Life skills are abilities that enable individuals to effectively handle everyday challenges. Core life skills include decision making, problem solving, and critical thinking. Moral values are principles that govern behavior and distinguish right from wrong. Cultural and technological changes can impact moral values both positively by spreading new ideas, and negatively by promoting harmful practices. Leaders must adhere to ethics like integrity and accountability to maintain trust and prevent issues like corruption. Regular maintenance and preventive care can prolong the useful life of infrastructure and property.
This document discusses various topics related to engineering ethics including:
- Types of inquiry in engineering ethics such as normative, conceptual, and factual inquiries.
- Moral dilemmas and the skills needed to address them such as identifying relevant moral factors and considering alternative courses of action.
- Theories of moral development including Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning and Gilligan's model which focuses on an ethic of care.
- Characteristics of professions and professionalism as well as models of the professional engineer's role in society.
- Virtue ethics and the virtues that define professional responsibility such as self-direction, public spirit, teamwork, and proficiency.
This document discusses ethics in engineering and highlights a case study involving an ammonia hose company. It defines ethics as rules governing conduct within a profession. The case study describes how the company used an untested material in their hoses that degraded over time, leading to failures and injuries. This raised issues of the engineers' accountability and whether risks were properly assessed and monitored. The document recommends engineers follow codes of ethics and integrate ethical decision making into their work.
The document outlines a code of ethics for engineers that includes 7 canons. The code provides guidance on ethical conduct, public safety, competence, conflicts of interest, professional reputation, enhancing the profession, and lifelong learning. Engineers are expected to adhere to the highest ethical standards, act with integrity and zero tolerance for corruption, and use their skills to benefit society.
The document discusses ethics in journalism and photojournalism. It defines ethics as dealing with what is good and bad, and moral duty. Ethical values may come from life experiences and influences like family, religion, and the media. The Society of Professional Journalists' Code of Ethics outlines main obligations like seeking truth, minimizing harm, acting independently, and being accountable. The document also discusses guidelines for taking and publishing photos ethically, and cautions against manipulating photos through techniques like Photoshop in a way that deceives the public.
This document discusses standards for using technology in education as defined by the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE). It outlines ISTE standards for administrators, teachers, and students which provide guidelines for effective integration of technology to support teaching and learning. The standards for administrators focus on leadership and creating a digital culture of excellence. Standards for teachers emphasize using technology to design engaging lessons and assessments. Standards for students promote skills like creativity, collaboration, and digital citizenship. Adherence to these standards helps educators, students, and the education system achieve quality technology-rich teaching and learning.
Unit 2-GE 6075 – PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING ...Mohanumar S
This document discusses various aspects of engineering ethics. It begins by defining engineering ethics as the study of related moral questions about people and organizations involved in technical activities. It then discusses the variety of moral issues engineers may face, including safety-related disasters. It also covers types of ethical inquiries, moral dilemmas, moral autonomy, and theories related to developing moral reasoning skills. The document outlines different perspectives on professional roles and responsibilities. Finally, it discusses some key theories for determining right action, including utilitarianism, rights ethics, and duty-based ethics.
Ethics in Human Resource Management(HRM)Asaf09MBA2021
Human resource management ethics deals with ethical issues related to employees, including manpower planning, development, compensation, industrial relations, and health and safety. It is an important branch of management where ethics must be considered regarding issues like fair treatment of employees, communication, equal opportunities, and avoiding discrimination. Some unethical practices include physical violence, child labor, biased decisions, long work hours, and false claims. The role of HR is to promote ethics through fair recruitment, communication, equal opportunities, training, and avoiding discrimination.
This document discusses the topic of computer ethics. It defines computer ethics as the study and analysis of the natural and social impacts of computer technology, and the formulation of policies for the ethical use of computers. It notes that as computer usage has increased, it has raised moral issues regarding free speech, privacy, intellectual property, and physical and mental harm. It then examines various types of ethical issues, including computers being used for unethical acts like privacy breaches or fraud, and computers themselves being the target of unethical hacking or virus spreading. It also discusses problems related to computers' autonomous nature, such as security risks and the potential loss of human life through errors in automated defense systems.
