterior.
St variability assessment based on complexity factor using independent compon...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In recent days the computerized ECG has become the most effective and convenient diagnostic tool to identify cardiac diseases
such as Myocardial Ischemia (MI). Among the Cardio vascular diseases (CVDs) the Myocardial Ischemia (MI) is one of the
leading causes of heart attacks. The Myocardial Ischemia (MI) occurs due to the difficulties in the flow of the electrical impulses
from SA node to bundle branches because of the abnormalities in the conduction system. Normally the ECG is used as a main
diagnostic tool to identify the cardiac diseases. In order to obtain accurate information from ECG it is necessary to remove all the
artifacts and extract the pure ECG from noise background. In this paper the removal of the artifacts is achieved with linear
filtering and the extraction of the clean ECG signal is performed using Independent Component Analysis (ICA). After
preprocessing and ECG extraction, the QRS complex of each beat is detected by using Hilbert Transform and simple threshold
detection algorithm. Next the Instantaneous Heart Rate (IHR) from RR interval and Complexity Factor (CF) from time series ST
segment are computed for each beat to form desired feature sets. Later a linear regression model is designed using Instantaneous
heart rate (IHR) and ST segment Complexity Factors (STCFs) based on Linear Regression analysis. The proposed ICA-STCFR
model is used to identify the ischemic beats from the test feature sets of ECG signal to assess the ST-Segment Variability (STV).
The ECG data sets obtained from a local hospital were used to design and test the model. The evaluation parameters, Ischemic
Intensity Factor (IIF), Ischemic Activity Factors (IAF) and Peak to Average Value (PAV) were used to evaluate the proposed
method and compared with Wavelet Transform based method. The proposed ICA-STCFR was found to be yielding better results
than WT-ST method.
Key Words: Myocardial Ischemia, ICA, HT, QRS Complex, RR interval, ST segments, IHR, STCF, Scatter-plot
El documento describe las etapas clave del proceso de diseño de un proyecto arquitectónico, incluyendo la definición de necesidades, el desarrollo de un programa de diseño, la generación de hipótesis y esquemas, y la creación de planes básicos y ejecutivos. El objetivo final es producir un conjunto completo de planos y documentos que describan el diseño de un edificio antes de su construcción.
El documento define el concepto arquitectónico como la idea base a partir de la cual se desarrolla un proyecto arquitectónico. Explica que el concepto surge del análisis de los problemas y necesidades del proyecto y puede referirse a la forma, imagen mental o estrategia. Además, señala que detrás de todo buen proyecto existe un concepto o idea generadora. Por último, presenta algunos ejemplos como las Torres Petronas que simbolizan un portal hacia el cielo.
El presente libro continua con la construcción de una reflexión, que inicio con la investigación “Ciudad, hábitat y vivienda informal en la Colombia de los años 90” , en la que se desarrolló una visión amplia de la diversidad regional del país y se aportó en la comprensión de la ciudad, los barrios y la vivienda informal de las principales ciudades de Colombia; sus manifestaciones y tendencias, los elementos discordantes, las particularidades y los aspectos comunes, al igual que las lógicas contenidas en su construcción y consolidación.
El documento describe el proceso de diseño arquitectónico, dividiéndolo en 5 etapas: identificación de oportunidades, evaluación y selección, desarrollo e ingeniería, pruebas y evaluación, y comienzo de la producción. También describe el proceso creativo como preparación, incubación, iluminación y verificación. Finalmente, detalla los elementos del proceso de diseño arquitectónico como interpretación del programa, planteamiento del programa, investigación, anteproyecto, proyecto básico, proyecto de ejecución
El documento presenta definiciones de arquitectura a lo largo de la historia. La arquitectura se define como el arte de planear, proyectar y diseñar espacios habitables, que requiere tanto capacidad de diseño como conocimiento de construcción. Se compone de tres elementos: belleza, firmeza y utilidad. La arquitectura busca un equilibrio entre forma, función y estructura para crear espacios que satisfagan las necesidades humanas.
Este documento describe la arquitectura mexicana y sus antecedentes culturales. Resume las principales culturas prehispánicas de Mesoamérica como los olmecas, mayas, aztecas y teotihuacanos. También describe el descubrimiento y conquista de México por los españoles y el establecimiento del Virreinato de la Nueva España. Finalmente, detalla los principales elementos arquitectónicos y géneros de edificaciones de las culturas mesoamericanas.
