This document provides guidelines for hydraulic calculations and line sizing for process plants. It outlines the general approach to hydraulic calculations, including pressure drop criteria, equivalent lengths of valves and fittings, and flow regimes for vapor-liquid mixed phase flow. Tables with typical line sizing criteria are included for liquid, vapor, gas and two-phase flow lines. Special considerations and calculation methods are described for thermosyphon reboiler circuits, kettle reboiler circuits, pump NPSH, and vacuum tower transfer lines. Appendices provide references and additional tables and figures to support the guidelines.
IRJET- Design and Performance Curve Generation by CFD Analysis of Centrifugal...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and CFD analysis of a centrifugal pump to generate performance curves. A team of students and professors used software like Pro-E, ANSYS, and CFX to design the impeller and volute casing of the pump, generate meshes, and perform the CFD analysis. The CFD analysis provides pressure distributions and helps optimize the design to reduce cavitation and improve efficiency over a range of operating conditions. Performance curves showing head, power, and efficiency versus flow rate will be plotted to evaluate the pump design and aid in pump selection.
Study of Time Reduction in Manufacturing of Screws Used in Twin Screw PumpIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper gives the characteristics of Time reduction in manufacturing of screws for Twin screw pumps. Screws are playing a vital role in the performance of pumps, because pumps give the fluids transfer rate with the help of screws. There is a gap in screws which shows its positiveness. This indicates that we are studying about positive displacements pumps. Positive displacements pumps having no point of contact between screws, because of that there will be no any friction formation. Automation is best for development of product to reduce time in manufacturing of any product. In this paper we also tried to explain this feature of Automation to help reduction of time to manufacture of product to increase productivity.
This document summarizes the key steps in designing liquid pipelines according to API 14E standards. It discusses important considerations like ensuring velocity is below 15 feet per second to avoid erosion and pressure drop is below 1 psi per 100 feet. The document then provides an example calculation for sizing a water pipeline using schedule 40 and 80 steel pipes. It determines that an 8-inch schedule 40 pipe meets both velocity and pressure drop requirements and has the lowest annual operating costs.
IRJET - Design and Fabrication of PVC Pipe Feeding and Cutting MachineIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a PVC pipe feeding and cutting machine. The machine uses a pneumatic system to automatically feed and cut PVC pipes. Key components include a base frame, pneumatic cylinders powered by a compressor, guide ways to control pipe movement, and a cutting tool. The machine is designed to efficiently cut PVC pipes with high accuracy and minimal waste by automating the feeding, clamping, and cutting processes. The design was created using CATIA V5 software. The pneumatic system and components work together to quickly and precisely cut PVC pipes to desired lengths.
This document provides installation requirements for flexible ducts. It discusses code references, installation restrictions, general installation guidelines, duct sizing and routing, supporting flexible ducts, and connecting, joining and splicing flexible ducts. Some key points include:
- Flexible ducts must be installed according to applicable NFPA codes and within the limitations of their listing.
- Ducts must have a minimum 1 duct diameter bend radius and be properly supported to prevent sagging. Excess duct length should not be used.
- Ducts must be sized properly taking into account friction losses from bends, fittings and compression. Equivalent lengths are used to account for these losses in sizing calculations.
- Flexible duct
IRJET- Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Performance of Centrifugal Pum...IRJET Journal
This document describes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the performance of a centrifugal pump impeller on a cooling system. The study analyzes the design and performance of a centrifugal pump by changing the impeller blade angle using CFD software. The objectives are to perform CFD analysis of the impeller, study the effect of changing the impeller blade angle, develop an impeller design approach, optimize the design, and validate it through experiment and simulation. Various impeller blade angle combinations are simulated and the resulting pressures are recorded and analyzed. The results show how discharge is highly affected by flow velocity and how pressure varies for different impeller blade angles.
The document provides details about coil tubing operations for hydraulic fracturing conducted by Steffones K at Essar Oil Limited in India. It describes the key components of a coil tubing unit including the reel, control cabin, injector head and well control equipment. It also discusses coil tubing string design, bottom hole assembly design and the procedural analysis of fracturing operations using coil tubing. The aim of hydraulic fracturing and the process is briefly outlined.
IRJET- Design and Performance Curve Generation by CFD Analysis of Centrifugal...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and CFD analysis of a centrifugal pump to generate performance curves. A team of students and professors used software like Pro-E, ANSYS, and CFX to design the impeller and volute casing of the pump, generate meshes, and perform the CFD analysis. The CFD analysis provides pressure distributions and helps optimize the design to reduce cavitation and improve efficiency over a range of operating conditions. Performance curves showing head, power, and efficiency versus flow rate will be plotted to evaluate the pump design and aid in pump selection.
Study of Time Reduction in Manufacturing of Screws Used in Twin Screw PumpIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper gives the characteristics of Time reduction in manufacturing of screws for Twin screw pumps. Screws are playing a vital role in the performance of pumps, because pumps give the fluids transfer rate with the help of screws. There is a gap in screws which shows its positiveness. This indicates that we are studying about positive displacements pumps. Positive displacements pumps having no point of contact between screws, because of that there will be no any friction formation. Automation is best for development of product to reduce time in manufacturing of any product. In this paper we also tried to explain this feature of Automation to help reduction of time to manufacture of product to increase productivity.
This document summarizes the key steps in designing liquid pipelines according to API 14E standards. It discusses important considerations like ensuring velocity is below 15 feet per second to avoid erosion and pressure drop is below 1 psi per 100 feet. The document then provides an example calculation for sizing a water pipeline using schedule 40 and 80 steel pipes. It determines that an 8-inch schedule 40 pipe meets both velocity and pressure drop requirements and has the lowest annual operating costs.
IRJET - Design and Fabrication of PVC Pipe Feeding and Cutting MachineIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a PVC pipe feeding and cutting machine. The machine uses a pneumatic system to automatically feed and cut PVC pipes. Key components include a base frame, pneumatic cylinders powered by a compressor, guide ways to control pipe movement, and a cutting tool. The machine is designed to efficiently cut PVC pipes with high accuracy and minimal waste by automating the feeding, clamping, and cutting processes. The design was created using CATIA V5 software. The pneumatic system and components work together to quickly and precisely cut PVC pipes to desired lengths.
