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Lifelong Learning as Learners
Live Longer

Dr Liam Boyle, Teaching and Learning

1
Learn for your Life:
• Why the current interest in Lifelong
Learning?
• What do we learn?
• How do we learn?
Life expectancy
• “… nasty, brutish and short”
Hobbes
• Nineteenth century - mid 40s
• 1926 - Life expectancy 57 years
Male

Female

80

1986:

60

• Male: 71, Female: 76

40

• More young people

20

• Fewer older people

0

Male
80
60
40
20
0

Female

2006
• Male: 75; Female: 80
• More older people
• Fewer younger people
Male

Female

80
60
40

• More older people

20
0

Male
80
60
40
20
0

Female

• Implies “pensions
timebomb”
• Adults will need to
remain in the
workforce longer
• Increased age of
retirement
Male

Female

80
60
40

• Fewer younger
people

20
0

Male
80
60
40
20
0

Female

• Implies fewer new
entrants to jobs
• Implies companies
must learn to value
the mature worker
Human life span and
technology life span - Knowles, 1970

• We can no longer learn as children enough to last a
lifetime
• We need to relearn throughout our lives
Why lifelong learning?
Economic case
• New Technology:
– Need for skilled (competent) workers
– Periodic reskilling and upskilling

• Educated workforce:
– Attractive to inward investment
– Hedge against flight of capital
Why lifelong learning?
Economic case
• Need qualifications:
– Mobility of labour
– Structure of society – Lack of face-to-face
knowledge of others means we need
credentials to demonstrate competence
Why lifelong learning?
Education for citizenship?
• Democracy requires that citizens
inform themselves on issues and
policy options so that they can “take
an active role in shaping the overall
direction of society” (White Paper,
2000)
Institutional capacity:
• 62,000 Leaving Certificate in 1991
• Only 52,000 presented in 2006
• Increased capacity at third level
• Increased competition for students
• Discovery of the adult learner!
Lifelong learning:
A Second chance?
• “it is previous educational attainment and
participation that is the most statistically
significant variable in determining future
participation in formal education”
(Brookfield, 1986, p. 5).
• Specific initiatives required to reach the
excluded
Why lifelong learning?
Natural curiosity
• “Man by his nature desires to know …”
Aristotle
• “The unexamined life is not worth living”
… Socrates
• We study in order to understand better
the world we live in
Why are you learning?
• Skills and Knowledge?
• Personal Development?
• Qualification?
• Work requirement?
• Other?
Learning, not teaching
“Nothing that is worth knowing can be taught”
Oscar Wilde
“We cannot teach another person directly; we can
only facilitate learning” Carl Rogers
“I never teach my pupils; I only attempt to provide
the conditions in which they may learn” Albert
Einstein
Learning, not teaching
The Adult Learner (Knowles, 1970):
• Autonomous and self-directed
• A lifetime of experience which may be
resource for learning
• Prefers problem-centred approach to
learning
+ Has other commitments
Flexible approach
• Multiple sites:

• Flexible modes:

– Workplace

– Full-time

– Community

– Part-time

– College

– Distance
– e-Learning
– Blended
What is learning?
• Memorising facts and figures
• Acquiring new skills
• Modifying your attitudes
• Solving problems
• Making mistakes
• Making sense of the world
Learning: Memorising…
“I wandered lonely as
a cloud …
Learning: Memorising…
“I wandered lonely as
a cloud …
That floats on high o’er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd, –
A host of golden daffodils
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. ”
Learning: Memorising...
• Maths: “the square on the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the two adjacent sides ”;
• Science: “to every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction”
World Wide Web
• Google
• Wikipedia
• Project Gutenberg
• Online academic journals
Computer technology
• Computers are now relatively cheap
• Sold in supermarkets - Tesco and Dunnes
• 50% of households have a computer
• Slightly fewer with direct access to Internet
• Large numbers of people now use computers to
buy:
– Music
– Books
– Cheap flights

iTunes
Memorise less important
• Search
• Evaluate
• Analyse
• Synthesise
• Apply
Memorise less important
• Critical thinking
• Examining assumptions
• Making sense of the world
• In collaboration with others
• Debate, Dialogue
Learning Cycle

