Lightscene 2016: Defining the Smart City
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By John Fox, Managing Director at Lucy Zodion John explores the meaning and context of ‘Smart cities’, extending the discussion to introduce enabling technologies and possible applications. With urbanisation and tightening budgets these technologies will be used to extend services and increase efficiencies. The presentation goes on to draw these threads together and explain the pivotal position of the lamppost in future cities.
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Lightscene 2016: Defining the Smart City
- 1. Smart cities and the Internet of Things John Fox, MD, Lucy Zodion Lightscene 21st April 2016 1
- 2. What do we mean by smart cities? 2
- 3. What do we mean by smart cities? 3
- 4. What do we mean by smart cities? 4
- 5. What do we mean by smart cities? 5
- 6. The heart of the smart city “A smart city uses communications to enhance scope and performance of urban services, to reduce resource use, and to engage more wholly and beneficially with its citizens” 6
- 7. 7 What do we mean by FUTURE CITIES? 7 LEADERSHIP GOVERNANCE FINANCETECHNOLOGY
- 9. The Internet Of Things 9
- 10. Big Data 10
- 11. What will Smart Cities deliver? SERVICES EFFICIENCY SOCIETY 11
- 13. Viable cases Highways Protected Government spending Unprotected Government spending 25% Overseas aid, Health, Education, Social Care 75% 13
- 15. Communication 15
- 16. At the heart of the Smart City 17
- 17. Turning a vision into a use case “The infrastructure exists but only through investment will our humble lamppost become the centre of our connected cities” Visit: CitiHorizons.com for more information 18
Editor's Notes
- Abstract: John will explore the meaning and context of ‘Smart cities’, extending the discussion to introduce enabling technologies and possible applications. With urbanisation and tightening budgets these technologies will be used to extend services and increase efficiencies. The presentation will go on to draw these threads together and explain the pivotal position of the lamppost in Future Cities. Detail: I will try to explain the scope of meanings for ‘Smart Cities’ covering social and technological. I will explain that ‘smart’ is a relative term, and that most advances have been ‘smart’, so that from the context of today ‘smart’ is really about change, and innovation. I will introduce ‘Future Cities’ and offer a technological definition for Smart Cities. I will draw in and explain context for IoT, and Big Data (both of which I see as enablers). I will cover these and enabling technologies (LPWANs, LEDs etc), and highlight the place of the lamppost in this arena (every 30m, publically owned, powered, beside people, etc). I will explore the [global] reasons for the drive to smart cities (urbanisation, costs etc) and I will introduce ‘use-cases’ and explain monetisation (ie that they will only be used if there is a benefit exceeding the cost) and value-chains (difference between data and information). I will conclude by drawing the threads together. I may question the future of the lamppost (I haven’t quite worked it up: with driverless vehicles it may be restricted to pedestrian use!). Specifically I will not go into any detail on use-cases (very specifically I won’t explore CMS/OLN), specific city initiatives, or examine options for LPWANs (although I will discuss ‘open’ and proprietary in passing) This is the HOT topic, associated with ‘smart Cities’ are an array of confusing terms, IoT, Big Data & other ‘Smart Stuff’
- Deepak Bhatia from the world bank referred to a smart city as one with 24hr water and 24 hr electricity. Smart is a matter of perspective. Today everything seems Smart: Cities/Grids/Meters/Phones/Paint/Parking/Transport/Lighting/highways/drainage even Toothbrush! In 1807 Gas Lighting was smart, first demonstrated in Pall Mall: they replaced oil lamps.
- Victorians thought electric lighting smart –automation with time-clocks was smart, then the introduction of photocontrols was smart.
- Lamp technology with smart materials led to discharge from filament, onto LED. Each change was a SMART change.
- Today CMS1.0 provides SMART LIGHTING - controllable - some monitoring ?Is today’s CMS1.0 ready for the SMART CITY? Siloed – not generally interactive with other systems LOCALLY, centralised not distributed control
- My definition: A smart city uses communications to enhance scope and performance of urban services, to reduce resource use (incl financial, energy, minerals etc), and to engage more wholly and beneficially with its citizens BSI: ‘the effective integration of physical, digital and human systems in the built environment to deliver sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its citizens’ Cisco defines the term as those cities that adopt ‘scalable solutions that take advantage of information and communications technology (ICT) to increase efficiencies, reduce costs, and enhance quality of life’ UK 1950 – 79% of population was urbanised – by 2030 92% will be urbanised Globally the movement is more pronounced (industrial revolution in UK) People are the HEART, urbanisation needs SMART Today’s councils provide services they define, thinking citizens want. Smart cities will include greater citizen involvement, social media drives involvement! Engagement or Consultation? Citizen source and designer rather than uninvolved consumer
- ‘Future cities’ have been talked about for hundreds of years, as urban areas around the world have been imagined, planned, built, adapted and analysed. Some future city visions have flourished and some have failed. The key items shaping Future Cities will be: Leadership – these leaders need not be from the administration, but possibly community leaders, or entrepreneurs looking for a better existence for their communities. The leaders will drive a strategy for the development of the smart city. Technology – this can be from the bold to flying mobile phones on kites to survey the state of the favelas in Rio. The term is used here to cover all infrastructure and innovation Governance – this is importance to ensure both security and integrity of any deployment, imagine how health data could be [mis] used Finance – whilst any system might provide favourable cash-flow in the long-term, it is likely to need short-term financial support. An important element of any smart/future city remains the citizen. Whilst it is often said that there are TWO approaches to SMART, I consider that there may also be a third. Top down (Songdo and Masdar), and Bottom Up (Rio/MK), I suspect that some cities such as Bristol use the third way and are infrastructure led, (CF Chinese roads) Much as ‘Smart’ is a relative term about today’s technology, future cities is setting an image of the nature of a cities in the future. Smart Technology is required by Future cities (It is an enabler for future cities).
