This document describes a spreadsheet model that can optimize lime selection for acid soils by considering multiple factors. The model formulates the lime selection problem using linear programming to minimize cost while meeting soil acidity neutralization needs as well as calcium and magnesium requirements. Constraints account for the effects of different liming materials on soil calcium, magnesium and calcium to magnesium ratios. The model allows evaluation of multiple liming material sources and combinations to determine the lowest cost option for a given site based on material properties and transportation costs. The spreadsheet model provides a tool to simplify the complex task of lime selection and aid in exploring lime management options.
This document describes a study that uses discrete event simulation (DES) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to model and evaluate configurations for a closed-loop maritime transportation system that supplies raw materials to a steel plant. The system transports iron ore from mines to the plant via a fleet of vessels. Ten simulation scenarios that vary fleet size, storage capacities, and iron ore sourcing were evaluated. Key criteria like plant stoppages, costs, and inventory levels were used to score the scenarios. The results aim to help decision makers identify the best configuration for the transportation system.
Dynamical LEED Analysis of Ni2P (0001)-1x1 Evidence for P-covered Surface Str...Alvin Bullanday Hernandez
This document reports on a study of the surface structure of nickel phosphide (Ni2P) using dynamical low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) analysis. The analysis revealed that the dominant surface structure of the Ni2P (0001)-1x1 surface is a phosphorus-covered Ni3P2 structure (Ni3P_P), consisting of about 80% Ni3P_P and 20% bare Ni3P2. The Ni3P_P structure involves phosphorus atoms adsorbed on the three-fold hollow sites of the underlying Ni3P2 structure. This phosphorus-terminated structure is believed to minimize dangling bonds and stabilize the surface, driven by the filling of nickel dangling bond states by
APPLICATION OF COMPUTER FOR ANALYZING WORLD CO2 EMISSIONIJCSEA Journal
Global climate change due to CO2 emissions is an issue of international concern that primarily attributed
to fossil fuels. In this study, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used for analyzing world CO2 emission based on the
global energy consumption. Linear and non-linear forms of equations were developed to forecast CO2
emission using Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on the global oil, natural gas, coal, and primary energy
consumption figures. The related data between 1980 and 2010 were used, partly for installing the models
(finding candidates of best weighting factors for each model (1980-2003)) and partly for testing the models
(2004–2010). Global CO2 emission is forecasted up to year 2030.
Efficient estimation of natural gas compressibility factor usingAbelardo Contreras
This document presents a new method for estimating natural gas compressibility factor (Z-factor) using least square support vector machine (LSSVM) modeling. The LSSVM model is developed and tested using a database of over 2,200 samples of sour and sweet gas compositions. The model predicts Z-factor as a function of gas composition, molecular weight, pressure, and temperature. Statistical analysis shows the LSSVM model outperforms existing empirical correlations with an average absolute relative error of 0.19% and correlation coefficient of 0.999. The accurate prediction of Z-factor is important for natural gas engineering calculations.
This document discusses applying a novel approach using multi-criterion decision analysis (MCDA) with the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method to quantify uncertainty in hydrological modeling. Specifically, it examines uncertainty in the SLURP hydrological model. Rather than considering overall Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, the approach considers NSE values for different flow magnitudes simultaneously. The TOPSIS MCDA method is used to compute predictive intervals by considering NSE values for different flow periods simultaneously. The Kootenay Catchment case study is used to demonstrate the MCDA-GLUE approach.
Storage Resource Estimates and Seal Evaluation of Cambrian-Ordovician Units i...Cristian Medina
This document summarizes a study evaluating the carbon dioxide (CO2) storage potential of Cambrian-Ordovician saline aquifers in the Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership region using different methodologies, and the sealing efficiency of the Maquoketa Group. Six methods were used to independently generate storage resource estimates that differed in how porosity was estimated. Results showed the potential to store over 100 years of CO2 emissions from power plants in the region. Analysis of rock samples from the Maquoketa Group using mercury injection capillary pressure testing suggested it could support CO2 columns of 500-5000 feet, indicating potential as a sealing layer.
IRJET- Numerical Analysis for Nonlinear Consolidation of Saturated Soil using...IRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical method for analyzing one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of saturated soil using the lattice Boltzmann method. The lattice Boltzmann-BGK model is used to simulate the nonlinear consolidation equation for saturated soil subjected to time-dependent loading under different boundary conditions. The multiscale Chapman-Enskog expansion is applied to derive the macroscopic nonlinear consolidation equation from the mesoscopic lattice Boltzmann equation. Numerical simulations are performed and found to agree well with available analytical solutions, demonstrating the validity of the proposed lattice Boltzmann method for analyzing nonlinear consolidation problems.
This document presents a mathematical formulation for the dynamic container allocation problem that considers the movement of both empty and loaded containers. The formulation models the problem as a scheduling problem to determine the departure times of loads while optimizing the allocation of containers. An example application using 47 loads solved the problem of minimizing total tardiness in approximately 4 hours. The formulation makes assumptions about container types, routes, and facilities to develop a linear optimization model that can be solved to provide optimal container allocations and schedules.
This document describes a study that uses discrete event simulation (DES) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to model and evaluate configurations for a closed-loop maritime transportation system that supplies raw materials to a steel plant. The system transports iron ore from mines to the plant via a fleet of vessels. Ten simulation scenarios that vary fleet size, storage capacities, and iron ore sourcing were evaluated. Key criteria like plant stoppages, costs, and inventory levels were used to score the scenarios. The results aim to help decision makers identify the best configuration for the transportation system.
Dynamical LEED Analysis of Ni2P (0001)-1x1 Evidence for P-covered Surface Str...Alvin Bullanday Hernandez
This document reports on a study of the surface structure of nickel phosphide (Ni2P) using dynamical low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) analysis. The analysis revealed that the dominant surface structure of the Ni2P (0001)-1x1 surface is a phosphorus-covered Ni3P2 structure (Ni3P_P), consisting of about 80% Ni3P_P and 20% bare Ni3P2. The Ni3P_P structure involves phosphorus atoms adsorbed on the three-fold hollow sites of the underlying Ni3P2 structure. This phosphorus-terminated structure is believed to minimize dangling bonds and stabilize the surface, driven by the filling of nickel dangling bond states by
APPLICATION OF COMPUTER FOR ANALYZING WORLD CO2 EMISSIONIJCSEA Journal
Global climate change due to CO2 emissions is an issue of international concern that primarily attributed
to fossil fuels. In this study, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used for analyzing world CO2 emission based on the
global energy consumption. Linear and non-linear forms of equations were developed to forecast CO2
emission using Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on the global oil, natural gas, coal, and primary energy
consumption figures. The related data between 1980 and 2010 were used, partly for installing the models
(finding candidates of best weighting factors for each model (1980-2003)) and partly for testing the models
(2004–2010). Global CO2 emission is forecasted up to year 2030.
Efficient estimation of natural gas compressibility factor usingAbelardo Contreras
This document presents a new method for estimating natural gas compressibility factor (Z-factor) using least square support vector machine (LSSVM) modeling. The LSSVM model is developed and tested using a database of over 2,200 samples of sour and sweet gas compositions. The model predicts Z-factor as a function of gas composition, molecular weight, pressure, and temperature. Statistical analysis shows the LSSVM model outperforms existing empirical correlations with an average absolute relative error of 0.19% and correlation coefficient of 0.999. The accurate prediction of Z-factor is important for natural gas engineering calculations.