“Experience plus reflection
equals learning.” (Dewey)

Experience

Test

Reflect
Deduce

• (Experiential learning cycle)
• (Adult learning cycle)

Based on Kolb, 1984
Experience

Experience
Test

Reflect
Deduce

• Direct life Experience
• Simulated experience
• Vicarious experience
Life experience

Experience
Test

Reflect
Deduce

• We live and learn
• Not all experience leads to learning
• Triggered by Gap between Expectation and
Experience, when we realise the world is
not as we thought it
• “It is impossible to learn what we think we
already know” Epictetus
Simulated
experience
• Games
• Role plays
• Lab sessions

Experience
Test

Reflect
Deduce
Vicarious
experience

Experience
Test

Reflect
Deduce

• Learn from the experiences of others
“Human beings, who are almost unique in
having the ability to learn from the
experience of others, are also
remarkable for their apparent
disinclination to do so” Douglas Adams
- Examples: Videos, stories, case studies
Experience

Reflection

Reflect

Test
Deduce

“I sometimes find, and I am sure you
know the feeling, that I simply have
too many thoughts and memories
crammed into my mind... At these
times... I use the Pensieve. One
simply siphons the excess thoughts
from one's mind, pours them into the
basin, and examines them at one's
leisure.”

Dumbledore (JK Rowling, Harry
Potter and the Goblet of Fire)
Individual
reflection

Experience

Reflect

Test
Deduce

• Revisit experience through description
• Analyse - what are its parts?
• Compare/contrast with other experience,
other ideas
• Not purely cognitive - attend to feelings
(Boud, Keogh and Walker, 1985)
• Learning Journals
Reflect with
others

Experience

Reflect

Test
Deduce

“We call on others to aid us in deliberation on
important questions, distrusting ourselves as
not being equal to deciding.” Aristotle

• Is learning a social endeavour?
• Share stories
• Compare experiences
• Support and challenge
Reflect with the
literature

Experience

Reflect

Test
Deduce

• Others have been here before
• The record of their deliberations
and conclusions in books and
journals can inform your own
• Read literature in a spirit of
critical dialogue

“If I have seen further, it is by standing on
the shoulders of giants.” Newton
Spiral of
reflection

Experience

Reflect

Test
Deduce

• Review Behaviour,
Ideas, Feelings
• Internal - analyse
• External - others,
literature

“When a man is pushed, tormented, defeated,
he has a chance to learn something” Emerson
Experience

Deduce

Test

Reflect

Deduce

• Can’t mull over forever (Paralysis by
analysis)
• Conclusions informed by evidence and logic
• What are the facts?
• What do these mean?
• How does it all fit together?
• What have I learned?
Experience

Test

Test

Reflect
Deduce

• “It's not what we don’t know that gets us in
trouble. It's what we know for sure that just ain't
so” Twain

• Conclusions are tentative
• Try out in practice - leads to new experience
• Expose to scrutiny of peers
• Requires courage
• Enter the debate
Thank you
• Questions?