This document provides installation requirements for flexible ducts. It discusses code references, installation restrictions, general installation guidelines, duct sizing and routing, supporting flexible ducts, and connecting, joining and splicing flexible ducts. Some key points include:
- Flexible ducts must be installed according to applicable NFPA codes and within the limitations of their listing.
- Ducts must have a minimum 1 duct diameter bend radius and be properly supported to prevent sagging. Excess duct length should not be used.
- Ducts must be sized properly taking into account friction losses from bends, fittings and compression. Equivalent lengths are used to account for these losses in sizing calculations.
- Flexible duct
IRJET- Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Performance of Centrifugal Pum...IRJET Journal
This document describes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the performance of a centrifugal pump impeller on a cooling system. The study analyzes the design and performance of a centrifugal pump by changing the impeller blade angle using CFD software. The objectives are to perform CFD analysis of the impeller, study the effect of changing the impeller blade angle, develop an impeller design approach, optimize the design, and validate it through experiment and simulation. Various impeller blade angle combinations are simulated and the resulting pressures are recorded and analyzed. The results show how discharge is highly affected by flow velocity and how pressure varies for different impeller blade angles.
The document provides details about coil tubing operations for hydraulic fracturing conducted by Steffones K at Essar Oil Limited in India. It describes the key components of a coil tubing unit including the reel, control cabin, injector head and well control equipment. It also discusses coil tubing string design, bottom hole assembly design and the procedural analysis of fracturing operations using coil tubing. The aim of hydraulic fracturing and the process is briefly outlined.
Improving Energy Efficiency of Pumps and Fanseecfncci
Pumps and Fans are energy consuming equipment that can be found in almost all Industries. Therefore, it is important to check if they are running efficiently. This presentation give an overview about energy saving opportunities in pump and fan equipment. It was prepared in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://eec-fncci.org/
This document provides standard specifications for pipe, valves, and fittings for Andes Petroleum Ecuador Ltd. It outlines requirements for materials, fabrication, welding, inspection, testing, and identification. The specifications cover piping classes from ANSI 150 to 900 and include requirements for pipe, fittings, flanges, valves, and other components. The document has been revised 3 times, with the last revision in 2011 adding new material specifications and updating requirements throughout.
Structural Design and FEM Analysis of Bleeder in Steam Turbine CasingIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the design and finite element analysis of a bleeder in a steam turbine casing. It provides calculations to determine the diameter of the bleeder pipe based on flow parameters.
2) A CAD model of the casing with integrated bleeder is generated and meshed. Boundary conditions representing pressure and displacement are applied for static structural analysis.
3) Von Mises stress, total deformation, and principal stresses are analyzed. Results show stresses and deformations within acceptable limits. Analysis of the full casing is also performed under pressure boundary conditions.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Catalytic Converter of Automobile EngineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the design and analysis of a catalytic converter for an automobile engine. The researchers designed a baseline catalytic converter model using CAD software and analyzed it using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study the pressure and velocity distribution. They found high pressure losses and non-uniform flow distribution. Various modifications to the honeycomb structure diameter, thickness, and position as well as the inlet and outlet design were tested. The optimal design was found to have a centered inlet, conical inlets/outlets, and a honeycomb structure with 30mm holes positioned at the casing mid-length. This design showed improved uniform flow distribution and reduced pressure losses compared to the baseline design.
This document provides technical specifications for particulate filters (CPF-20 and CPF-80) that remove mists and particulates from compressed breathing air for one to four operators. The CPF filters feature a pressure regulator, mounting options, and replaceable filter cartridges that last up to three months. They are used between a compressed air source and respirator to clean the air before it reaches the respirator.
This document appears to be a catalogue from Super Seal Flexible Hose Limited listing their various hose products and specifications. It includes an index of contents which lists various hose series for applications like hydraulic, steam, liquefied petroleum gas, fuel dispensing, and more. It also includes sections about the company's infrastructure, SAE recommended practices for hose selection and installation, factors that affect hose service life, and how to analyze hose failures.
IRJET- CFD Flow Analysis of Station PipelineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the pressure, temperature, and velocity profiles within a station pipeline carrying fuel from booster pumps to a sample point, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Three cases were analyzed representing different operating conditions of the booster pumps. The CFD model was developed in ANSYS and divided into two parts due to software limitations. Results showed the pathlines for pressure, temperature, and velocity within the pipeline for each case. Overall, the study used CFD to better understand fuel flow characteristics within the station pipeline under various pump operating scenarios.
IRJET- CFD Simulation and Analysis of Fluid Flow through Concentric Reducer P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate and analyze fluid flow through concentric reducer pipe fittings. 3D models of concentric reducers with heights of 178mm, 203mm, and 330mm were created in SolidWorks and ANSYS. CFD analysis was performed in ANSYS Fluent to obtain results like static pressure, velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and wall shear stress. The analysis found that a reducer height of 203mm produced the best results with optimal pressure and velocity distributions. In general, a shorter reducer height increased inlet pressure while a taller height increased pressure on the pipe walls. This analysis can help optimize reducer selection for industrial piping systems.
The document provides information on the ABCD Pumps Model 2020, including:
- It is an end suction, single stage, horizontal shaft pump designed for lifting clear or mildly turbid water up to 30 meters in height.
- It comes in basic and integrated pump-set delivery options, with the basic option requiring additional parts for installation and the integrated set combining the pump and motor.
- Installation instructions are provided for both options, covering tasks like constructing a foundation, mounting the pump, and wiring an electric motor.
This document provides a summary of a training report submitted by Nishant Kumar, a 7th semester student in the Mechanical Engineering department. It thanks various people who provided support and guidance during the project, including the Head of Department, project guide, college staff, and the student's parents. It also lists the contents to be covered in the training report.
The document describes plans for two production lines to manufacture double wall corrugated pipes from HDPE resin. Line 1 will produce pipes from 200-400mm in diameter using equipment like die heads, cooling mandrels, a forming machine, mould blocks, a spray bath, cut-off unit, and stacker. Line 2 will produce larger pipes from 500-800mm in diameter using similar equipment but with higher power requirements. Both lines aim to operate continuously to meet production needs.
The primary function of a utility boiler is to convert water into steam to be used by a steam turbine/ generator in producing electricity. The boiler consists of a furnace, where air and fuel are combined and burned to produce combustion gases, and a feedwater tube system, the contents of which are heated by these gases.