This document discusses applying a novel approach using multi-criterion decision analysis (MCDA) with the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) method to quantify uncertainty in hydrological modeling. Specifically, it examines uncertainty in the SLURP hydrological model. Rather than considering overall Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, the approach considers NSE values for different flow magnitudes simultaneously. The TOPSIS MCDA method is used to compute predictive intervals by considering NSE values for different flow periods simultaneously. The Kootenay Catchment case study is used to demonstrate the MCDA-GLUE approach.
Storage Resource Estimates and Seal Evaluation of Cambrian-Ordovician Units i...Cristian Medina
This document summarizes a study evaluating the carbon dioxide (CO2) storage potential of Cambrian-Ordovician saline aquifers in the Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership region using different methodologies, and the sealing efficiency of the Maquoketa Group. Six methods were used to independently generate storage resource estimates that differed in how porosity was estimated. Results showed the potential to store over 100 years of CO2 emissions from power plants in the region. Analysis of rock samples from the Maquoketa Group using mercury injection capillary pressure testing suggested it could support CO2 columns of 500-5000 feet, indicating potential as a sealing layer.
IRJET- Numerical Analysis for Nonlinear Consolidation of Saturated Soil using...IRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical method for analyzing one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of saturated soil using the lattice Boltzmann method. The lattice Boltzmann-BGK model is used to simulate the nonlinear consolidation equation for saturated soil subjected to time-dependent loading under different boundary conditions. The multiscale Chapman-Enskog expansion is applied to derive the macroscopic nonlinear consolidation equation from the mesoscopic lattice Boltzmann equation. Numerical simulations are performed and found to agree well with available analytical solutions, demonstrating the validity of the proposed lattice Boltzmann method for analyzing nonlinear consolidation problems.
This document presents a mathematical formulation for the dynamic container allocation problem that considers the movement of both empty and loaded containers. The formulation models the problem as a scheduling problem to determine the departure times of loads while optimizing the allocation of containers. An example application using 47 loads solved the problem of minimizing total tardiness in approximately 4 hours. The formulation makes assumptions about container types, routes, and facilities to develop a linear optimization model that can be solved to provide optimal container allocations and schedules.
Encuentro Latinoamericano de Diseño se realizan más de 350 actividades entre conferencias y talleres, en su 8º edición, un espacio donde diseñadores, desarrolladores y creativos pueden de forma libre y gratuita presentar y difundir su universo digital.
Este documento proporciona una lista de egresados de la Escuela Superior de Bellas Artes "Líbero Pierini" que celebraron su 30 aniversario de 1977 a 2007. La lista incluye los nombres de los egresados de 1er y 2do año de 2007, así como los nombres de 3 profesoras. El documento resume la exposición aniversario de 30 años del arte textil de la escuela.
El documento presenta una metodología para los ciclos formativos de Arte Textil y Modelismo. Se discuten aspectos como las consideraciones metodológicas, los antecedentes e influencias de las Bellas Artes en el desarrollo social y el sector textil. Se propone una estructura docente que relacione las Bellas Artes, la planificación industrial y manual, el patrimonio industrial y etnográfico. Finalmente, se ofrece un ejemplo de una unidad didáctica sobre la localidad de Lagartera que muestra la funcionalidad artística y
La cosmovisión mapuche y su simbología se expresan a través de los tejidos textiles mapuches. Existen diferentes tipos básicos de tejidos que reflejan la vestimenta y posición social dentro de la cultura mapuche.
Brevísima síntesis de trabajo de investigación realizado acerca de los textiles mapuche y la economía de subsistencia de la mujeres pehuenche y huilliche.
Los mantos de la cultura Paracas en Perú (1) revelan los lazos de sus creadores con la naturaleza y sus creencias religiosas y mágicas, especialmente con el culto a los muertos. Poseen una belleza y perfección técnica extraordinarias, con diseños de colores vibrantes que muestran similitudes con pinturas de artistas posteriores. Se consideran obras maestras del arte textil por su creatividad.
The purpose of this paper is to perform a structural optimization of a flat thermoplastic plate (tile). This task is developed computationally through the interface between an optimization algorithm and the finite element method with the goal of minimizing the equivalent stress with specified target stress of 2 MPa when applied with a load intensity of 1000N. A 300 x 300 x 20 mm thermoplastic plate was selected for the optimization, which was performed with a tool in MATLAB R2012b known as genetic algorithm accompanied with static analysis in ANSYS 15. The results produced the optimum equivalent stress (δopt) of 2.136 MPa with the optimum dimensions of 305 x 302 x 20 mm. Also, the dimensions of the plate with the optimum value of the equivalent stress were discovered to be within the lower and upper bound dimensions of the plate. The thermoplastic plate object of the optimization was a square plate of 300 x 300mm, and 20 mm thick with isotropic properties and a particular load and boundary conditions were applied on the entire plate.
An improved fish swarm algorithm to assign tasks and cut down on latency in c...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Various researches have been conducted to discover the machinery that led to the evolvement of non-symmetric formation of groups by uncountable marine animals. The huge of tasks comes per unit of time brought obstacles to assign each to particular server, while task assignment have needed a fast strategy to make decision. Artificial fish affect the environment through their behavior and the behavior of their peers. Creating a synthetic fish model has two parts: variables and functions which could be used for task assignment. This paper present improved fish swarm algorithm (IFSA) for task assignment to reduce the latency in cloud computing that could achieve one green computing goals. The research trying to reduce the pending job numbers compared with exist research.
This paper relates the best practices in Log preprocessing in Petrophysics which
are necessary to have a good model for Facies and Permeability. The well-logs which
were used for the Electrofacies modeling and permeability modeling consist of
Gamma-Ray(GR), Bulk Density Porosity(RHOB) Neutron porosity(NPHI).
Meanwhile, the model distinct type of facies consists of sand, Shaly sand, and shale.
Precise Electrofacies sorting was accomplished by the Multi-Resolution Graph-based
Clustering (MRGC). The improvement in the Logs from the Well-X1 after undergoing
pre-processing like Log Normalization, Compaction Effect Removal, Fluid Effect
Removal returned the logs to their natural states and were used as input into Multi-
Resolution Graph-based Clustering (MRGC) model to produce better output Facies
and Permeability when compared to the Output which did not undergo preprocessing.
These practices can be utilized to validate very good Facies and
Permeability Models
Finding a scientific method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from urban are...Alexander Decker
This document discusses finding a scientific method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from urban areas, specifically in Baghdad, Iraq. It begins by outlining different analytical methodologies (models) for carbon reduction and categorizing them. It then focuses on the MARKAL model, explaining that it is a bottom-up, linear programming model used in over 50 countries to determine optimal carbon mitigation strategies based on differences in energy demands between urban areas. The document suggests the MARKAL model is most suitable for Baghdad due to available data and literature on its use, and its ability to analyze energy systems and emissions over long time periods while accounting for technology changes.
This document discusses recycling asphalt pavements. It begins by noting the increased demand for aggregates due to growth in infrastructure and the benefits of recycling asphalt pavements from an economic and environmental perspective by reducing waste and preserving resources. The document then reviews different methods of recycling asphalt pavements, including hot mix recycling using new aggregates and asphalt cement or recycling agents. It discusses the need to study recycling demolished asphalt materials in India to optimize natural resource use. The objectives are outlined as using recycled material for various purposes after testing. Future work is aimed at evaluating the effects of using recycled asphalt material compared to virgin materials.