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Lifelong learning

  • 1. Lifelong Learning as Learners Live Longer Dr Liam Boyle, Teaching and Learning 1
  • 2. Learn for your Life: • Why the current interest in Lifelong Learning? • What do we learn? • How do we learn?
  • 3. Life expectancy • “… nasty, brutish and short” Hobbes • Nineteenth century - mid 40s • 1926 - Life expectancy 57 years
  • 4. Male Female 80 1986: 60 • Male: 71, Female: 76 40 • More young people 20 • Fewer older people 0 Male 80 60 40 20 0 Female 2006 • Male: 75; Female: 80 • More older people • Fewer younger people
  • 5. Male Female 80 60 40 • More older people 20 0 Male 80 60 40 20 0 Female • Implies “pensions timebomb” • Adults will need to remain in the workforce longer • Increased age of retirement
  • 6. Male Female 80 60 40 • Fewer younger people 20 0 Male 80 60 40 20 0 Female • Implies fewer new entrants to jobs • Implies companies must learn to value the mature worker
  • 7. Human life span and technology life span - Knowles, 1970 • We can no longer learn as children enough to last a lifetime • We need to relearn throughout our lives
  • 8. Why lifelong learning? Economic case • New Technology: – Need for skilled (competent) workers – Periodic reskilling and upskilling • Educated workforce: – Attractive to inward investment – Hedge against flight of capital
  • 9. Why lifelong learning? Economic case • Need qualifications: – Mobility of labour – Structure of society – Lack of face-to-face knowledge of others means we need credentials to demonstrate competence
  • 10. Why lifelong learning? Education for citizenship? • Democracy requires that citizens inform themselves on issues and policy options so that they can “take an active role in shaping the overall direction of society” (White Paper, 2000)
  • 11. Institutional capacity: • 62,000 Leaving Certificate in 1991 • Only 52,000 presented in 2006 • Increased capacity at third level • Increased competition for students • Discovery of the adult learner!
  • 12. Lifelong learning: A Second chance? • “it is previous educational attainment and participation that is the most statistically significant variable in determining future participation in formal education” (Brookfield, 1986, p. 5). • Specific initiatives required to reach the excluded
  • 13. Why lifelong learning? Natural curiosity • “Man by his nature desires to know …” Aristotle • “The unexamined life is not worth living” … Socrates • We study in order to understand better the world we live in
  • 14. Why are you learning? • Skills and Knowledge? • Personal Development? • Qualification? • Work requirement? • Other?
  • 15. Learning, not teaching “Nothing that is worth knowing can be taught” Oscar Wilde “We cannot teach another person directly; we can only facilitate learning” Carl Rogers “I never teach my pupils; I only attempt to provide the conditions in which they may learn” Albert Einstein
  • 16. Learning, not teaching The Adult Learner (Knowles, 1970): • Autonomous and self-directed • A lifetime of experience which may be resource for learning • Prefers problem-centred approach to learning + Has other commitments
  • 17. Flexible approach • Multiple sites: • Flexible modes: – Workplace – Full-time – Community – Part-time – College – Distance – e-Learning – Blended
  • 18. What is learning? • Memorising facts and figures • Acquiring new skills • Modifying your attitudes • Solving problems • Making mistakes • Making sense of the world
  • 19. Learning: Memorising… “I wandered lonely as a cloud …
  • 20. Learning: Memorising… “I wandered lonely as a cloud … That floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, – A host of golden daffodils Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. ”