This CV summarizes the qualifications and experience of P. Sathiyprabhu seeking an engineer level position in piping stress analysis. He has 3 years and 7 months of experience performing piping stress analysis using CAESAR II software for projects in various industries. He is proficient in ASME and ISO piping standards and has worked on projects for clients in oil and gas, power, and petrochemical industries. His experience includes analyzing piping systems, preparing reports, and reviewing drawings to qualify piping systems and recommend pipe supports. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering and is skilled in various piping design software and AutoCAD.
IRJET- Fatigue Life Estimation of Turbine Bypass ValveIRJET Journal
This document discusses the fatigue life estimation of a turbine bypass valve. It begins with an introduction to turbine bypass systems and their importance in protecting power plant components during transient operations. It then describes the methodology used, which includes finite element modeling of the valve, transient thermal analysis to determine temperature distributions, structural analysis to determine stresses, and estimation of fatigue life using standards. The results section shows the thermal analysis results at various time steps, indicating the highest stresses occur near locations of maximum thermal gradients. Finally, it concludes that fatigue life is highly dependent on thermal behavior and a non-linear transient thermal analysis is needed to apply thermal and mechanical loads for life estimation. The preheating temperature was found to be 350°C to achieve a damage index
The document provides a review and summary of revisions made to API 14.3/AGA 3 Part 2 standards for orifice meter installations. Key changes include:
- Recommending a beta ratio of 0.75 for new installations.
- Updated minimum upstream and downstream length requirements based on pipe configuration and use of flow conditioners.
- Specified requirements for flow conditioners including design, materials, and length for straightening bundles.
- Established surface roughness, roundness, and diameter tolerances for meter tubes based on pipe size.
- Specified placement of pressure taps relative to the orifice plate.
Case studies in cfd analysis by kk parthibanparthi2006
CFD is being used nowadays extensively in many areas. We had an opportunity to optmise the duct system using CFD. The case stuy is presented in this paper.
The document discusses various limitations that must be considered when designing fire alarm and detection systems. It covers limitations imposed by codes and standards regarding circuit pathways and device locations. It also addresses limitations imposed by manufacturers, including compatibility of components and electrical specifications. Finally, it mentions limitations imposed by listing authorities, such as listing conditions and intended use. The overall purpose is to highlight the many constraints that must be taken into account to properly design fire alarm and detection systems.
Design of Common Header Line for Reduction of Process Time in Pump TestingIRJET Journal
The document describes a design for a common header line system to reduce process time for pump testing. The system involves connecting different sized pumps (1", 1.5", 2", 2.5") to a common suction and delivery header line. This allows quick switching between pumps by opening and closing valves on the individual lines, eliminating the need to separately mount and demount pipes for each pump test. The system is expected to significantly reduce handling time and effort compared to previous methods of individual pipe mounting and testing.
Work carried out on 21G62 between Nov 2015 - Feb 2016Joe Edwards
This document summarizes the overhaul and refurbishment of pump 21G62, including gathering dimensional data to monitor wear over time. Key points:
- The pump was fully stripped down to inspect internal components and measure wear dimensions like impeller thickness.
- Data like shaft dimensions, bearing fits, and wear ring clearances was recorded to compare against in future overhauls to monitor wear rates.
- The refurbishment included cleaning the shaft surface and rebuilding the pump with new wear rings that met manufacturer clearance specifications.
- Dimensional data will be tracked over time to schedule future refurbishments based on monitored wear rates and ensure safe operation of aging equipment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Improving Energy Efficiency of Pumps and Fanseecfncci
Pumps and Fans are energy consuming equipment that can be found in almost all Industries. Therefore, it is important to check if they are running efficiently. This presentation give an overview about energy saving opportunities in pump and fan equipment. It was prepared in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://eec-fncci.org/
This document provides standard specifications for pipe, valves, and fittings for Andes Petroleum Ecuador Ltd. It outlines requirements for materials, fabrication, welding, inspection, testing, and identification. The specifications cover piping classes from ANSI 150 to 900 and include requirements for pipe, fittings, flanges, valves, and other components. The document has been revised 3 times, with the last revision in 2011 adding new material specifications and updating requirements throughout.
Structural Design and FEM Analysis of Bleeder in Steam Turbine CasingIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the design and finite element analysis of a bleeder in a steam turbine casing. It provides calculations to determine the diameter of the bleeder pipe based on flow parameters.
2) A CAD model of the casing with integrated bleeder is generated and meshed. Boundary conditions representing pressure and displacement are applied for static structural analysis.
3) Von Mises stress, total deformation, and principal stresses are analyzed. Results show stresses and deformations within acceptable limits. Analysis of the full casing is also performed under pressure boundary conditions.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Catalytic Converter of Automobile EngineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the design and analysis of a catalytic converter for an automobile engine. The researchers designed a baseline catalytic converter model using CAD software and analyzed it using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study the pressure and velocity distribution. They found high pressure losses and non-uniform flow distribution. Various modifications to the honeycomb structure diameter, thickness, and position as well as the inlet and outlet design were tested. The optimal design was found to have a centered inlet, conical inlets/outlets, and a honeycomb structure with 30mm holes positioned at the casing mid-length. This design showed improved uniform flow distribution and reduced pressure losses compared to the baseline design.
This document provides technical specifications for particulate filters (CPF-20 and CPF-80) that remove mists and particulates from compressed breathing air for one to four operators. The CPF filters feature a pressure regulator, mounting options, and replaceable filter cartridges that last up to three months. They are used between a compressed air source and respirator to clean the air before it reaches the respirator.
This document appears to be a catalogue from Super Seal Flexible Hose Limited listing their various hose products and specifications. It includes an index of contents which lists various hose series for applications like hydraulic, steam, liquefied petroleum gas, fuel dispensing, and more. It also includes sections about the company's infrastructure, SAE recommended practices for hose selection and installation, factors that affect hose service life, and how to analyze hose failures.
IRJET- CFD Flow Analysis of Station PipelineIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the pressure, temperature, and velocity profiles within a station pipeline carrying fuel from booster pumps to a sample point, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Three cases were analyzed representing different operating conditions of the booster pumps. The CFD model was developed in ANSYS and divided into two parts due to software limitations. Results showed the pathlines for pressure, temperature, and velocity within the pipeline for each case. Overall, the study used CFD to better understand fuel flow characteristics within the station pipeline under various pump operating scenarios.