El documento describe la arquitectura romana, incluyendo tipos de edificios públicos como templos, basílicas, termas y estructuras para espectáculos; monumentos conmemorativos como arcos de triunfo y columnas; obras de ingeniería como puentes y acueductos; y viviendas privadas como domus e insulae. El Panteón de Roma se destaca como un templo circular innovador con una gran cúpula y óculo central que influenció la arquitectura posterior.
St variability assessment based on complexity factor using independent compon...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In recent days the computerized ECG has become the most effective and convenient diagnostic tool to identify cardiac diseases
such as Myocardial Ischemia (MI). Among the Cardio vascular diseases (CVDs) the Myocardial Ischemia (MI) is one of the
leading causes of heart attacks. The Myocardial Ischemia (MI) occurs due to the difficulties in the flow of the electrical impulses
from SA node to bundle branches because of the abnormalities in the conduction system. Normally the ECG is used as a main
diagnostic tool to identify the cardiac diseases. In order to obtain accurate information from ECG it is necessary to remove all the
artifacts and extract the pure ECG from noise background. In this paper the removal of the artifacts is achieved with linear
filtering and the extraction of the clean ECG signal is performed using Independent Component Analysis (ICA). After
preprocessing and ECG extraction, the QRS complex of each beat is detected by using Hilbert Transform and simple threshold
detection algorithm. Next the Instantaneous Heart Rate (IHR) from RR interval and Complexity Factor (CF) from time series ST
segment are computed for each beat to form desired feature sets. Later a linear regression model is designed using Instantaneous
heart rate (IHR) and ST segment Complexity Factors (STCFs) based on Linear Regression analysis. The proposed ICA-STCFR
model is used to identify the ischemic beats from the test feature sets of ECG signal to assess the ST-Segment Variability (STV).
The ECG data sets obtained from a local hospital were used to design and test the model. The evaluation parameters, Ischemic
Intensity Factor (IIF), Ischemic Activity Factors (IAF) and Peak to Average Value (PAV) were used to evaluate the proposed
method and compared with Wavelet Transform based method. The proposed ICA-STCFR was found to be yielding better results
than WT-ST method.
Key Words: Myocardial Ischemia, ICA, HT, QRS Complex, RR interval, ST segments, IHR, STCF, Scatter-plot
Linear Feature Separation From Topographic Maps Using Energy Density and The ...Rojith Thomas
This document presents a method for automatically separating linear features from backgrounds in digital topographic maps. It is difficult to separate lines and backgrounds when their colors are similar using traditional color-based methods. The proposed method uses shear transform, energy density concepts, and template matching. Lines are separated from backgrounds based on the rule that energy density is higher for lines distributed in small areas compared to backgrounds distributed in large areas. The method was tested on a 342x198 topographic map with similar line and background colors and was able to extract the linear features.
Perimetric Complexity of Binary Digital ImagesRSARANYADEVI
Perimetric complexity is a measure of the complexity of binary pictures. It is defined as the sum of inside and outside perimeters of the foreground, squared, divided by the foreground area, divided by . Difficulties arise when this definition is applied to digital images composed of binary pixels. In this article we identify these problems and propose solutions. Perimetric complexity is often used as a measure of visual complexity, in which case it should take into account the limited resolution of the visual system. We propose a measure of visual perimetric complexity that meets this requirement.
This document provides an overview of machine vision techniques for region segmentation. It discusses region-based and boundary-based approaches to image segmentation. Key aspects covered include thresholding techniques, region representation using data structures like the region adjacency graph, and algorithms for region splitting and merging. Automatic threshold selection methods like the p-tile and mode methods are also summarized.
International journal of applied sciences and innovation vol 2015 - no 1 - ...sophiabelthome
This document presents a finite element model using cubic elements to characterize electromagnetic fields in a 3D waveguide transmission line. It uses the free and open-source GNU Octave software to perform the electromagnetic analysis and solve the Maxwell equations. The cubic finite element discretization is shown to provide an efficient solution with sparse matrices, reducing computational cost. Numerical results demonstrate good agreement between the cubic element model and analytical solutions for the electric and magnetic fields in the waveguide.