  • 21. Learning: Memorising... • Maths: “the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the two adjacent sides ”; • Science: “to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”
  • 22. World Wide Web • Google • Wikipedia • Project Gutenberg • Online academic journals
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26. Computer technology • Computers are now relatively cheap • Sold in supermarkets - Tesco and Dunnes • 50% of households have a computer • Slightly fewer with direct access to Internet • Large numbers of people now use computers to buy: – Music – Books – Cheap flights iTunes
  • 27. Memorise less important • Search • Evaluate • Analyse • Synthesise • Apply
  • 28. Memorise less important • Critical thinking • Examining assumptions • Making sense of the world • In collaboration with others • Debate, Dialogue
  • 29. Learning Cycle “Experience plus reflection equals learning.” (Dewey) Experience Test Reflect Deduce • (Experiential learning cycle) • (Adult learning cycle) Based on Kolb, 1984
  • 30. Experience Experience Test Reflect Deduce • Direct life Experience • Simulated experience • Vicarious experience
  • 31. Life experience Experience Test Reflect Deduce • We live and learn • Not all experience leads to learning • Triggered by Gap between Expectation and Experience, when we realise the world is not as we thought it • “It is impossible to learn what we think we already know” Epictetus
  • 32. Simulated experience • Games • Role plays • Lab sessions Experience Test Reflect Deduce
  • 33. Vicarious experience Experience Test Reflect Deduce • Learn from the experiences of others “Human beings, who are almost unique in having the ability to learn from the experience of others, are also remarkable for their apparent disinclination to do so” Douglas Adams - Examples: Videos, stories, case studies
  • 34. Experience Reflection Reflect Test Deduce “I sometimes find, and I am sure you know the feeling, that I simply have too many thoughts and memories crammed into my mind... At these times... I use the Pensieve. One simply siphons the excess thoughts from one's mind, pours them into the basin, and examines them at one's leisure.” Dumbledore (JK Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)
  • 35. Individual reflection Experience Reflect Test Deduce • Revisit experience through description • Analyse - what are its parts? • Compare/contrast with other experience, other ideas • Not purely cognitive - attend to feelings (Boud, Keogh and Walker, 1985) • Learning Journals
  • 36. Reflect with others Experience Reflect Test Deduce “We call on others to aid us in deliberation on important questions, distrusting ourselves as not being equal to deciding.” Aristotle • Is learning a social endeavour? • Share stories • Compare experiences • Support and challenge
  • 37. Reflect with the literature Experience Reflect Test Deduce • Others have been here before • The record of their deliberations and conclusions in books and journals can inform your own • Read literature in a spirit of critical dialogue “If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” Newton
  • 38. Spiral of reflection Experience Reflect Test Deduce • Review Behaviour, Ideas, Feelings • Internal - analyse • External - others, literature “When a man is pushed, tormented, defeated, he has a chance to learn something” Emerson
  • 39. Experience Deduce Test Reflect Deduce • Can’t mull over forever (Paralysis by analysis) • Conclusions informed by evidence and logic • What are the facts? • What do these mean? • How does it all fit together? • What have I learned?
  • 40. Experience Test Test Reflect Deduce • “It's not what we don’t know that gets us in trouble. It's what we know for sure that just ain't so” Twain • Conclusions are tentative • Try out in practice - leads to new experience • Expose to scrutiny of peers • Requires courage • Enter the debate
  • 41.