IRJET- CFD Simulation and Analysis of Fluid Flow through Concentric Reducer P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate and analyze fluid flow through concentric reducer pipe fittings. 3D models of concentric reducers with heights of 178mm, 203mm, and 330mm were created in SolidWorks and ANSYS. CFD analysis was performed in ANSYS Fluent to obtain results like static pressure, velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and wall shear stress. The analysis found that a reducer height of 203mm produced the best results with optimal pressure and velocity distributions. In general, a shorter reducer height increased inlet pressure while a taller height increased pressure on the pipe walls. This analysis can help optimize reducer selection for industrial piping systems.
The document provides information on the ABCD Pumps Model 2020, including:
- It is an end suction, single stage, horizontal shaft pump designed for lifting clear or mildly turbid water up to 30 meters in height.
- It comes in basic and integrated pump-set delivery options, with the basic option requiring additional parts for installation and the integrated set combining the pump and motor.
- Installation instructions are provided for both options, covering tasks like constructing a foundation, mounting the pump, and wiring an electric motor.
This document provides a summary of a training report submitted by Nishant Kumar, a 7th semester student in the Mechanical Engineering department. It thanks various people who provided support and guidance during the project, including the Head of Department, project guide, college staff, and the student's parents. It also lists the contents to be covered in the training report.
The document describes plans for two production lines to manufacture double wall corrugated pipes from HDPE resin. Line 1 will produce pipes from 200-400mm in diameter using equipment like die heads, cooling mandrels, a forming machine, mould blocks, a spray bath, cut-off unit, and stacker. Line 2 will produce larger pipes from 500-800mm in diameter using similar equipment but with higher power requirements. Both lines aim to operate continuously to meet production needs.
The primary function of a utility boiler is to convert water into steam to be used by a steam turbine/ generator in producing electricity. The boiler consists of a furnace, where air and fuel are combined and burned to produce combustion gases, and a feedwater tube system, the contents of which are heated by these gases.
This CV summarizes the qualifications and experience of P. Sathiyprabhu seeking an engineer level position in piping stress analysis. He has 3 years and 7 months of experience performing piping stress analysis using CAESAR II software for projects in various industries. He is proficient in ASME and ISO piping standards and has worked on projects for clients in oil and gas, power, and petrochemical industries. His experience includes analyzing piping systems, preparing reports, and reviewing drawings to qualify piping systems and recommend pipe supports. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering and is skilled in various piping design software and AutoCAD.
IRJET- Fatigue Life Estimation of Turbine Bypass ValveIRJET Journal
This document discusses the fatigue life estimation of a turbine bypass valve. It begins with an introduction to turbine bypass systems and their importance in protecting power plant components during transient operations. It then describes the methodology used, which includes finite element modeling of the valve, transient thermal analysis to determine temperature distributions, structural analysis to determine stresses, and estimation of fatigue life using standards. The results section shows the thermal analysis results at various time steps, indicating the highest stresses occur near locations of maximum thermal gradients. Finally, it concludes that fatigue life is highly dependent on thermal behavior and a non-linear transient thermal analysis is needed to apply thermal and mechanical loads for life estimation. The preheating temperature was found to be 350°C to achieve a damage index
The document provides a review and summary of revisions made to API 14.3/AGA 3 Part 2 standards for orifice meter installations. Key changes include:
- Recommending a beta ratio of 0.75 for new installations.
- Updated minimum upstream and downstream length requirements based on pipe configuration and use of flow conditioners.
- Specified requirements for flow conditioners including design, materials, and length for straightening bundles.
- Established surface roughness, roundness, and diameter tolerances for meter tubes based on pipe size.
- Specified placement of pressure taps relative to the orifice plate.
Case studies in cfd analysis by kk parthibanparthi2006
CFD is being used nowadays extensively in many areas. We had an opportunity to optmise the duct system using CFD. The case stuy is presented in this paper.
The document discusses various limitations that must be considered when designing fire alarm and detection systems. It covers limitations imposed by codes and standards regarding circuit pathways and device locations. It also addresses limitations imposed by manufacturers, including compatibility of components and electrical specifications. Finally, it mentions limitations imposed by listing authorities, such as listing conditions and intended use. The overall purpose is to highlight the many constraints that must be taken into account to properly design fire alarm and detection systems.
Design of Common Header Line for Reduction of Process Time in Pump TestingIRJET Journal
The document describes a design for a common header line system to reduce process time for pump testing. The system involves connecting different sized pumps (1", 1.5", 2", 2.5") to a common suction and delivery header line. This allows quick switching between pumps by opening and closing valves on the individual lines, eliminating the need to separately mount and demount pipes for each pump test. The system is expected to significantly reduce handling time and effort compared to previous methods of individual pipe mounting and testing.
Work carried out on 21G62 between Nov 2015 - Feb 2016Joe Edwards
This document summarizes the overhaul and refurbishment of pump 21G62, including gathering dimensional data to monitor wear over time. Key points:
- The pump was fully stripped down to inspect internal components and measure wear dimensions like impeller thickness.
- Data like shaft dimensions, bearing fits, and wear ring clearances was recorded to compare against in future overhauls to monitor wear rates.
- The refurbishment included cleaning the shaft surface and rebuilding the pump with new wear rings that met manufacturer clearance specifications.
- Dimensional data will be tracked over time to schedule future refurbishments based on monitored wear rates and ensure safe operation of aging equipment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
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line sizing-mustang.pdf
1. DG-PPG-0110
Document No.
Process Plants Process Design
Guidelines: Hydraulics and Line Sizing
Department Guidelines
Rev. 0
REVISION and APPROVALS
Rev. Date Description By Approved
0 01JUL04 Initial Issue JAP EP
This document is the sole and exclusive property of Mustang, including all patented and patentable features and/or
confidential information contained herein. Its use is conditioned upon the user's agreement not to: (i) reproduce the
document, in whole or in part, nor the material described thereon; (ii) use the document for any purpose other than as
specifically permitted in writing by Mustang; or (iii) disclose or otherwise disseminate or allow any such disclosure or
dissemination of this document or its contents to others except as specifically permitted in writing by Mustang. "Mustang" as
used herein refers to Mustang Engineering Holdings, Inc. and its affiliates.
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2. DG-PPG-0110
Document No.