This document presents a new color image segmentation approach based on overlap wavelet transform (OWT). OWT extracts wavelet features to better separate different patterns in an image. The proposed method also uses morphological operators and 2D histogram clustering for effective segmentation. It is concluded that the proposed OWT method improves segmentation quality, is reliable, fast and computationally less complex than direct histogram clustering. When tested on various color spaces, the proposed segmentation scheme produced better results in RGB color space compared to others. The main advantages are its use of a single parameter and faster speed.
A digital image forensic approach to detect whether
an image has been seam carved or not is investigated herein.
Seam carving is a content-aware image retargeting technique
which preserves the semantically important content of an image
while resizing it. The same technique, however, can be used
for malicious tampering of an image. 18 energy, seam, and
noise related features defined by Ryu [1] are produced using
Sobel’s [2] gradient filter and Rubinstein’s [3] forward energy
criterion enhanced with image gradients. An extreme gradient
boosting classifier [4] is trained to make the final decision.
Experimental results show that the proposed approach improves
the detection accuracy from 5 to 10% for seam carved images
with different scaling ratios when compared with other state-ofthe-
art methods.
A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX ApplicationsIDES Editor
This paper presents a CPW fed Rectangular
shaped patch antenna for the frequency 3.42GHz which
falls in WiMAX and 5.25GHz for WLAN applications.
The measured -10dB impedance bandwidth is about
650MHz (2.98GHz-3.63GHz) for WiMAX and 833MHz
(4.95GHz-5.78GHz) for WLAN applications. The effect of
slot width, rectangular patch height, and substrate
dielectric constant have been evaluated. The results of
antenna are simulated by using Zeeland’s MOM based
IE3D tool. Two dimensional radiation patterns with
elevation and azimuth angles, VSWR<2, Return loss of
-24dB and -18dB for WiMAX and WLAN applications,
antenna efficiency about 90%, gain above 3.5dB are
obtained. The compact aperture area of the antenna is
46.2 X 41.66 mm2.
This document compares two analytical optimization methods for designing coils that generate magnetic field gradients. The first method is based on work by Mansfield and involves nulling unnecessary terms in the Taylor expansion of the magnetic field. The second method is the Target Field Method developed by Turner, which uses inverse Fourier transforms to estimate the required current density. Both methods are applied to design coils producing linear magnetic field gradients. The results show optimizations for coils modeled as BM3, CAP3, CAP5 and CAP7, which null different orders of terms in the field expansion to achieve higher linearity. Simulations demonstrate the designed field gradients.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES FOR TEXTURE CLASSIFICATION cscpconf
This document compares different techniques for texture classification, including wavelet transforms and co-occurrence matrices. It finds that the Haar wavelet technique is the most efficient in terms of time complexity and classification accuracy, except when images are rotated. The co-occurrence matrix method has higher time requirements but excellent classification results, except for rotated images where accuracy is greatly reduced due to its dependence on pixel values. Overall, the Haar wavelet proves to be the best method for texture classification based on the performance assessment parameters of time complexity and classification accuracy.
This document discusses image compression algorithms using the Lapped Orthogonal Transform (LOT) and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) under the JPEG standard. It begins with an introduction to image compression and classification of compression schemes. It then describes LOT and DCT in detail and proposes a hybrid algorithm using both transforms simultaneously. The algorithm is tested on an image and achieves a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 36.76 decibels at a bit rate of 0.6 bits per pixel, providing higher quality than DCT alone. The document concludes the hybrid approach offers better energy compaction and quality at low bit rates than DCT.
Iaetsd a modified image fusion approach using guided filterIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes a modified image fusion approach using guided filters to combine images. It involves:
1. Decomposing the input images into base and detail layers using simple average filtering.
2. Generating guided weight maps for the base and detail layers of each input image using saliency maps and guided filtering.
3. Reconstructing the fused image by weighted summation of the base and detail layers using the guided weight maps.
The proposed method aims to preserve edge information better than other methods by exploiting spatial context with guided filters during the fusion process. It is compared to other methods based on quality assessment results.
This document provides solutions to problems marked with a star in the second edition of the textbook "Digital Image Processing" by Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods. The solutions cover topics from several chapters of the textbook, including image formation, image transforms, histogram processing, and spatial filtering. The problems address concepts such as image sampling, image compression, histogram equalization, and linear spatial filtering. Detailed explanations and illustrations are provided for each problem solution.