This document discusses various topics related to engineering ethics including:
- Types of inquiry in engineering ethics such as normative, conceptual, and factual inquiries.
- Moral dilemmas and the skills needed to address them such as identifying relevant moral factors and considering alternative courses of action.
- Theories of moral development including Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning and Gilligan's model which focuses on an ethic of care.
- Characteristics of professions and professionalism as well as models of the professional engineer's role in society.
- Virtue ethics and the virtues that define professional responsibility such as self-direction, public spirit, teamwork, and proficiency.
This document discusses ethics in engineering and highlights a case study involving an ammonia hose company. It defines ethics as rules governing conduct within a profession. The case study describes how the company used an untested material in their hoses that degraded over time, leading to failures and injuries. This raised issues of the engineers' accountability and whether risks were properly assessed and monitored. The document recommends engineers follow codes of ethics and integrate ethical decision making into their work.
The document outlines a code of ethics for engineers that includes 7 canons. The code provides guidance on ethical conduct, public safety, competence, conflicts of interest, professional reputation, enhancing the profession, and lifelong learning. Engineers are expected to adhere to the highest ethical standards, act with integrity and zero tolerance for corruption, and use their skills to benefit society.
The document discusses ethics in journalism and photojournalism. It defines ethics as dealing with what is good and bad, and moral duty. Ethical values may come from life experiences and influences like family, religion, and the media. The Society of Professional Journalists' Code of Ethics outlines main obligations like seeking truth, minimizing harm, acting independently, and being accountable. The document also discusses guidelines for taking and publishing photos ethically, and cautions against manipulating photos through techniques like Photoshop in a way that deceives the public.
This document discusses standards for using technology in education as defined by the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE). It outlines ISTE standards for administrators, teachers, and students which provide guidelines for effective integration of technology to support teaching and learning. The standards for administrators focus on leadership and creating a digital culture of excellence. Standards for teachers emphasize using technology to design engaging lessons and assessments. Standards for students promote skills like creativity, collaboration, and digital citizenship. Adherence to these standards helps educators, students, and the education system achieve quality technology-rich teaching and learning.
Unit 2-GE 6075 – PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING ...Mohanumar S
This document discusses various aspects of engineering ethics. It begins by defining engineering ethics as the study of related moral questions about people and organizations involved in technical activities. It then discusses the variety of moral issues engineers may face, including safety-related disasters. It also covers types of ethical inquiries, moral dilemmas, moral autonomy, and theories related to developing moral reasoning skills. The document outlines different perspectives on professional roles and responsibilities. Finally, it discusses some key theories for determining right action, including utilitarianism, rights ethics, and duty-based ethics.
Ethics in Human Resource Management(HRM)Asaf09MBA2021
Human resource management ethics deals with ethical issues related to employees, including manpower planning, development, compensation, industrial relations, and health and safety. It is an important branch of management where ethics must be considered regarding issues like fair treatment of employees, communication, equal opportunities, and avoiding discrimination. Some unethical practices include physical violence, child labor, biased decisions, long work hours, and false claims. The role of HR is to promote ethics through fair recruitment, communication, equal opportunities, training, and avoiding discrimination.
This document discusses the topic of computer ethics. It defines computer ethics as the study and analysis of the natural and social impacts of computer technology, and the formulation of policies for the ethical use of computers. It notes that as computer usage has increased, it has raised moral issues regarding free speech, privacy, intellectual property, and physical and mental harm. It then examines various types of ethical issues, including computers being used for unethical acts like privacy breaches or fraud, and computers themselves being the target of unethical hacking or virus spreading. It also discusses problems related to computers' autonomous nature, such as security risks and the potential loss of human life through errors in automated defense systems.
This document provides an introduction to professional ethics and engineering ethics. It defines ethics as the study of right and wrong, and engineering ethics as the study of moral issues confronting engineers. Engineering ethics is important for responsibly confronting technological issues and achieving moral autonomy. The document differentiates between moral issues related to personal behavior versus professional behavior. It discusses the moral aspects and responsibilities of engineers, including respecting others, keeping promises, and avoiding cheating. It also defines key terms like micro-ethics, macro-ethics, self-interest, self-respect, and responsibility. The importance of ethics for the engineering profession is explained, along with the basic goals and applications of engineering ethics in decision making.