MUSTANG
Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
Hydraulics and Line Sizing Rev. 0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE..........................................................................................................................................3
2.0 HYDRAULICS CALCULATION....................................................................................................3
2.1 Pressure Drop Criteria.......................................................................................................3
2.2 Equivalent Length of Valves and Fitting ............................................................................3
2.3 Flow Regimes of Vapor-Liquid Mixed Phase Flow............................................................3
3.0 LINE SIZING CRITERIA ...............................................................................................................3
4.0 PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF EQUIVALENT LENGTH ............................................................4
4.1 Pump Discharge and Compressor Circuit .........................................................................4
4.2 Reboiler Inlet or Return Lines............................................................................................5
4.3 Pump Suction Line from Drums or Tower Bottoms ...........................................................5
5.0 SPECIAL HYDRAULICS CALCULATIONS.................................................................................5
5.1 Thermosyphon Reboiler Circuits .......................................................................................5
5.2 Kettle Reboiler Circuits......................................................................................................6
5.3 Pump NPSH and Pump Hydraulics Calculations ..............................................................6
5.4 Vacuum Tower Transfer Line Sizing .................................................................................6
APPENDICES...........................................................................................................................................8
Appendix A: References ..............................................................................................................8
Appendix B: Tables......................................................................................................................9
Table 1 - Liquid Flow Line Sizing Criteria....................................................................................10
Table 2 - Vapor and Gas Flow Line Sizing Criteria .....................................................................11
Table 3 - Two Phase Flow Line Sizing Criteria ...........................................................................12
Appendix C: Figures...................................................................................................................14
Figure 1 - Baker Chart, Flow Regimes of Two Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipes .........................15
Figure 2 - Aziz Chart, Flow Regimes of Two Phase Up-Flow in Vertical Pipes ..........................16
Figure 3 - Thermosyphon Reboiler Circuit Hydraulic Calculations..............................................17
Figure 4 - Kettle Type Reboiler Circuit Hydraulic Calculations....................................................19
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3. DG-PPG-0110
Document No.
MUSTANG
Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
Hydraulics and Line Sizing Rev. 0
1.0 SCOPE
This section outlines the general guidelines for hydraulic calculation of piping systems. It is
intended to provide a consistent approach to hydraulic calculations as performed by Process
Engineers / Technical Professionals, but not to cover every special case one may encounter.
Guidelines for calculating pressure drop through equipment such as trays, packings and
reactors are included in other guidelines.
2.0 HYDRAULICS CALCULATION
Mustang has several line sizing programs available in myMustang®. Refer to the Sizing page
within the Process portal. Regardless of the program or method selected, there are
independent variables to consider.
2.1 Pressure Drop Criteria
Absolute Roughness Factor: use 0.00015 ft for commercial steel pipe. For non-steel
pipe, use factors given in the Fluid Flow section of the GPSA Engineering Data Book [2].
Pipe Age Factor: use 1.2 unless noted otherwise in the design basis for a specific
project.
For vapor-liquid mixed phase, the Hughmark "in-place” density may be used, where
available as an option, for calculating static head.
2.2 Equivalent Length of Valves and Fitting
Use the table shown as Figure 17-4 in the GPSA Engineering Data Book [2].
Spreadsheet templates which use average L/D ratios and yield essentially the same
equivalent lengths may also be used. Optionally, Crane No. 410 [1] provides equations
for calculating valve and fitting losses as velocity head equivalents.
2.3 Flow Regimes of Vapor-Liquid Mixed Phase Flow
• Horizontal flow: Use Baker chart shown in Figure 1.
• Vertical flow: Use the Aziz Chart, Figure 2, via Reference 2. This figure is
considered to be conservative and valid for pressure up to 150 psig, which covers
the range of concern.
3.0 LINE SIZING CRITERIA
Tables 1, 2, and 3 in Appendix B give some typical "rules of thumb" for line sizing. Although
these rules are applicable to most situations, they may not be suitable in all cases. For critical
circuits, hydraulics should be checked in detail to confirm the available pressure drop regardless
of whether the lines meet rules-of-thumb criteria. In addition, the optimum line size is
determined by balancing the capital cost of the piping system against the operating cost of
pumps and/or compressors. To minimize initial investment, special attention should be given to
expensive lines, for example:
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Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
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• Alloy pipe
• Carbon steel pipe larger than 12”
• Piping system involving many valves and fitting such as dryers
• Lines longer than 500 ft
In corrosive and erosive environments, however, the line shall be sized based on maximum
velocity considerations to provide satisfactory service life. When a new or unfamiliar service is
encountered, the Process Design Manager shall be consulted for line sizing criteria as well as
its material selection.
4.0 PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF EQUIVALENT LENGTH
The following data can be used for preliminary estimates of equivalent length when detail piping
information, such as isometrics, is not available.
4.1 Pump Discharge and Compressor Circuit
Piping Size, inches
On-site
L eq./L straight
Off-site
L eq./L straight
1-1/2 1.30 1.09
2 1.41 1.14
3 1.57 1.18
4 1.74 1.23
6 2.12 1.36
8 2.43 1.42
10 2.82 1.55
12 3.15 1.65
14 3.41 1.74
16 3.75 1.83
18 4.14 1.92
20 4.51 2.06
24 5.19 2.24
These typically conservative equivalent length ratios (to be used for budget estimates)
only are estimated based on the following assumptions:
• For on-site systems: each 100 feet of piping having one fully open gate valve, one
swing check valve, one hard tee and four long radius elbows.
• For offsite systems: each 100 feet of piping with one fully open gate valve and four
long radius elbows.
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5. DG-PPG-0110
Document No.
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Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
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4.2 Reboiler Inlet or Return Lines
Pipe Size, inches Typical Equivalent Length, ft
4 100
6 120
8 140
10 160
12 180
14 200
16 220
18 250
20 280
24 330
30 420
If the reboiler is spring supported, the equivalent length can be substantially reduced.
4.3 Pump Suction Line from Drums or Tower Bottoms
Pipe Size, inches Typical Equivalent Length, ft
through 6" 300
8" – 12” 400
14" and larger 250 pipe diameters + 150
Notes:
• If a permanent strainer is installed in the pump suction line, add 200 ft of equivalent
length to calculate the pressure drop through the strainer. If a temporary strainer is
used, the Process Engineer / Technical Professional should clarify with client if it will
stay in place during normal operation.
• The equivalent length for pump suction taken from a tower side draw-off can be
substantially higher than those shown above.