The document presents the kLab and kGeo-Algorithm methods for analyzing drilling cuttings to obtain reservoir performance properties. kLab uses several analytical tests on cuttings including digital fluorescence analysis, digital geological analysis, and hydrocarbon analysis. kGeo-Algorithm accepts kLab output and calculates petrophysical parameters through inversion algorithms. A case study demonstrates calculating matrix density from mineral densities and quantities. kLab can reproduce conventional well logs and provide additional data on reservoir multi-flow parameters and fracability.
This document summarizes a study examining the use of alumina-supported nickel catalysts promoted with zirconia, ceria, and magnesia for dry reforming of methane. Dry reforming of methane is presented as an environmentally friendly process for producing synthesis gas. Nickel catalysts are commonly used but are prone to deactivation from carbon deposition; the study investigated how promoter oxides could improve catalyst activity and stability. Catalysts with 10% nickel loading promoted with 5% zirconia showed the highest methane conversion, while 5% ceria promotion led to the best stability based on characterization of fresh and used catalysts.
Establishing relationship between cbr with different soil propertieseSAT Journals
Abstract
In the flexible pavements sub-grade is considered to be an ideal layer to resist wheel load and its CBR value is considered as the strength measuring parameter. Conducting CBR test is an expensive and time consuming test, moreover it is very difficult to mould the sample at a desired in-situ density in the laboratory. Further, if the available soil is of poor quality, suitable additives are mixed with soil and resulting strength of soil is assessed by CBR value which is cumbersome. To overcome these problems, the other methods such as regression based models (simple & multiple) are used in this study. The soil properties like liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density and percentage fineness of the soil (passing 75micron sieve) are determined for the soil collected from different areas of Bagalkot district and the models are developed for correlating soaked CBR value.
Keywords: CBR, regression models, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content and maximum dry density.
This document summarizes an optimization model for a contractor's S-curve developed using genetic algorithms. The model aims to minimize total construction costs while considering the tradeoff between different resource productivity and costs of resource mobilization/demobilization. An example project is optimized, resulting in a smoother resource allocation and lower total cost compared to the early and late schedules. The optimal S-curve developed from the model provides a baseline for measuring impacts of changes on construction costs.
This document summarizes an optimization model for a contractor's S-curve developed using genetic algorithms. The model aims to minimize total construction costs while considering the tradeoff between different resource productivity and costs of resource mobilization/demobilization. An example project is optimized, resulting in a smoother resource allocation and lower total cost compared to the early and late schedules. The optimal S-curve developed from the model provides a baseline for measuring impacts of changes on construction costs.
IRJET - To Study the effects of partially replacement of aggregate with RAP M...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effects of partially replacing aggregate with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material in dense bituminous macadam (DBM) design for flexible pavements. The study aims to promote more sustainable pavement construction by recycling RAP. Physical properties of mixtures containing different proportions of RAP aggregate are tested, including water absorption, stripping value, aggregate gradation, specific gravity, penetration, and Marshall stability. Test results indicate that replacing up to 30% of natural aggregate with RAP can meet design specifications and standards, offering potential cost savings while sustainably reusing demolition waste. The study concludes that RAP materials can successfully be used in flexible pavement bases and subbases when blended to achieve proper
Optimization Model for Refinery Hydrogen Networks Part IIIJERA Editor
In the first part of this work, a model of optimization was presented that minimizes the consumption of the hydrogen of a refinery. In this second part, the model will be augmented to take into account the length of the pipelines, the addition of purification units and the installation of new compressors, all features of industrial real networks. The model developed was implemented in the LINGO software environment. For data input and results output, an Excel spreadsheet was developed that interfaces with LINGO. The model is currently being used in YPFLuján de Cuyo refinery (Mendoza, Argentina).
An integrated multiple layer perceptron-genetic algorithm decision support sy...IJECEIAES
There is a need for non-renewable energy sources in generation of power for almost every domestic and commercial purposes. This source of energy helps in the development of a country. Because of the increasing usage of the fossil fuels and depletion of these resources, our focus has been shifted towards the renewable sources of energy like solar, water and wind. Therefore, in the present scenario, the usage of renewable sources has been increasing rapidly. Selection of a solar power plant (SPP) requires environmental factor, local terrain, and local weather issues. Thus, a large amount of investment is required for installation. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is a method that identifies one in choosing the best sites among the other proposed options. This paper gives a detailed study of optimal ranking of SPP site using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multiple layer perceptron (MLP) neural network trained with back propagation (BP) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA). Three SPP sites of India were considered and various important criteria like local weather, geographical location, and environmental factors are included in our study as SPP site selection is a multi-criteria problem. A precise comparison of these three methods is listed in this paper.
A Result Paper on Experimental Investigation on CMAijtsrd
There are various roadway construction activities and plans that involve the use of flexible pavement having hot mix technique. This hot mix technique is a traditional method for the construction of road that has fulfilled the performance evaluation from infrastructure point of view throughout the past years. The various processes which are involved in this technique are providing heat to the aggregate and binder, proper mixing, provision of tack coat as per the specifications, laying of the mixed, the process of compaction. The cold mixed technique having use of bitumen emulsion on large scale should be epicenter of the study such that this technology may advance its application in present as well as future with proper specifications, testing throughout. The Hot mixed based techniques have gone through the significant advancements with time. The Cold mixed based technology is somewhere lagging in terms of applications which might be observed in the developing countries. In the present study, it has been the primary motivation that underlies the selection of cold mixed technique. Manoj Sheoran | Ms. Shivani "A Result Paper on Experimental Investigation on CMA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45179.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45179/a-result-paper-on-experimental-investigation-on-cma/manoj-sheoran
3-D integrated geological modeling in the Abitibi Subprovince (Québec, Canada...FF Explore 3D
The development of robust 3-D geological models involves the integration of large amounts of public geological data, as well as additional accessible proprietary lithological, structural, geochemical, geophysical, and diamond drill hole data. 3-D models and maps have been available, particularly in the petroleum industry, for more than 10 years. Here, we demonstrate how robust 3-D maps can be used as interactive tools for mineral deposits exploration. In particular, we show how the interrogation of 3-D data sets can constrain exploration targets at depth.
The main advantages of this technique for the mining industry are the homogeneity of data treatment and the validation of geological interpretations, taking into account geophysical and geochemical data. Data integration and cross-correlation of geology and geophysics can be achieved in two dimensions in any good GIS package. However, the added strength of 3-D analysis is the integration of separate data sets in three dimensions to build more complete, more realistic models, and in delineating areas of high economic potential at depth. Furthermore, these models can be modified and improved at any time by adding new data from ongoing drilling and geoscientific surveys.
This paper presents two examples of 3-D models used for mineral exploration: the Joutel VMS mining camp and the Duparquet gold camp, Quebec. In both examples, the creation of the model is discussed and queries specific to the relevant exploration model are introduced. Eight potential exploration targets are generated at Joutel and seven at Duparquet. Although the targets defined are dependent on the details of the chosen queries, it is apparent that this technique has the potential to generate promising exploration activity that can engender new targets.
Encuentro Latinoamericano de Diseño se realizan más de 350 actividades entre conferencias y talleres, en su 8º edición, un espacio donde diseñadores, desarrolladores y creativos pueden de forma libre y gratuita presentar y difundir su universo digital.
Este documento proporciona una lista de egresados de la Escuela Superior de Bellas Artes "Líbero Pierini" que celebraron su 30 aniversario de 1977 a 2007. La lista incluye los nombres de los egresados de 1er y 2do año de 2007, así como los nombres de 3 profesoras. El documento resume la exposición aniversario de 30 años del arte textil de la escuela.