This document contains solutions to problems marked with a star in the second edition of the textbook "Digital Image Processing" by Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods. The solutions are provided for students and can also be downloaded from the book's website. The document includes introductory information, the solutions themselves which involve figures and mathematical expressions, and references back to chapters and equations from the textbook.
2-Dimensional and 3-Dimesional Electromagnetic Fields Using Finite element me...IOSR Journals
This document describes using the finite element method to model 2D and 3D electromagnetic fields. It discusses modeling a quarter section of a rectangular coaxial line with triangular elements. It describes constructing the matrices for each element and combining them to solve the overall matrix equation. The document outlines implementing FEM in MATLAB, including generating meshes, adding sources, and solving the resulting matrices. Several examples are presented of using a graphical user interface created in MATLAB to calculate fields from configurations like straight wires, bent wires, solenoids, and square loops using FEM techniques.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document presents a technique for estimating parameters of a deployable mesh reflector antenna using 3D coordinate data and least squares fitting. It involves determining the unknown coefficients of the general quadratic surface equation that best fits the 3D points. The shape of the surface is then estimated as an elliptic paraboloid based on its invariants. Key parameters of the elliptic paraboloid like the focal length are then determined by reconstructing the surface in its standard form based on the estimated coefficients and orientations. Estimating these parameters at different stages of deployment testing can help validate the stability of the antenna surface and placement of its feed.
Kellen Betts implemented two image processing techniques, linear filtering and diffusion, to repair corrupted images of Derek Zoolander. For images with global noise, linear filtering using Gaussian and Shannon filters achieved moderate success in denoising. Diffusion was more effective for images where noise was confined to a small region due to its ability to target specific image areas. The diffusion process nearly perfectly restored these localized noise images. A combination of linear filtering and diffusion provided only minimal improvement over the individual methods.
Information Hiding for “Color to Gray and back” with Hartley, Slant and Kekre...IOSR Journals
This document proposes and compares three methods for converting a color image to grayscale while embedding color information, and then recovering the original color image. Method 1 embeds the normalized green and blue color planes in the low-high and high-low subbands of the wavelet-transformed red plane. Method 2 embeds the normalized green and blue planes in the high-low and high-high subbands. Method 3 embeds them in the low-high and high-high subbands. The document finds that Method 2 performed better, as it gave better color recovery results when using Kekre's wavelet transform compared to the other transforms and methods.
This document proposes a hardware implementation of a fixed-function 3D graphics pipeline for mobile applications. It presents the design of modules for vertex transformation, rasterization, texture mapping, and data transmission. Simulation results show the design can render 3D objects with color, textures, and different rendering modes. The design was fabricated in a 130nm technology and achieved a core power consumption of 1.768mW. Future work could involve replacing the fixed-function pipeline with programmable shaders to improve flexibility.
This paper proposes a parameterized model order reduction technique for efficient global sensitivity analysis of coupled coils over a design space. It uses parameterized models of the electromagnetic matrices and Krylov matrices from the original and adjoint systems, derived using interpolation. Numerical results confirm the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method for sensitivity analysis across the full design parameter space.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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Linear Feature Separation From Topographic Maps Using Energy Density and The ...Rojith Thomas
This document presents a method for automatically separating linear features from backgrounds in digital topographic maps. It is difficult to separate lines and backgrounds when their colors are similar using traditional color-based methods. The proposed method uses shear transform, energy density concepts, and template matching. Lines are separated from backgrounds based on the rule that energy density is higher for lines distributed in small areas compared to backgrounds distributed in large areas. The method was tested on a 342x198 topographic map with similar line and background colors and was able to extract the linear features.
Perimetric Complexity of Binary Digital ImagesRSARANYADEVI
Perimetric complexity is a measure of the complexity of binary pictures. It is defined as the sum of inside and outside perimeters of the foreground, squared, divided by the foreground area, divided by . Difficulties arise when this definition is applied to digital images composed of binary pixels. In this article we identify these problems and propose solutions. Perimetric complexity is often used as a measure of visual complexity, in which case it should take into account the limited resolution of the visual system. We propose a measure of visual perimetric complexity that meets this requirement.