5.0 SPECIAL HYDRAULICS CALCULATIONS
5.1 Thermosyphon Reboiler Circuits
The worksheet shown on Figure 3 should be used to analyze the reboiler circuit
hydraulics for thermosyphon reboilers. Design considerations for the thermosyphon
reboiler system are as follows:
• Do not use the usual age factor of 1.2 for line friction loss. Instead, use a safety
factor of 2 for line friction loss and allowable total reboiler pressure drop when using
homogenous mixed phase density and a safety factor of 1.5 when using Hughmark
in-place density, whichever is more conservative. The criteria may be relaxed for
revamp projects or those systems having high densities in the reboiler return line
such as a deethanizer tower reboiler.
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6. DG-PPG-0110
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Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
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• Use the percent vaporization specified in the reboiler data sheet. Recirculating
thermosyphon reboilers are generally designed for 30 wt% vaporization.
Once-through thermosyphon reboilers can have up to 50 wt% vaporization.
• Process Engineer / Technical Professional should check the actual operating
pressure of the reboiler if the mean temperature difference between the heating
medium and circulation fluid is sensitive to pressure variation. The pressure of the
boiling medium in the thermosyphon reboiler is equal to the tower operating pressure
plus riser losses including static head based on in-place density.
• The reboiler return line should be sized to avoid slugging problems. However, this
may not always be possible without an excessive elevation of skirt height, especially
for light ends towers operated at high pressure. It is generally recognized that towers
operated above a certain operating pressure (subject to engineering judgment), slug
flow may not exist or is not detrimental to a reboiler/tower operation.
5.2 Kettle Reboiler Circuits
The worksheet shown on Figure 4 should be used for hydraulic calculations associated
with kettle reboiler circuits. Design considerations for the kettle reboiler system are as
follows:
• Use a safety factor of 1.5 for line friction loss and allowable total reboiler pressure
drop.
• If the product from the kettle reboiler flows to a pump suction, the elevation of kettle
should also satisfy pump NPSH requirement.
• If the product from the kettle reboiler flows to a heat exchanger first, free drain from
the kettle to exchanger is preferred. This is not a mandatory requirement if the
product is of multi-component mixtures with wide boiling ranges. However, the pipe
length and elevation rise shall be minimized.
5.3 Pump NPSH and Pump Hydraulics Calculations
Refer to “Pumps" [3] for calculation guidelines and procedures.
5.4 Vacuum Tower Transfer Line Sizing
Transfer lines in crude vacuum units are typically very large and are constructed of
expensive alloy material. It is imperative that the process designer perform a detailed
hydraulic calculation to select the smallest line size.
The maximum velocity should be limited to 90% of sonic velocity. It usually occurs at the
inlet nozzle to the vacuum tower. Sonic velocity is expressed as:
VS = 68.1(kP/ρ)1/2
VS sonic velocity, ft/s
k the specific heat ratio, Cp/Cv
P the absolute pressure, psia
ρ the homogeneous mixed phase density, lb/ft3
The total pressure drop from the heater outlet to the tower inlet is limited by the heater
outlet temperature, which is typically 25°F higher than the flash zone temperature and
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Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
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should generally be limited to 780°F maximum due to the concern of excessive cracking
and coking.
The design of the transfer line may proceed as follows:
• Starting at the flash zone condition, run a series of adiabatic flashes on the vacuum
tower charge, with a pressure increment of approximately 25% of the downstream
absolute pressure.
• Select the transfer line size based on the sonic velocity limitation stated above.
• Divide the line into several segments. Calculate or estimate the equivalent length of
each segment.
Start from the tower inlet nozzle, calculate the pressure drop in each line segment
using the following equation:
100
)
100
/
(
144
2
V
∆P
2
1
2
2 L
P
g
V
frict
avg
×
∆
+
×
−
=
ρ
Acceleration Loss Friction Pressure Drop
∆P total pressure drop, psi
V1 upstream velocity, ft/s
V2 downstream velocity, ft/s
(∆P/100)frict friction pressure drop, psi/100 ft
L total equivalent length, ft
g 32.2 ft/s2
Pavg average mixed phase density, lb/ft3
The acceleration loss in vacuum service can be a significant part of the total
pressure drop and should not be neglected. Since the amount of flashing depends
on the pressure, the above calculations are iterative.
• The pressure drop between the heater outlet and flash zone (typically 3 psi) is the
sum of the pressure drops for all line segments. The heater outlet temperature can
then be obtained from the pressure-temperature relationship which is generated from
the adiabatic flashes in step (a).
• If the calculated heater outlet temperature exceeds the allowable maximum, a larger
transfer line is selected and steps a. through d. are repeated until the temperature
limitation is satisfied. It should be noted that this rarely occurs unless the transfer
line is unusually long or the flash zone temperature already approaches the
maximum allowable temperature.
• If the calculated heater outlet temperature is more than 10°F lower than the
allowable maximum, a reduction in the line size between the tower and furnace may
be justified. The Process Engineer / Technical Professional should check the sonic
velocity criteria at the point of line size reduction.
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8. DG-PPG-0110
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Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
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APPENDICES
Appendix A: References
[1] “Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe,” Crane Technical Paper No. 410,
1988.
[2] “Fluid Flow and Piping,” GPSA Engineering Data Book, 10th ed., 1987, Section 17,
Volume II.
[3] “Process Plants Process Design Guidelines: Pumps”, Mustang Department Guidelines,
DG-PPG-0107.
[4] KYPIPE User's Manual.
[5] "Centrifugal Compressor Inlet Piping - A Practical Guide," Elliott Compressor, Reprint No.
117.
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9. DG-PPG-0110
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Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
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Appendix B: Tables
Table No. Title
1 Liquid Flow Line Sizing Criteria
2 Vapor and Gas Flow Line Sizing Criteria
3 Two Phase Flow Line Sizing Criteria
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10. DG-PPG-0110
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Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
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Table 1 - Liquid Flow Line Sizing Criteria
Typical
Pressure Maximum
Drop Velocity
Service psi/100 ft ft/s Remarks
1. Pump suction (General Service)
a) Liquid at boiling point or 0.5 max. 3 (4" & smaller) 3.0 ft/s max. for vacuum tower bottoms
less than 50°F below it 5 (6”-10") pump regardless of sizes.
6 (12" & larger)
b) Sub-cooled liquids 2.0 max. 8 Higher than 8 ft/s is acceptable if there is
(50°F below boiling point) substantial length of straight pipe
(5 times of pipe dia.) just ahead of the pump
suction.