El documento presenta una metodología para los ciclos formativos de Arte Textil y Modelismo. Se discuten aspectos como las consideraciones metodológicas, los antecedentes e influencias de las Bellas Artes en el desarrollo social y el sector textil. Se propone una estructura docente que relacione las Bellas Artes, la planificación industrial y manual, el patrimonio industrial y etnográfico. Finalmente, se ofrece un ejemplo de una unidad didáctica sobre la localidad de Lagartera que muestra la funcionalidad artística y
La cosmovisión mapuche y su simbología se expresan a través de los tejidos textiles mapuches. Existen diferentes tipos básicos de tejidos que reflejan la vestimenta y posición social dentro de la cultura mapuche.
Brevísima síntesis de trabajo de investigación realizado acerca de los textiles mapuche y la economía de subsistencia de la mujeres pehuenche y huilliche.
Los mantos de la cultura Paracas en Perú (1) revelan los lazos de sus creadores con la naturaleza y sus creencias religiosas y mágicas, especialmente con el culto a los muertos. Poseen una belleza y perfección técnica extraordinarias, con diseños de colores vibrantes que muestran similitudes con pinturas de artistas posteriores. Se consideran obras maestras del arte textil por su creatividad.
The purpose of this paper is to perform a structural optimization of a flat thermoplastic plate (tile). This task is developed computationally through the interface between an optimization algorithm and the finite element method with the goal of minimizing the equivalent stress with specified target stress of 2 MPa when applied with a load intensity of 1000N. A 300 x 300 x 20 mm thermoplastic plate was selected for the optimization, which was performed with a tool in MATLAB R2012b known as genetic algorithm accompanied with static analysis in ANSYS 15. The results produced the optimum equivalent stress (δopt) of 2.136 MPa with the optimum dimensions of 305 x 302 x 20 mm. Also, the dimensions of the plate with the optimum value of the equivalent stress were discovered to be within the lower and upper bound dimensions of the plate. The thermoplastic plate object of the optimization was a square plate of 300 x 300mm, and 20 mm thick with isotropic properties and a particular load and boundary conditions were applied on the entire plate.
An improved fish swarm algorithm to assign tasks and cut down on latency in c...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Various researches have been conducted to discover the machinery that led to the evolvement of non-symmetric formation of groups by uncountable marine animals. The huge of tasks comes per unit of time brought obstacles to assign each to particular server, while task assignment have needed a fast strategy to make decision. Artificial fish affect the environment through their behavior and the behavior of their peers. Creating a synthetic fish model has two parts: variables and functions which could be used for task assignment. This paper present improved fish swarm algorithm (IFSA) for task assignment to reduce the latency in cloud computing that could achieve one green computing goals. The research trying to reduce the pending job numbers compared with exist research.
This paper relates the best practices in Log preprocessing in Petrophysics which
are necessary to have a good model for Facies and Permeability. The well-logs which
were used for the Electrofacies modeling and permeability modeling consist of
Gamma-Ray(GR), Bulk Density Porosity(RHOB) Neutron porosity(NPHI).
Meanwhile, the model distinct type of facies consists of sand, Shaly sand, and shale.
Precise Electrofacies sorting was accomplished by the Multi-Resolution Graph-based
Clustering (MRGC). The improvement in the Logs from the Well-X1 after undergoing
pre-processing like Log Normalization, Compaction Effect Removal, Fluid Effect
Removal returned the logs to their natural states and were used as input into Multi-
Resolution Graph-based Clustering (MRGC) model to produce better output Facies
and Permeability when compared to the Output which did not undergo preprocessing.
These practices can be utilized to validate very good Facies and
Permeability Models
Finding a scientific method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from urban are...Alexander Decker
This document discusses finding a scientific method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from urban areas, specifically in Baghdad, Iraq. It begins by outlining different analytical methodologies (models) for carbon reduction and categorizing them. It then focuses on the MARKAL model, explaining that it is a bottom-up, linear programming model used in over 50 countries to determine optimal carbon mitigation strategies based on differences in energy demands between urban areas. The document suggests the MARKAL model is most suitable for Baghdad due to available data and literature on its use, and its ability to analyze energy systems and emissions over long time periods while accounting for technology changes.
This document discusses recycling asphalt pavements. It begins by noting the increased demand for aggregates due to growth in infrastructure and the benefits of recycling asphalt pavements from an economic and environmental perspective by reducing waste and preserving resources. The document then reviews different methods of recycling asphalt pavements, including hot mix recycling using new aggregates and asphalt cement or recycling agents. It discusses the need to study recycling demolished asphalt materials in India to optimize natural resource use. The objectives are outlined as using recycled material for various purposes after testing. Future work is aimed at evaluating the effects of using recycled asphalt material compared to virgin materials.
The document presents the kLab and kGeo-Algorithm methods for analyzing drilling cuttings to obtain reservoir performance properties. kLab uses several analytical tests on cuttings including digital fluorescence analysis, digital geological analysis, and hydrocarbon analysis. kGeo-Algorithm accepts kLab output and calculates petrophysical parameters through inversion algorithms. A case study demonstrates calculating matrix density from mineral densities and quantities. kLab can reproduce conventional well logs and provide additional data on reservoir multi-flow parameters and fracability.
This document summarizes a study examining the use of alumina-supported nickel catalysts promoted with zirconia, ceria, and magnesia for dry reforming of methane. Dry reforming of methane is presented as an environmentally friendly process for producing synthesis gas. Nickel catalysts are commonly used but are prone to deactivation from carbon deposition; the study investigated how promoter oxides could improve catalyst activity and stability. Catalysts with 10% nickel loading promoted with 5% zirconia showed the highest methane conversion, while 5% ceria promotion led to the best stability based on characterization of fresh and used catalysts.
Establishing relationship between cbr with different soil propertieseSAT Journals
Abstract
In the flexible pavements sub-grade is considered to be an ideal layer to resist wheel load and its CBR value is considered as the strength measuring parameter. Conducting CBR test is an expensive and time consuming test, moreover it is very difficult to mould the sample at a desired in-situ density in the laboratory. Further, if the available soil is of poor quality, suitable additives are mixed with soil and resulting strength of soil is assessed by CBR value which is cumbersome. To overcome these problems, the other methods such as regression based models (simple & multiple) are used in this study. The soil properties like liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density and percentage fineness of the soil (passing 75micron sieve) are determined for the soil collected from different areas of Bagalkot district and the models are developed for correlating soaked CBR value.
Keywords: CBR, regression models, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content and maximum dry density.
This document summarizes an optimization model for a contractor's S-curve developed using genetic algorithms. The model aims to minimize total construction costs while considering the tradeoff between different resource productivity and costs of resource mobilization/demobilization. An example project is optimized, resulting in a smoother resource allocation and lower total cost compared to the early and late schedules. The optimal S-curve developed from the model provides a baseline for measuring impacts of changes on construction costs.
This document summarizes an optimization model for a contractor's S-curve developed using genetic algorithms. The model aims to minimize total construction costs while considering the tradeoff between different resource productivity and costs of resource mobilization/demobilization. An example project is optimized, resulting in a smoother resource allocation and lower total cost compared to the early and late schedules. The optimal S-curve developed from the model provides a baseline for measuring impacts of changes on construction costs.