- In fact IoT and Big data are enabling technologies rather than consequences of ‘Smart’ In fact IoT is one of the definitions I have struggled in how to explain. The term was first coined by Kevin Ashton and is a network of physical [electronic] objects. IoT is about M2M NOT Server to Server (eg devices exchange sensor data NOT via application programming interface layer, but between elements of different systems). BIG DATA: Humans have recorded data for 1000’s years yet 90% created in last two years. (Currently a CMS with 50k Lights will produce about 1/4million lines of data/day….)
- IoT currently within lots of big machines (planes, ships, wind turbines etc), but this view is making it more citizen focussed. EG Car accident: Accident sensed (acoustically/visually/spatial movement etc..) Pollution anticipated from metrology/vehicle counts etc. Hold/divert traffic (active SatNav), override to Electric (hybrid/EV) Sense pollution and manage divert cyclists Enforcement NOT at server/social media/email level but M2M. How do IoT devices know capability of nearby sensors? (HYPERCAT). It should also be noted that sensors can provide PROXY data (eg onset of dusk can provide local cloud cover data when compared to Solar timeclock – cloud cover with temperature sensors gives icing risk, CMS1.0 data already used as proxy for meter in UMSUGG)
- Nice example is MINORITY REPORT, Tom Cruise’s character (John Anderton) enters a future GAP is personally greeted (incorrectly due to a biometric change), and previous purchases discussed, this could equally have been advising him that the jeans he’d been browsing for on-line were in-stock on the second floor. I’ve sat through several ‘Smart’ seminars and ‘Google’ is the elephant in the room. Big Data is not new: In 1854 there was a Cholera outbreak in Soho. Using epidemiology & geospatial data John Snow identified the Broad Street pump as the source. (This was in the face of the prevalent Miasma theory of infection). Information arises from the analysis of BIG DATA, there is a mile of separation between the two. John Snow analysed the DATA of Cholera outbreaks to produce INFORMATION about the cause. Traffic congestion data has low-value without analysis to form journey-time information.
- Ultimately Smart Cities are to achieve at least one of the following goals: Increased scope of services (New services and extension to existing ones) Improved performances (Better services) Improved efficiency: Cost Materials Fuel/Energy Space A more improved, more engaged society
- Streetlights are generally: Every 30m Near people Publically owned High to suit radio communications Connected to electricity The humble lamppost will be at the heart of the smart city Signage will not just be for Ads, but it will be dynamic
- 75% of government pending is within ‘protected’ departments, hence squeeze disproportionally on unprotected (such as highways) The 2016 spending review continued the squeeze on many council departments, seek use cases in protected departments
- Smart technology will only be adopted: If financially viable Provides such a social benefit that the cost is outweighed by such a benefit The search is on for favourably monetised use cases. For suppliers it is about unpicking the value-streams. Smart streetlighting Smart highways Smart Parking Electric Vehicle charging Everyone is seeking the elusive highly monetised use-cases £27bn is raised annually in Fuel Duty, it is the fourth higher raising income after income-tax, NI and VAT
- Smart Cities will rely on data communication. Whilst much fixed line infrastructure will be needed (Optical Fibre for broadband etc) many IoT devices will operate using radio, and in particular LPWANs. It is also inevitable that the protocols within these LPWANs will become standardised, used by multiple system component vendors over the same network, using common access points. It will become analogous to the use of the mobile network by phones, and modems from different manufacturers. Sigfox LTE LoRa Weightless (N & P) WiSun 6LoWPAN DASH7 The heated battle between short-range MESH and long-range STAR will intensify as the limitations become evident. Interoperability will become vital and
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- Quite a quick scoot around the subject, sorry for the brevity of many of the discussions, but back to the start – the lamppost is likely to feature very strongly at the heart of a smart city. It will hold up sensors, signs, and lights! Each of us has some ‘skin-in-the-game’, who knows what a smart city will be like. What will be the impact of autonomous vehicles etc? Will we still need/use public lighting, what will public services look like? My guess is that the pole in the pavement will remain.