This document provides an overview of machine vision techniques for region segmentation. It discusses region-based and boundary-based approaches to image segmentation. Key aspects covered include thresholding techniques, region representation using data structures like the region adjacency graph, and algorithms for region splitting and merging. Automatic threshold selection methods like the p-tile and mode methods are also summarized.
International journal of applied sciences and innovation vol 2015 - no 1 - ...sophiabelthome
This document presents a finite element model using cubic elements to characterize electromagnetic fields in a 3D waveguide transmission line. It uses the free and open-source GNU Octave software to perform the electromagnetic analysis and solve the Maxwell equations. The cubic finite element discretization is shown to provide an efficient solution with sparse matrices, reducing computational cost. Numerical results demonstrate good agreement between the cubic element model and analytical solutions for the electric and magnetic fields in the waveguide.
This document presents a new color image segmentation approach based on overlap wavelet transform (OWT). OWT extracts wavelet features to better separate different patterns in an image. The proposed method also uses morphological operators and 2D histogram clustering for effective segmentation. It is concluded that the proposed OWT method improves segmentation quality, is reliable, fast and computationally less complex than direct histogram clustering. When tested on various color spaces, the proposed segmentation scheme produced better results in RGB color space compared to others. The main advantages are its use of a single parameter and faster speed.
A digital image forensic approach to detect whether
an image has been seam carved or not is investigated herein.
Seam carving is a content-aware image retargeting technique
which preserves the semantically important content of an image
while resizing it. The same technique, however, can be used
for malicious tampering of an image. 18 energy, seam, and
noise related features defined by Ryu [1] are produced using
Sobel’s [2] gradient filter and Rubinstein’s [3] forward energy
criterion enhanced with image gradients. An extreme gradient
boosting classifier [4] is trained to make the final decision.
Experimental results show that the proposed approach improves
the detection accuracy from 5 to 10% for seam carved images
with different scaling ratios when compared with other state-ofthe-
art methods.
A CPW-fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX ApplicationsIDES Editor
This paper presents a CPW fed Rectangular
shaped patch antenna for the frequency 3.42GHz which
falls in WiMAX and 5.25GHz for WLAN applications.
The measured -10dB impedance bandwidth is about
650MHz (2.98GHz-3.63GHz) for WiMAX and 833MHz
(4.95GHz-5.78GHz) for WLAN applications. The effect of
slot width, rectangular patch height, and substrate
dielectric constant have been evaluated. The results of
antenna are simulated by using Zeeland’s MOM based
IE3D tool. Two dimensional radiation patterns with
elevation and azimuth angles, VSWR<2, Return loss of
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antenna efficiency about 90%, gain above 3.5dB are
obtained. The compact aperture area of the antenna is
46.2 X 41.66 mm2.
This document compares two analytical optimization methods for designing coils that generate magnetic field gradients. The first method is based on work by Mansfield and involves nulling unnecessary terms in the Taylor expansion of the magnetic field. The second method is the Target Field Method developed by Turner, which uses inverse Fourier transforms to estimate the required current density. Both methods are applied to design coils producing linear magnetic field gradients. The results show optimizations for coils modeled as BM3, CAP3, CAP5 and CAP7, which null different orders of terms in the field expansion to achieve higher linearity. Simulations demonstrate the designed field gradients.
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This document compares different techniques for texture classification, including wavelet transforms and co-occurrence matrices. It finds that the Haar wavelet technique is the most efficient in terms of time complexity and classification accuracy, except when images are rotated. The co-occurrence matrix method has higher time requirements but excellent classification results, except for rotated images where accuracy is greatly reduced due to its dependence on pixel values. Overall, the Haar wavelet proves to be the best method for texture classification based on the performance assessment parameters of time complexity and classification accuracy.
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Iaetsd a modified image fusion approach using guided filterIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes a modified image fusion approach using guided filters to combine images. It involves:
1. Decomposing the input images into base and detail layers using simple average filtering.
2. Generating guided weight maps for the base and detail layers of each input image using saliency maps and guided filtering.
3. Reconstructing the fused image by weighted summation of the base and detail layers using the guided weight maps.
The proposed method aims to preserve edge information better than other methods by exploiting spatial context with guided filters during the fusion process. It is compared to other methods based on quality assessment results.