IRJET - To Study the effects of partially replacement of aggregate with RAP M...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effects of partially replacing aggregate with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material in dense bituminous macadam (DBM) design for flexible pavements. The study aims to promote more sustainable pavement construction by recycling RAP. Physical properties of mixtures containing different proportions of RAP aggregate are tested, including water absorption, stripping value, aggregate gradation, specific gravity, penetration, and Marshall stability. Test results indicate that replacing up to 30% of natural aggregate with RAP can meet design specifications and standards, offering potential cost savings while sustainably reusing demolition waste. The study concludes that RAP materials can successfully be used in flexible pavement bases and subbases when blended to achieve proper
Optimization Model for Refinery Hydrogen Networks Part IIIJERA Editor
In the first part of this work, a model of optimization was presented that minimizes the consumption of the hydrogen of a refinery. In this second part, the model will be augmented to take into account the length of the pipelines, the addition of purification units and the installation of new compressors, all features of industrial real networks. The model developed was implemented in the LINGO software environment. For data input and results output, an Excel spreadsheet was developed that interfaces with LINGO. The model is currently being used in YPFLuján de Cuyo refinery (Mendoza, Argentina).
An integrated multiple layer perceptron-genetic algorithm decision support sy...IJECEIAES
There is a need for non-renewable energy sources in generation of power for almost every domestic and commercial purposes. This source of energy helps in the development of a country. Because of the increasing usage of the fossil fuels and depletion of these resources, our focus has been shifted towards the renewable sources of energy like solar, water and wind. Therefore, in the present scenario, the usage of renewable sources has been increasing rapidly. Selection of a solar power plant (SPP) requires environmental factor, local terrain, and local weather issues. Thus, a large amount of investment is required for installation. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is a method that identifies one in choosing the best sites among the other proposed options. This paper gives a detailed study of optimal ranking of SPP site using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multiple layer perceptron (MLP) neural network trained with back propagation (BP) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA). Three SPP sites of India were considered and various important criteria like local weather, geographical location, and environmental factors are included in our study as SPP site selection is a multi-criteria problem. A precise comparison of these three methods is listed in this paper.
A Result Paper on Experimental Investigation on CMAijtsrd
There are various roadway construction activities and plans that involve the use of flexible pavement having hot mix technique. This hot mix technique is a traditional method for the construction of road that has fulfilled the performance evaluation from infrastructure point of view throughout the past years. The various processes which are involved in this technique are providing heat to the aggregate and binder, proper mixing, provision of tack coat as per the specifications, laying of the mixed, the process of compaction. The cold mixed technique having use of bitumen emulsion on large scale should be epicenter of the study such that this technology may advance its application in present as well as future with proper specifications, testing throughout. The Hot mixed based techniques have gone through the significant advancements with time. The Cold mixed based technology is somewhere lagging in terms of applications which might be observed in the developing countries. In the present study, it has been the primary motivation that underlies the selection of cold mixed technique. Manoj Sheoran | Ms. Shivani "A Result Paper on Experimental Investigation on CMA" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45179.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45179/a-result-paper-on-experimental-investigation-on-cma/manoj-sheoran
3-D integrated geological modeling in the Abitibi Subprovince (Québec, Canada...FF Explore 3D
The development of robust 3-D geological models involves the integration of large amounts of public geological data, as well as additional accessible proprietary lithological, structural, geochemical, geophysical, and diamond drill hole data. 3-D models and maps have been available, particularly in the petroleum industry, for more than 10 years. Here, we demonstrate how robust 3-D maps can be used as interactive tools for mineral deposits exploration. In particular, we show how the interrogation of 3-D data sets can constrain exploration targets at depth.
The main advantages of this technique for the mining industry are the homogeneity of data treatment and the validation of geological interpretations, taking into account geophysical and geochemical data. Data integration and cross-correlation of geology and geophysics can be achieved in two dimensions in any good GIS package. However, the added strength of 3-D analysis is the integration of separate data sets in three dimensions to build more complete, more realistic models, and in delineating areas of high economic potential at depth. Furthermore, these models can be modified and improved at any time by adding new data from ongoing drilling and geoscientific surveys.
This paper presents two examples of 3-D models used for mineral exploration: the Joutel VMS mining camp and the Duparquet gold camp, Quebec. In both examples, the creation of the model is discussed and queries specific to the relevant exploration model are introduced. Eight potential exploration targets are generated at Joutel and seven at Duparquet. Although the targets defined are dependent on the details of the chosen queries, it is apparent that this technique has the potential to generate promising exploration activity that can engender new targets.
Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Al Zoroub and Al Buraimi, Oman Using Remot...IRJET Journal
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CO2 Reduction in a Calciner Reactor at a Cement Factory MemorandumAlfonso Figueroa
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This document discusses the use of red mud, rice husk ash, and ground granulated blast furnace slag as industrial wastes that have potential to be used as construction materials when stabilized properly. Red mud is a byproduct of aluminum refining from bauxite ore. The study aims to evaluate the suitability of red mud as a subgrade material when stabilized with rice husk ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Laboratory tests were conducted including compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength tests on mixtures of red mud with varying percentages of rice husk ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. The results showed that rice husk ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag can improve the properties of
An Investigation of the Interlayer Adhesion Strength in Deeper Layers of the ...AM Publications
A road pavement structure is typically composed of different layers arranged one on top of the other, all supported by a natural or improved subgrade. The main purpose of this configuration is to provide the most effective structure with adequate potential to spread traffic loading from the surface to the subgrade with minimum damage. In spite of material properties and construction techniques, researchers have shown that the overall pavement performance is significantly influenced by the interlayer adhesion condition throughout the pavement structure ([8], [11], [21], [22]). Lack of intimate contact between layers results in them acting as individuals rather than as a thick bonded unit. This therefore induces overloading of layers which leads to premature deterioration of the entire structure due to traffic induced distresses. This work, therefore investigated the interlayer adhesion characteristics between the granular base and the lightly cemented subbase of a typical South African pavement structure. The influence of bonding condition on the overall pavement performance was also studied. A series of interlayer direct shear tests was run on 300 x 300 mm samples made of two layers: a 100mm G2 Granular Base (GB) compacted on top of the 100mm Cement Treated Subbase (CTSB) composed of a G5 material stabilised with 1.8% of cement. Effects of the CTSB scarification, normal pressure and moisture conditions were analysed whereby the results of the interlayer strength tests were compared with those of intra-layer strength tests. The comparative analysis showed that scarifying the CTSB before laying the GB enhances intimate contact between two layers and stimulates the unison interaction which, according to structural modelling results, improves the overall pavement performance.
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This document compares the geotechnical properties of lateritic deposits from five locations in Abia State, Nigeria. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples from each location to determine properties like classification, moisture content, density, strength, and permeability. The results showed that the Amaoba deposit performed best, meeting most specifications for road construction applications. The Timber Market sample performed worst and was deemed unsuitable without stabilization. In general, the Amaoba, Ubakala, Isiala-Ngwa, and Ohiya deposits were found suitable for uses like subgrade and fill, while only Amaoba was fully suitable as a base course material.