2. Side stream draw-off 0.2 max. (Note 1)
3. Liquid to non-pumped reboiler 0.2 (Note 1) The allowable pressure drop (psi/100ft)
can be higher if larger elevation difference
is available.
4. Gravity flow (in waste water 0.5 max. 2.5 ft/s min. The available liquid head
treating unit, etc.) should be at least two times the friction
loss calculated based on piping layout.
5. Pump discharge (Gen. Service) 4.0 max. 15 (Note 2)
6. Cooling water
Short lead 2.0 max. 15 The velocity should be above
Long header 1.0 max. 15 3 ft/s to prevent excessive fouling.
7. Corrosive liquids
Sulfuric acid service 3.0 (C.S.) (Note 3)
in Alky Unit 6.0 (316 S.S.)
“ 8.0 (Alloy 20)
Rich amine (liquid phase) 5.0 (C.S.) (Note 4)
Lean amine 7.0 (C.S.)
Caustic (lower than 140°F) 5.0 (C.S.)
8. Erosive liquids
FCC slurry 7 3 ft/s min. to prevent settling of catalyst
fines.
9. High available delta P 5.0 max 20 Should consider erosion and possible
vaporization.
10. Sea water in concrete 10.0
lined pipe
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Table 2 - Vapor and Gas Flow Line Sizing Criteria
Typical
Pressure Maximum
Drop Velocity
Service psi/100 ft ft/s Remarks
1. Column overhead and condenser rundown
For tower operated under high vacuum
10 mmHg abs. 0.01 100/(ρ)
1/2
condition, calculation based on piping
50 mmHg abs. 0.05 or 300 ft/s layout is required. Typically, the pressure
380 mmHg abs. 0.1 whichever is drop between tower and ejector in crude
Atmospheric - 50 psig 0.2 lower. vacuum column overhead is 1-2 mmHg.
50 psig - 150 psig 0.4 Higher ∆P/100 ft may be used for towers
150 psig + 0.6 operated at high pressure and line
pressure drop only constitutes ≤ 0.5% of
operating pressure.
2. Oil vapors
10 mmHg abs. 0.01 100/(ρg)
1/2
or
50 mmHg abs. 0.06 300 ft/s
380 mmHg abs. 0.2 whichever is
Atmospheric - 50 psig 0.5 lower.
50 psig - 150 psig 1.5
150 psig + 2.5
3. Steam
0 - 50 psig headers 0.5 100/( ρg)
1/2
or
laterals 1.5 300 ft/s
150 psig headers 1.0 whichever is
laterals 2.5 lower.
300 psig+ headers 2.5
laterals 4.0
4. Condensing Steam Turbine 450 Calculation based on exhaust piping
layout is required. Typically, the
pressure drop between turbine and
first condenser is 0.2 psi for air
cooled condenser and 0.1 psi for
water cooled condenser. In many
cases, the line size is governed by
velocity limitation.
5. Kettle Reboiler Return 0.1 - 0.2
6. Compressor Suction
Reciprocating (Note 5) For multistage compressors, the usual
allowable interstage pressure drop
Centrifugal (Note 6) exclusive of pulsation dampers
Is the larger of 5 to 7 psi or 1% of
system absolute pressure for a single
exchanger, separator and associated
piping. Increase the pressure drop if
there is additional equipment.
7. FCC Reactor Vapor 0.2 max. 100 Higher velocity results in excessive
to Fractionator erosion from catalyst fines.
8. Column Hot Vapor Bypass 0.5 Typically, the flowrate of hot vapor
bypass ranges from 10 to 15% of gross
column overhead vapor flowrate.
Process Engineer to confirm the
flowrate based on heat transfer calculation.
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12. DG-PPG-0110
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Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
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Table 3 - Two Phase Flow Line Sizing Criteria
Typical
Pressure Maximum
Drop Velocity
Service psi/100 ft ft/s Remarks
1. Thermosiphon Reboiler Return 0.1-0.2 Can be higher if large elevation
difference is available. See Section
5.1 for other considerations.
2. Other Two-Phase Lines
10 mmHg abs. 0.01 Max. velocity Except crude vacuum tower
50 mmHg abs. 0.06 is 100/(ρmix)
1/2
transfer line where the
380 mmHg abs. 0.02 or 300 ft/s maximum velocity is
Atmospheric - 50 psig 0.5 whichever is discussed in Section 5.4.
50 - 150 psig 1.5 lower. ρmix is
150 psig + 2.5 the homogeneous
mixed density
in lb/ft
3
.
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13. DG-PPG-0110
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Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
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Notes for Tables 1, 2, and 3:
1) Saturated liquid draw-off from vessel should be adequately sized to avoid vaporization and vortexing
at the draw-off nozzle. The maximum allowable velocity is calculated as
Vmax = 3.858 (hmin)½
or hmin = (Vmax / 3.858)2
Vmax : maximum allowable velocity through the draw-off nozzle, ft/s
hmin : the liquid static head above the centerline of draw-off nozzle, ft
Equation for Vmax is valid only when the liquid head is at least one-half of the nozzle diameter above
the top edge of draw-off nozzle. The depth of draw-off sump should be a minimum of 1½ times the
nozzle diameter. See Mustang Process Design Guidelines, Section B, Towers.
The line should turn down immediately and should be a minimum of 6 ft vertical drop before being
swaged down to calculated line sizes.
2) Process engineer should confirm the total pressure drop based on actual piping or plot layouts
especially if high ∆P/100 ft is used to size long lines.
3) Typically, the acid strength ranges from 93% to 99% in the Alky unit. Selection of piping materials
depends on factors including size, velocity, flow turbulence and temperature. Consult with a Sr. level
Process Engineer about the material selection and allowable velocity criteria. For further details, see
Mustang Process Design Guidelines, Section M, Materials of Construction.
4) Stainless steel pipe is commonly used in areas where acid gas is flashed out of rich amine solution.
However, for long runs, heavy wall carbon steel pipe may be used in lieu of stainless steel.
5) The line size and piping layout may be dictated by the compressor acoustic analog study.
6) If inlet and discharge nozzles are oriented normal to compressor shaft and there are three diameters
of straight pipe just ahead of compressor inlet, the maximum velocity in the inlet is
Vmax = (995 T/M)1/2
Vmax : maximum allowable velocity in the suction of centrifugal compressor, ft/s
T : inlet temperature, OR
M : gas molecular weight
Vmax will be lower if the inlet line has less than three pipe diameters of straight run pipe. A review of
inlet piping systems as related to compressor performance is presented in Reference 5.