This document provides solutions to problems marked with a star in the second edition of the textbook "Digital Image Processing" by Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods. The solutions cover topics from several chapters of the textbook, including image formation, image transforms, histogram processing, and spatial filtering. The problems address concepts such as image sampling, image compression, histogram equalization, and linear spatial filtering. Detailed explanations and illustrations are provided for each problem solution.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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This document proposes a hardware implementation of a fixed-function 3D graphics pipeline for mobile applications. It presents the design of modules for vertex transformation, rasterization, texture mapping, and data transmission. Simulation results show the design can render 3D objects with color, textures, and different rendering modes. The design was fabricated in a 130nm technology and achieved a core power consumption of 1.768mW. Future work could involve replacing the fixed-function pipeline with programmable shaders to improve flexibility.
This paper proposes a parameterized model order reduction technique for efficient global sensitivity analysis of coupled coils over a design space. It uses parameterized models of the electromagnetic matrices and Krylov matrices from the original and adjoint systems, derived using interpolation. Numerical results confirm the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method for sensitivity analysis across the full design parameter space.
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3. Introduction
Digitalization of topographic maps is an important data
source of constructing GIS
Maps consist of linear features and backgrounds
Linear features are fundamental to GIS ;so its
separation is important
Manual separation is time consuming
Automated separation is based on the colours
3
4. Contd..
4
When linear feature colour and background colour
are similar then it is difficult to separate them
This paper present a method based on energy density
and shear transform
Shear transform preserves lines directional info
during one directional separation method
Horizontal and vertical templates are used to
separate lines from background
5. Contd..
Remaining grid background can be removed by grid
template matching
Isolated patches of one pixel and less than ten pixels are
also removed
Union operation on these sheared images give the final
result
5
6. Existing systems
In 1994 N.Ebi developed a system by converting RGB
colour to another colour space
In 1994 H.Yan proposed a system based on fuzzy theory
;which combines fuzzy clustering and neural n/w’s
In 1996 C.Feng developed a system based on colour
clustering
In 2003 L.Zheng developed a system of fuzzy clustering
based on 2D histogram
6
7. Contd..
In 2008 Aria Pezeshek introduced a semi automated
method; in this method contour lines are removed by an
algorithm based intensity quantization followed by
contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization.
In 2010 S.Leyk introduced a segmentation method which
uses information from local image plane, frequency
domain and colour space
All methods described above work where the colour
difference b/w line and background is seperable
7
8. Characteristic Analysis of Linear
Features and Background
Colour based separation is difficult in some case
8
9. Figures show histogram of image in lab colour space
The are number of peaks in the histogram of first image
But in second image colour of pixels are close to each
other ; so there is only one peak in the histogram.
It is very hard to separate the line from background of
second image.
9
10. This figure shows a binary image with complicated
background
Some portion of the image is ideal and other is
complicated
10
1
11. Ideal portion of background can be removed by using the
Grid templates shown
If the centre pixel and adjacent 8 pixels satisfy the fig 4(a)
and 4(a1) then the pixel is treated as background and
replaced by 1/white
If the centre pixel and adjacent 8 pixels satisfy the fig 4(b)
and 4(b1) then the pixel is treated as line info and
replaced by 0/black
In the fig 3(c) it is a portion of image with complicated
background; it cannot be operated with our grid template
matching
11
12. Energy characteristics
Energy of an image is given by
i=1,2,3...M
j=1,2,3...N
M and N are the height and width of image
f(i,j) is the gray value of pixel
Energy of one pixel f(i,j)
i-k<m<i+k
j-k<n<j+k
size of window w=2k+1
12
13. Line in gray s/m is dark; but HVS is more sensitive
to brightness so we take negative of gray image
The figure shows that, the energy of negative image
is concentrated on lines
Here the distribution of line and background in ideal
case is shown here
13
14. The figure shows the distribution of line and
background in the case of actual image
Here fig c. Represents the background and fig d.