Editor's Notes

  1. Thank you for inviting me here this evening to talk with you. I will talk about some issues in adult learning and lifelong learning. I hope that you will find the talk interesting, but I also hope you will take from this some practical tips for your own studies. Who am I? I am an academic coordinator with Oscail – the National Distance Education Centre based in DCU. My interest in adult learning derives from two sources: I was/am an adult learner myself, having completed an evening BA a good few years ago. I was working at the time as a computer technician, and I found the BA an extremely fulfilling experience, as I was introduced to subjects such as Philosophy and Sociology. In my own teaching, I have mainly worked with adults in many different contexts – workplace learning, personal development, community based programmes, third level undergraduate and postgraduate. Face to face and at a distanc.
  2. When we talk about Lifelong Learning we are usually talking about learning in adulthood, since provision for childhood learning is pretty well established within the school system. Features strongly in public discourse - government policy, social partnership agreements, education institutions Why such interest in lifelong learning. We will also consider some issues about what learning is required and about how adults learn
  3. A major driver in the development of Lifelong Learning policy has been a demographic shift that has been taking place over the years. One element of this is a significant increase in life expectancy. Hobbes’s famous statement about life in the state of nature being “nasty, brutish and short” really applied to human life generally throughout much of our history. While it varied from place to place and from time to time, life expectancy generally was quite limited. In the nineteenth century an average person might be expected to live until their mid 40s. Improvements in hygiene and living conditions led to improvements, so that soon after the founding of the state, life expectancy in Ireland, for both men and women, was 57 years
  4. This was a trend that continued throughout the twentieth century. The two population pyramids here represent the position in Ireland in 1986 and in 2006.
  5. Malcolm Knowles, a theorist on adult learning, noted that while the life span of humans has been increasing, the life span for technologies has been decreasing. Our grandparents could learn from their parents most of the things they needed to know for the rest of their lives. However, think of all the technological developments you have already seen in your life – the personal computer, growth of the mobile phone, the development of the World Wide Web. As people live longer, technology is changing at an accelerating rate, so that we can expect to see many significant shifts in technology within our lives. One small example – the public telephone which grew in prominence throughout the twentieth century is now being eclipsed with the success of mobile phones. Because we live in a rapidly changing world, and with people living longer all the time, the idea can no longer be seriously entertained that childhood learning can provide all the learning an individual will ever require throughout their life.
  6. Economic growth, combined with new work processes and new technology, demand continuous relearning. In this changing world, we all need to update our knowledge and skills just to keep up. We are now in an era of lifelong learning.
  7. Another driver for lifelong learning is also linked to demographics. A drop in the birthrate in the 1980s has led to falling numbers presenting for the Leaving Certificate in recent years. While 62,000 presented for the Leaving Certificate in 1991, only 52,000 presented in 2006. This drop in Leaving Certificate numbers occurred even while the proportion of young people staying on in education to complete the Leaving Certification has increased. The implication is a falling school leaving population from which to recruit third level students. Yet there are more places available places in third level than ever before. In the competition for students, third level institutions have discovered the adult learner and are beginning to go after the adult learner in a big way! - expand distance and part-time provision - engage with workplace learning - community learning
  8. Sometimes the concept of adult learning and second chance learning are spoken of as though they were synonyms. However, those who have more are those who seek more. Those who have been successful in early education are those who are more likely to pursue adult education. Specific initiatives are required if you want to target those who missed out and who require a second chance. There are many initiatives to deliberately target those who missed out – basic education initiatives, literacy and numeracy – agencies such as NALA. Access programmes to provide opportunities for third level for adults. One step up programme aimed at those in employment, to try to upgrade the skills of those at work.
  9. It is important to note that adult learning is not necessarily instrumental, and sometimes may be driven more by natural curiosity than by needs.
  10. Interestingly, my own research with participants in a third level vocational programme ranked these in the order you see them here.
  11. Malcolm Knowles, who we mentioned earlier, developed a theory of adult learning, in which he sought to draw out a distinction between school learning for children and the learning that is appropriate for adults. While the distinction may not be as sharp as he supposed it was, nonetheless he has identified The values of democracy must suffuse the organisation of adult learning. It means acknowledging the autonomy of learners. No coercion. Adults come to a new learning situation with an accumulation of prior experience and prior learning. New learning is successful to the extent that it acknowledges and links with this prior learning. Knowles also suggested that adults typiically spproach learning with the expectation that it can help them in solving problems in relation to their lives and have less tolerance than children might have for learning which has no relevance to the rest of their lives.
  12. Project Gutenberg is a volunteer led project to make available electronic version of all out of copyright books This project is worked on by an army of volunteers all over the world who scan in copies of “out of copyright” books, and then collaborate in proofreading and correcting the results until a complete error free copy can be made available on the web.
  13. Wikipedia is another volunteer led project. This is a vast encyclopedia which is written by its users. It is a fabulous first resort for information on almost any topic – though you should note that it is unreliable because it can be modified at any stage by its users. For this reason you need to use it with caution in academic work.
  14. We shouldn’t end our brief look at technology without considering its potential for abuse. Plagiarism You can purchase essays or portray as your own material sourced from the web. Fake degrees and diplomas – some advertised as just that. Search for fake degree and you will find “novelty” and other that say “credit for life achievement”. Just fill in, send your money and get your diploma or degree. This created political waves in Ireland that a qualification held by the national science advisor was awarded by a questionable source. .
  15. A few hundred Euro ECDL provides thousands with the requisite skills
  16. How do you find the relevant data How do you evaluate its relevance, validity, worth What’s the meaning of the data? How can it be applied… To solve my problem or achieve my aims
  17. We’re going to look briefly at how adults learn. I’m using a diagram which is very popular amongst trainers and educators. Developed by David Kolb, a version from Peter Honey a UK trainer. Names of different stages not those used by Kolb; His were a bit wordier. This model represents learning as cycle. Begins with experience. You then reflect on the experience and this process of reflection leads you to deduce certain conclusions. The conclusions are the learning from the experience, but any learning is tentative and must be tested out in new Sit nations, leading tie further experiences. Is this really how people learn? Many criticisms can be directed at the model, but it is popular
  18. Kolb’s focus was on
  19. Of course, this is real experience, achieved through constructed opportunities
  20. We can also learn from the experiences of others Stories Case studies Videos
  21. Reflection is about returning to the behaviours, ideas and feeling that comprise the experience, and considering them from various perspectives.