7) In general, the vapor-liquid mixed phase line should be sized to avoid the slug flow. Wherever this
becomes impractical and results in excessive pressure drop, a Sr. level Process Engineer should be
consulted.
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Appendix C: Figures
Figure No. Title
1 Baker Chart, Flow Regimes of Two Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipes (1 page)
2 Aziz Chart, Flow Regimes of Two Phase Up-Flow in Vertical Pipes (1 page)
3 Thermosyphon Reboiler Circuit Hydraulic Calculations (2 pages)
4 Kettle Type Reboiler Circuit Hydraulic Calculations (2 pages)
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Figure 1 - Baker Chart, Flow Regimes of Two Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipes
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16. DG-PPG-0110
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Figure 2 - Aziz Chart, Flow Regimes of Two Phase Up-Flow in Vertical Pipes
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Figure 3 - Thermosyphon Reboiler Circuit Hydraulic Calculations
OPERATING COMMONS - INLET OPERATING CONDITIONS - OUTLET
Temperature. o
F _________ Temperature. o
F ___________
Pressure, psig _________ Pressure, psig ___________
Liquid density. ρ1, @T. lb/ft3
_________ Avg. L/V mixed density, ρ2 @T&P, lb/ft3
___________
Flow, Liq- lb/h _________ Inplace density, ρ3 @T&P. lb/ft3
___________
Flow. Liq., lb/h ___________
Flow. Vap., lb/h ___________
LINE FRICTION LOSS - INLET LINE
FRICTION LOSS - OUTLET
Line size, in _________ Line size. In ___________
∆P per 100 ft. psi _________ ∆P per 100 ft, psi ___________
Equiv. length. ft _________ Equiv. length. Ft ___________
Friction loss (fil), psi _________ Friction loss (fol). Psi ___________
Tower nozzle loss (fin). psi _________ Tower nozzle loss (fon). Psi ___________
Total inlet press. drop fi=fil+fin. Psi _______ Total outlet press. drop fo=fol+fon. Psi ___________
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18. DG-PPG-0110
Document No.
MUSTANG
Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
Hydraulics and Line Sizing Rev. 0
CALCULATE RESISTANCE TO FLOW
A. RESISTANCE CALCULATION BASED ON AVG. MIXED DENSITY (NOTE 2)
1. ∆P (reboiler) allowed * safety factor (______), psi ________
2. Total line friction loss (fi+fo) * safety factor (______), psi ________
3. Static head in return line, Ft = h2 ________
4. Static head in return line, psi = h2 * ρ2 / 144 ________
5. Total resistance to flow (Pr1), psi = #1 + #2 + #4 ________
B. RESISTANCE CALCULATION BASED ON IN-PLACE DENSITY (NOTE 2)
6. ∆P (reboiler) allowed * safety factor (______), psi ________
7. Total line friction loss (fi+fo) * safety factor (______), psi ________
8. Static head in return line, Ft = h2 ________
9. Static head in return line, psi = h2 * ρ3 / 144 ________
10. Total resistance to flow (Pr2), psi = #6 + #7 + #9 ________
CALCULATE DRIVING FORCE
1. Required driving head (h3) based on avg. density, ft = (2.31 * Pr1) / ( ρ1 / 62.37) ________
2. Required driving head (h4) based on in-place density, ft = (2.31 * Pr2) / (ρ1 / 62.37) ________
3. Actual driving head available (h1), ft ________
4. If h1 is > h3 and h4. it is O.K. ________
Notes:
1. It should be confirmed with the equipment engineer that the ∆P allowed for reboiler shall be from
inlet nozzle flange to outlet nozzle flange, including static head.
2. For a new unit, use a safety factor of 2.0 based on average mixed density, and 1.5 based on in-
place density.
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DG-PPG-0110_Process Plants Process Design Guidelines Hydraulics and Line Sizing Page 18 of 20
19. DG-PPG-0110
Document No.
MUSTANG
Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
Hydraulics and Line Sizing Rev. 0
Figure 4 - Kettle Type Reboiler Circuit Hydraulic Calculations
OPERATING CONDITIONS - INLET OPERATING CONDITIONS - OUTLET
Temperature, o
F ________ Temperature, o
F ________
Pressure, psig ________ Pressure, psig ________
Liquid density, ρ1, @T. lb/ft3
________ Vapor density. ρ2, @T. lb/ft3
________
Flow, Liquid lb/h ________ Flow, Vapor lb/h ________
LINE FRICTION LOSS INLET LINE FRICTION
LOSS - OUTLET
Line size, In. ________ Line size, In. ________
∆P per 100 ft, psi ________ ∆P per 100 ft, psi ________
Equiv. Length, ft ________ Equiv. Length, ft ________
Friction loss (fil), psi ________ Friction loss (fol), psi ________
Tower nozzle loss (fin), psi ________ Tower nozzle loss (fon), psi ________
Total inlet press. drop fi = fil+fin, psi ________ Total inlet press. drop fo = fol+fon, psi ________
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DG-PPG-0110_Process Plants Process Design Guidelines Hydraulics and Line Sizing Page 19 of 20
20. DG-PPG-0110
Document No.
MUSTANG
Process Plants Process Design Guidelines:
Hydraulics and Line Sizing Rev. 0
Document is valid only at time of printing. See myMustang® for latest revision.
DG-PPG-0110_Process Plants Process Design Guidelines Hydraulics and Line Sizing Page 20 of 20
CALCULATE RESISTANCE TO FLOW (NOTE 2)
1. ∆P (reboiler) allowed * safety factor (______), psi ________
2. Total line friction loss (fi+fo) * safety factor (______), psi ________
3. Static head in return line, Ft = h2 ________
4. Static head in return line, psi = h2 * ρ2 / 144 ________
5. Total resistance to flow (Pr1), psi = #1 + #2 + #4 ________
CALCULATE DRIVING FORCE
1. Required driving head (h), ft = (2.31 * Pr) / ( ρ1 / 62.37) ________
2. Actual driving head available (h1), ft ________
3. If h1 is > h, it is O.K. ________
Notes:
1. It should be confirmed with equipment engineer that ∆P allowed for reboiler shall be from inlet
nozzle flange to outlet nozzle flange.
2. For new unit, use safety factor of 1.5