Represents the line
14
15. The histogram of line in fig b. is shown in fig d.
It has only few pixels but all of its energy
concentrated on the lines
Energy ranging from 2.5*104 -3* 104 ;extreme case it is
6* 104
Energy of background is also in the same range; but
energy conc. is higher for lines
15
16. 16
Horizontal and vertical templates are used to separate
lines from background
h2 corresponds to line, it is selected adaptively by
experience; generally 2*2
h1 and h3 corresponds to background pixels generally of
size 4*2 and 2*4
17. Energy density of the template is
2
Edk = /m*n
m*n-area of template
k=1,2,3
Edk =energy density of each area of template
17
18. Proposed method
Traditional colour based system fails when the colour of
background and the colour of the lines are similar
This method is based on energy density
Energy density of a negative image is defined as the
average energy in an area
2
Ed = /M*N
M*N-size of area
Ed =energy density
18
19. Rules for line separation
Rule 1:
energy of line is distributed in small area so
energy density is high
energy of background is distributed in large area
so energy density is low
Ed2>Ed1
Ed2>Ed3
ie: energy density of line >energy density of background
19
20. Rule 2:
if line and background cannot be separated by rule 1
, it is necessary to control the energy difference of line
and background to a certain range
Ed’=Ed1+Ed2+Ed3/3
T=Ed2-Ed’+α
α is acquired by experience; α =3000-5000
Ed2-Ed1>T
Ed2-Ed3>T
h2 is treated as line if and only if Ed2 satisfies rule 1 and
rule 2
20
21. Background pixel h1 and h3 and isolated patches of one
pixel or less than ten pixels are removed
Finally union operation is performed on the two images
21
22. Shear transform
Shear transform is a linear transform that displaces point
in a fixed direction
Introduced to avoid the separation difficulties while
operating lines with many direction
Ws,k is the shear operation
s=0,1 k€[-2ndir ,2ndir]
f’s,k(x,y)=f(x,y)*Ws,k
Total number of sheared image is given by
2ndir+1+1
22
23. Shear transform is performed by sampling pixel according
to the shear matrix
S=0 operation is performed in horizontal direction
S=1 operation is performed in vertical direction
(x’,y’)=(x,y)S1=(x,y)
23
24. This is the result of shear transform of s=0, ndir=2
so a total of 9 images; union of these images gives a
perfect map
24
25. Steps of proposed method
STEP 1:
colour image is converted into gray image
Gray=0.233R+0.587G+0.114B
negative of the gray image is taken
I=e*255-gray
‘e’ is a matrix with same size of gray matrix with
all elements equal to one
STEP 2:
Apply shear transform to the negative image
25
26. Contd..
STEP 3:
Establishment of template: horizontal and
vertical
STEP 4:
Linear feature separation from background:
i.e. : energy of each area in template is calculated,
line is separated from background by rule 1 and
rule 2 with α =4000
26
27. Contd...
STEP 5:
Removal of miscellaneous point:
i.e. : remaining grid background can be removed
by grid template matching and isolated points can
also be removed
STEP 6:
Inverse shear transform and union operation
27
29. Experiments and Discussions
This is a 7 colour topographical map image of size
342*198 size
Colour of linear feature and background are similar here
so it is very difficult to separate lines from background
29
30. Here size of h2 is 2*2
h1&h3 is 4*2 if vertical template is used
h1&h3 is 2*4 if horizontal template is used
α=4000
Fig(b) is the gray image
Fig(c) is the negative image
30
31. The first set of figures shows the sheared images with
k=-1, k=0, k=1
Second set shows energy density based extraction by
templates
31
32. Fig (a) shows the union operation of a2, b2, c2,
Fig (b) shows lines with colour info extracted from colour
image
Fig (c) shows the remaining background
32
35. Conclusion
This paper proposes a method to linear separation from
background
Here shear transform is used to overcome the limitation of
directions for lines
Energy density concept is introduced to separate lines
from background
The new method can easily be applied to maps for
efficient separation of lines
Adaptive size fixing of template is a draw back of this
method
35
36. Reference
R. Samet and E. Hancer, “A new approach to the
reconstruction of contour lines extracted from topographic
maps,” J. Visual Commun.
E. Hancer and R. Samet, “Advanced contour reconnection
in scanned topographic maps,”
H. Chen, X.-A. Tang, C.-H. Wang, and Z. Gan, “Object
oriented segmentation of scanned topographical maps,”
S. Leyk, “Segmentation of colour layers in historical maps
based on hierarchical colour sampling,” in Graphics
Recognition. Achievements, Challenges, and Evolution
(Lecture Notes in Computer Science),
36