Similar to Liming Material Selection by Computer Spreadsheet 025-01-0026 (20)
Comparative Study of Geotechnical Properties of Abia State Lateritic Deposits
Liming Material Selection by Computer Spreadsheet 025-01-0026
1. LimingMaterial Selection by ComputerSpreadsheet
Zhi-ChengLi, I P. G. Widjaja-Adhi, T. S Dierolf, and R. S. Yost*
ABSTRACT
Limeselection considerationsare complexandmaybe sim-
plified withthe aid of a computerspreadsheetwithoptimiza-
tion capability. A mathematicalmodelwasformulatedusing
linear programmingtechniquesthat includedlime quantity,
limingdepth,limecost, limequality(calciumcarbonateequiv-
alenceandfineness), amountreactedafter 3 too, Cacontent,
Mgcontent,distanceof transport,andtransportationcost per
unit distancefor eachof five limingmaterials.Programresults
weretested withsituations anddatafrompreviousexperience
in Sitiung,Indonesia.Thepredictionandassociatedsensitivity
analysiswasuseful in planninglimingoperationsandshould
providea usefultool to explorelimemanagementoptions. The
spreadsheetmodelshouldaid learningaboutthe variouscom-
ponentsandcomplicatingfactors importantin selectingliming
materialsandtechniquesto mergethe considerationsinto a
single lime recommendation.
SOILACIDITYCONTINUESto limit agricultural productivity
in the tropics becauseof inherent acidity and intensive
cropping. Although modemapproaches to acidity manage-
mentinclude acid tolerant germplasmand, in somecases,
the use of organic materials to reduceacidity, the needfor
limestoneneutralization of acidity continues.
Anestimated 33%of soils of the tropics are Oxisolsand
Ultisols, manyof whichneedlimestoneapplications to alle-
viate yield restricting effects of acidity (Sanchez, 1976).
Limerecommendationsfor highly weathered tropical soils
are commonlybased on reducing soil aluminumsaturation,
(extractable Al + H)/(effective cation exchangecapacity)
100, belowa critical level for a given crop. TheAcidity
Decision Support System (ADSS)(TropSoils, 1991) is
expert systemthat determineslime requirementsfor various
crops grownon highly weatheredtropical soils basedon Al
saturation of the soil and Al tolerance of the crop. However,
the process of makinglime recommendationsis complicat-
ed by additional factors such as maintainingadequatesoil
Caand Mglevels within a range of Ca/Mgratios (Souzaand
Ritchey,1988;Cochrane,1989),cost andavailability of lim-
ing and fertilizer materials, andcost of transportation. The
averageindividual wouldhavedifficulty accountingfor all
these factors while attempting to minimizecost. Weshow,
however, that spreadsheet and linear programmingtools
available in manycommerciallyavailable spreadsheets such
as Quattro Pro, Excel, and Lotus 1-2-3, can simplify this
problem.
Usually Ca/Mgratios have little importance whensoil
acidity is neutralized and sufficient Caand Mglevels are
Z.-C.Li, Univ.of Hawaii,1910EastWestRoad,Honolulu,HI96822;I
P.G.Widjaja-Adhi,Centrefor Soil andAgroclimateResearch,Bogor,
Indonesia;T.SDierolf,JalanKehakimanno.283,BukitTinggi,Sumatra,
Indonesia;andR.S.Yost,Univ.of Hawaii,1910EastWestRoad,Honolulu,
HI96822.HawaiiInst. for TropicalAgile.andHumanResourcesTechnical
PaperNo.4117.Received26 July 1994.’Correspondingauthor
( rsyost@hawaii.edu).
Publishedin J. Nat.Resour.LifeSci.Educ.25:26-30(1996).
ensured (Lopes, 1983; Souzaand Ritchey, 1988; Cochrane,
1989). Nevertheless, someacid soils of the tropics contain
such small amounts of Ca and Mgthat imbalances can
occur. In the Brazilian Cerradothe least productivevegeta-
tion group, cerrados, was characterized by Ca/Mgratios
<1.0, whereasforest vegetation wascharacterized by ratios
of >_3.0(Cochrane,1989). Onan acid Oxisol, neutralization
of acidity with MgCO3 resulted in soybeangrain yields of
less than 100 kg ha-t while neutralization with CaCO3 pro-
duced average yields of 2100kg ha-t (Souza and Ritchey,
1988). Theseauthors suggested that lowyields whereacid-
ity wasneutralized with MgCO3 wasdue to excessive soil
Mgin relation to soil Cathat resulted in a Ca/Mgratio <1.0.
Onthe other hand, relying solely on calcitic limestone to
alleviate soil acidity maynot provide the necessary mini-
mumlevel of Mg.
Transportationandapplication costs are interrelated with
limequality. Moreof a less effective material mustbe trans-
ported and applied to neutralize the soil acidity compared
witha highly effective material. Similarly, the Mgrequire-
mentsmaydictate use of a dolomiticlime while neutralizing
the desired amountof acidity. Becausedolomitic limestone
maybe moreexpensiveand less reactive than calcitic lime-
stone, it maybe moreeconomicalto apply only the amount
of dolomitic lime necessary to supply Mgand use calcitic
lime to neutralize the remainingacidity. Other cases may
require the applicationof caicitic limewithfertilizer sources
of Mgthat have no liming value such as MgSO4.
The problem becomescompoundedwhenthere are sev-
eral materials available, alone or in combination,that can
both alleviate soil acidity as well as providesufficient Ca
and Mglevels. In somecases, available materials cannot
both neutralize acidity and provide sufficient Ca and Mg
levels, even within the wide range of acceptable Ca/Mg
ratios. Thesematerialsusuallyalso differ in price, availabil-
ity, andquality.
Thus,selecting the best liming materials and determining
their correct proportions,whileconsideringa variety of con-
strain~, can be a perplexing task. A simplex linear pro-
gramhf~agalgorithm (Dantzig, 1951) can performthis type
of optimization as long as the problemcan be specified
numerically.
In this article, wedescribe the formulationof a mathe-
matical modelthat can solve the problem. Next, weshow
howthe model can be used with a commonlyavailable
spreadsheet program.Finally, wewill showapplications of
the modelto a decision-makingscenario in Indonesia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Model Formulation
Consider a scenario in which a farmer’s field has been
sampled, the soil tested, and a lime requirement must be
given. Alime requirementcan be obtained froma variety of
Abbreviations:ADSS,AcidityDecisionSuppot~System;ECEC,effective
cationexchangecapacity;BD,bulkdensity.
26 ¯ d. Nat.Resour.Life Sci. Educ.,Vol. 25, no.1, 1996
2. lime recommendation software including the ADSS
(TropSoils, 1991). This softwarewill estimate lime require-
mentsfor soils with AIas the majorlimiting factor, provid-
ed the user has the following minimumdataset: AI+Hcon-
tent of the soil, effective cation exchangecapacity (ECEC)
(sumof KCl-extractable Ca, Mg,K, Na, and AI+ H), soil
bulk density (BD),desired crop, lime quality (calciumcar-
bonateequivalencyand particle-size distribution), and man-
agementoptions such as intended depth of lime incorpora-
tion andquantity of organicmaterialsapplied.
This recommendation,however, is somewhatincomplete
becausethere are various sources of limestone, whichvary
in cost, neutralization quality, and content of Caand Mg.A
fully specified recommendationcan include the following
requirements:
1. Sufficient limeto neutralize excessiveacidity on a per-
ha basis
2. Considerationof the total quantities of limingmateri-
als available
3. Consideration of the Ca and Mgrequirements to pro-
vide critical amountsof Caand Mgin the soil, and a
desireable soil Ca/Mgratio after the liming material
has reactedwiththe soil
4. Determinationof the lowest cost combinationof lim-
ing materials and other Caand Mgcontaining materi-
als in relation to economicreturn
5. Consideration of Ca and Mgmaterials that have no
liming valueas longas they contribute to satisfactory
Ca, critical amountsof Mg,and Ca/Mgratios that
remainwithin the desired range
Computation
Thelinear programmingframeworkfor this problempro-
ceeds as follows. Theobjective function computesthe total
cost of limingmaterialsfromfive possible materials that we
haveincluded. (The user can expandthis to consider more
liming materials). Theobjective function is minimizedsub-
ject to various constraints, whichare described aboveand
illustrated in Table1. Wenowdescribe somedetails in for-
mulatingthe constraints for the mathematicalmodel.
Theeffect of lime applicationon critical amountsof Caand
Mg,andon desired Ca/Mgratio after liming.
1. Initial Caand Mg:
Cao = initial soil Ca,cmole/kg
Mgo = initial soil Mg,cmol~/kg
2. Theincrease in Ca and Mgfrom reacted lime material
i (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) as measuredin increased 1 MKCI-
extractable Caand Mg,cmolc/kg:
Cai = (ci xi ri)/(A x BDx Depthx 20)
whereci is the amountof Cain the limingmaterial, %;xi is
the amountof limingmaterialfromsourcei, kg; r i is the pro-
portionof the limingmaterialthat will react in 3 mo(default
is 0.667);Ais the area of the parcel, ha; BDis the bulkden-
sity (from0 to 2), g/cm3;Depthis the intendeddepthof lime
incorporation, cm; and the value 20 derives from 20 kg
Ca/ha-cm, which is 1 cmolc Ca/kg if BD= 1.0 g/cm3 and
depth is 1 cm(note: this is modified based on actual BD
value above).
Mgi = (mi Xi ri)/(A x BDx Depthx 12)
wheremi is the %Mgin the liming material and the other
terms are defined abovefor Ca, and the value 12 derives
from 12 kg Mg/ha-cm,which is 1 cmolc Mg/kg.
3. Theaboveexpressionsare then used to derive the con-
straints for the minimumcost objective function.
Cao + Z~= t Cai -> Kca [1]
Mgo + g5. ~=1 Mgi> KMg [2]
1 < [Cao +y.5/= ~ Cai]/ [Mg° + E~=~ Mgi]< F
[3]
wherethe terms are as described aboveexcept that Kcaand
K.. are critical levels of Caand Mg,respectively, andF isMg
the maximumallowable ratio of Ca/Mgin cmolc/kg, usual-
ly set at 8 to 10.
Toensurean adequateamountof lime to neutralize acidity,
the followingconstraintis establishect
g~= 1 xi CCEifii = QA [4]
wherexi is defined as above;CCEi is the fractional expres-
sion of calciumcarbonateequivalenceof the liming materi-
al; andfi is the finenessfactor of the limingmaterial,calcu-
lated as the sumof twofractions: (i) the proportionof lime
that is between30 and 50 mesh,considered10%effective in
acid soils of the tropics (Alcarde, 1983;Barber,1984); and
(ii) the proportion of lime finer than 50 mesh,considered
90%effective (Alcarde, 1983); Qis the lime requirement,
tonnes/ha;andAis the parcel area consideredfor liming,ha.
Data Requirements
1. Soil data including exchangeableCa, Mg,and soil BD
2. Depthof intended lime incorporation
3. Analysis of lime materials: CaCO3 equivalence and
particle-size distribution
4. Cost of limingmaterial at the purchasepoint, includ-
ing the distance and transportation cost per unit
weightand per unit distance
5. Amountof Caand Mgmaterials available for applica-
tion
6. Critical levels of exchangeable Ca and Mgand the
maximumallowable of soil Ca/Mgratio
Spreadsheet Formulationof the Model
This modelcan be applied using almost any spreadsheet
software withlinear programmingcapabilities (e.g., Quattro
Pro, Excel, and Lotus 1-2-3). Thefollowing exampleshows
howthe modelwas used in Ouattro Pro 5.0 Windows.The
modelwasalso implementedin Quattro Pro 4.0.
Ourspreadsheetdesign contains three sections (Table 1).
Theinput data section is usedto enter data required to run
the model.Theinternal calculations section includes inter-
J. Nat.Resour.Life Sci. Educ.,Vol. 25, no.1, 1996¯ 27
3. Table 1. Spreadsheetdesign for using the optimizerroutine in QuattroPro5.0 to solve the liming problem.(costs in $US).
R
0
W
S
OI *
02
O3
O4
O5
O6
07
O8
O9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
35
36
37
38
39
41
42
43
44
4.5
46
47
48
49
50
51
Spreadsheetcolumns:
A B C D E
Soil Characteristics
Location ~ Initial soil Ca(cmolcAg) 0.83
Area(ha) 100 Initial soil Mg(cmolc/kg) 0.13
Limerequirement(tonne/ha) 3.5 Minimumdesired Ca/Mgratio /
Soilbulkdensity(g/cm3)
1.00 Maximumdesired Ca/Mgratio 8
Incorporationdepth(cm) 15 Criticalsoil Ca(cmolc/kg) 200
Criticalsoil Mg(cmolc/kg) 0.25
Lime/fertili:cffmaterial
Materialcharacteristics
I. CCE(%):Calciumcarbonateequivalence(CaCO3 = 100%)
2. Ca(%):Cacontentof the material
3. Mg(%):Mgcontentof the material
4. Finenessfactor (calculatedas 4a+4b):(nonlimingmaterial=O)
a. Proportionof limebetween30and50mesh(0-1)
b. Proportionof limefiner than50mesh(0-1)
.5.Reactionfactor (fractionfrom0-1):fractionof applied
materialthat reacts withinthreemonths
Costsandavailability
6. Costof material,notincludingtransportation(price/tonne)
7. Totaltransportationcosts(price/tonneXcslculatedss 7a x7’0)
a. Distance(kin)
b. Transportationcost(price/tonne/km)
8. Othercosts(price/tonne)
9. Totalcost(prico/tonoe)(calculatedas 6+7+8)
10.Availabilityof eachmaterial(tonnes)
z=-l/(Areax Incorporationdepthx Soilbulkdensity
l 2 3 4 5
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0
23.81
1.20
25.01
* Internal calculations * *
z : 0.0007
Ca
i
: 0.0061
Mgi: 0.0003
23.81 21.43 26.19 142.86
1.20 10.00 10.00 1.20
25.01 31.43 36.19 144.06
0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007
0.0017 0.0073 0.0036 0.0
0.0022 0.0 0.0024 0.0053
Finenessfactor x CCE: 0.85 0.85
Totaleffectivelime(tonncs) 350
Totallimerequirementremaining(tonnes) 0
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Solution * * * * * *
Cost
Totalcost 11077
Cost/ha 110.77
Amountof materials requital
1 2
Total amount of each material required (tonnes) 100 50
tonnes/ha 1.00 0.50
Material still available (tonnes) 0 0
Predictedsoil properties
SoilCaafter liming(cmoIJkg) 3.01
SoilMgafter liming(cmolJkg) 0.38
Predictedsoil Ca/Mgratio 8.0
0.99 0.96 0.00
Lime/fertilizermaterial
3 4 5
180 46 0
1.80 0.46 0.00
9820 9954 3
mediate results that the modeluses to determine final
results. Thefinal results are shownin the solution section
and include minimizedtotal cost, optimizedamountof each
material required, and predicted soil Caand Mglevels that
would result from the application of the optimummixof
liming and Ca- and Mg-containingmaterials.
Threecell types are indicated in the spreadsheet. Input
cells (identified byunderlining) are used for entering data.
Outputcells (bold face) contain calculations conducted
the input data. Textcells (normaltext face) are usedto iden-
tify the contents of input andoutputcells.
Thespecific formulasare listed in Table2 together with
a brief explanation of the calculation performedby each.
Theformulasare so simpleand straightforward that it seems
unnecessaryto distribute the binary formof the spreadsheet.
If readers prefer to obtain copies of the spreadsheet, it is
available by sendingone formatted3.5-inch diskette to R. S.
Yostat the University of Hawaii.
This spreadsheetdesign can be duplicated easily for han-
dling morethan five liming materials. Text cells shouldbe
filled with the appropriatetext shownin Table1. Input cells
canbe left emptyinitially andfilled later withthe appropri-
ate data. Outputcells contain formulas, whichare shownin
Table 2. Note that the copy commandshould be used to copy
someof the formulas from ColumnB to ColumnsC through
E
Theoptimizer routine uses linear and nonlinear program-
mingtechniques to determine the optimumsolution. This
routine requires the identification of a solution cell, variable
cells, andconstraints (Table3). Select minimizein the solu-
tion cell windowto find the lowest cost solution. Themodel
optionshouldbe set to nonlinearbecauseof the effect of Eq.
[3].
28¯ J. Nat. Resour.Life ScLEduc.,VoL25, no. 1, 1996
4. Table2. Formulasrequi~lfor outputcells in thespreadsheetdesign.
Spreadsheetcellformulas
Formulatoenterincell: Theformulacalculates:
Onecell formulasto enterin columnBonly
B35:(B44* B34+C44* C34+D44
¯ D34+E44* E34+F44*F34)
B36:@ABS(($B$35)-($B$5* $B$4))
B39:@SUM(B44* B26,C44* C26,D44
¯ D26,E44* E26,F44* F26)
B40:(B39/$B$4)
B49:(F4+B44* B30+C44* C30+D44* D30
+E44* E30+F44* F30)
B50:(F5+B44* B31+C44* C31+D44* D31
+E44* E31+F44* 1731)
B51:(B49/B50)
Totaleffectivelime
Totallimerequirement
remaining
Tntalcost
Cost/ha
SoilCaafterliming
SoilMgafter liming
PredictedCa/Mgratio
Formulasto enterin columnBandcopyto columnsC,D,E,andF
BI4:(BI5+BI6) Finenessfactor
B22:(B23* B24) Totaltransportationcosts
B26:(B21+B22+B25) Totalcost
B29:I/($B$4* $1753* $F$6) z
B30:(5* B29/14)* BI2* BI7 Cai
B31:(B29/2)* B13* BI7 Mg~
B34:(Bll* BI4) Finenessfactor x CCE
!745:(B44/$B$4) tonncs/ha
B46:(B2.7-B44) Materialstill remaining
Table3. Parametersandformatsfor the optimizerroutine.
Parameter Format
Solutioncell
Variablecells
Constrainls
B39..B39
Minimize
B51>=B6
BSI<=B7
B36--0
B44..F44=>O
B46..F46>=O
Options Nonlinear
Newton
RESULTS
Decision-Making Applications
Weapplied this model in Sitiung, Indonesia. The major-
ity of farms in the Sitiung area are located on highly weath-
ered Ultisois and Oxisols where AI toxicity is a major con-
straint to annual food crop production. Thesoil AI saturation
was found to be a reliable indicator of crop response to lim-
ing and critical AI saturation levels have been determined
for several annual food crops (Wadeet al., 1988).
For this application, several farmer groups in a village
determine that they wish to purchase lime for their fields.
Although average farm size is only 1 ha, the total amountof
land to be limed is 100 ha. Wewill assume that extension
agents have sampled many of the farms and used the ADSS
to recommendan average of 3.5 tonnes of lime/ha. Wealso
have to assume that several soil samples were taken to mea-
sure the bulk density and exchangeable Ca and Mg, and we
used the average results of these samples in our application.
The village can either purchase lime already locally
available or from a factory located 200 kmfrom the village.
Thefive materials indicated in Table 1 showthe quality and
cost for the various materials available to the village. The
first two materials are locally available calcite and dolomite
leftover from a government liming program, the third and
Table4. Effectof changinginitial parametersonsolution.
Solution
Amountof eachmaterial
Parameter
changed Changesmade t 2 3 4 5 Cost
Original None(seeresultsinTable!)
Ca/Mgratio Decreasedmaximumfrom8 to 3
Areato belimedDecreasedfrom100to 10ha
TransportationDecreasedfrom200to 100km
distance formaterials3and4
~ tonnes ~ (S/ha)
100 50 182 45 0 110.70
100 50 13 218 0 120.98
33 8 0 0 0 102.98
0 50 258 54 0 97.61
fourth materials are available at a factory located 200 km
away, and the last material is locally available kieserite
(MgSO4)(Table
The solution to this problem is shown in Table 1. Note
that all of the locally available liming materials (no. 1 and 2)
were used. Because of limited availability of the first two
materials, additional materials will have to be purchased
from the factory.
Sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the
effect of a more restrictive Ca/Mgratio, liming less land,
and the effects of a closer lime source. In the original exam-
pie, Ca/Mgratio was allowed to range between 1 and 8. The
effect of changing the maximumCa/Mg ratio from 8 to 3
results in an increase in cost per hectare, with moreof mate-
rial no. 4 required to satisfy the lower maximumCa/Mg
ratio (Table 4). Note that in the original example the Ca/Mg
ratio was 8 for the minimum cost solution (Table 1).
Decreasing total area limed from 100 to 10 ha resulted in a
decrease in cost per hectare because all of the materials
could be purchased locally (Table 4). For the final example,
transportation distance is decreased from 200 to 100 km,
which may result if a factory is established closer to the
Sitiung area. This change resulted in a preference for mate-
rials no. 3 and 4 over material no. 1 because it was more
economical to obtain these materials from the new factory
(Table 4). This option also resulted in the lowest cost per
hectare for any of the four options, illustrating the beneficial
impact of the newlime plant. The high cost of kieserite (a
Mgsulfate product) precluded its selection for any of the
options.
DISCUSSION
In developing this model of limestone application we
used estimates of lime effectiveness (calcium carbonate
equivalence and reactivity as predicted by the particle-size
distribution of the liming material) and standard agronomic
techniques. In formulating the mathematical model for opti-
mal liming two important results became apparent: (i) stan-
dard agronomic calculations of lime rate, Ca and Mgcontent
were very easy to express in linear programmingform; and
(ii) rate of lime reaction with soil is critical to estimating the
resultant Ca and Mgcontents of the limed soil; yet this reac-
tion rate and factors that affect it are surprisingly not fre-
quently measured in liming research.
Quantitative estimates of lime reaction rate would help
improve lime management. Factors important to estimating
reactivity include: soil pH, nature of acidity, water content
and drainage, soil solution conductivity, lime quality and
size distribution, cropping intensity, N source, and rate.
J. NaLResour. Life ScL Educ., Vol. 25, no. 1, 1996¯ 29
5. This application illustrates how commonly available
software can be a powerful decision-making tool in agricul-
tural lime source selection.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to recognize the stimulatingdis-
cussions with Mr.Edson Lobato and Djalma M.G. de Souza
of the Brazilian Cerrado Center, Brasilia, Brazil, that moti-
vated this work.