Principles for Managing Ethics in the Public Serviceed gbargaye
This document outlines 12 principles for managing ethics in the public service as recommended by the OECD. The principles are intended to provide guidance to governments on developing effective ethics management systems tailored to their own contexts. They address having clear ethical standards, incorporating ethics into legal frameworks and management practices, providing ethical guidance and protections for whistleblowers, demonstrating political and managerial commitment to ethics, ensuring transparency, and establishing accountability and misconduct procedures. The goal is to promote high standards of ethical conduct across public institutions and systems.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in engineering ethics, including:
1. Engineering ethics deals with moral issues and problems in engineering practice and seeks to understand values that should guide engineers.
2. Moral dilemmas in engineering arise from conflicts between moral reasons or values. They can be addressed through normative, conceptual, and factual inquiries.
3. Theories of moral development like Kohlberg's and Gilligan's help explain how individuals' reasoning about ethics changes over time. Autonomy, balancing self-interest and duties to others, is important for ethical decision making.
This document provides 13 tips for improving executive communication skills. The tips include listening actively, over-communicating key points to ensure understanding, avoiding overreliance on visual aids, putting oneself in others' shoes to develop empathy, soliciting honest feedback, engaging audiences, speaking to others directly instead of writing notes, accepting nerves when public speaking, starting and ending with key points, using the PIP structure to introduce topics, getting to know the intended audience, and focusing on earning respect rather than laughs. The document is from a website that provides resources for developing business and communication skills.
Value education is important to help develop a strong value system. Key values discussed include honesty, empathy, compassion, forgiveness, courage, and self-discipline. Hinduism's concept of Karma Yoga emphasizes detached, selfless service and accepting one's destiny without attachment to rewards or results. Christianity also emphasizes the importance of friendliness and love in bringing people together and sharing with others. Overall the document discusses the need for value education and different approaches to values in religion and society.
The document discusses theoretical frameworks for deterring academic misconduct. It outlines theories such as rational choice theory, neutralization theory, and situational action theory. Rational choice theory views academic dishonesty as a decision students make by weighing costs and benefits. Neutralization theory suggests students can rationalize misconduct without damage to self-esteem. Situational action theory emphasizes both the opportunity and intention to cheat influence misconduct. The document recommends reducing opportunities to cheat and increasing education on integrity to prevent misconduct based on these theories.
The document discusses the concepts of validity and reliability in educational assessment. It defines validity as the accuracy of inferences made based on assessment results, particularly whether an assessment truly measures the intended learning outcomes. There are three main types of validity evidence: content, criterion, and construct-related evidence. An assessment is valid if it represents the targeted learning content and yields results that correlate with other measures of the same skills. Threats to validity include unclear instructions, inappropriate test items, and other technical flaws. Maintaining validity requires careful test construction and alignment between assessments, curriculum, and instruction.
This document provides guidelines for effectively evaluating essay responses on tests. It recommends deciding in advance what qualities will be evaluated for each question, creating an answer guide of model responses, scoring one question at a time for all papers before moving to the next question, shuffling papers between questions, grading anonymously, and providing feedback to students on their strengths and weaknesses. Maintaining consistent standards, minimizing bias, and motivating learning are principal goals.
The document discusses the definition and sources of values. It defines values as convictions that form an individual's framework for judging what is good, bad, desirable, or undesirable. There are four main sources of values formation: social institutions like family and school that reward good behavior and punish bad behavior; organizational values that guide an organization's actions and culture; peers and colleagues whose norms individuals try to follow; and work and career, which create values that give meaning and cohesion to work groups in different fields. Each of these sources helps shape an individual's principles and standards of behavior.
This document discusses how socioeconomic status can affect children's academic performance and development. It notes that lower-class children often have less access to resources, live in poorer communities with more violence, and score lower on academic tests due to limited vocabulary. However, research also shows lower-class children display more compassion, try harder to succeed, and have higher cooperation and confidence than other students. The document stresses the importance for educators to believe in and support all students regardless of their socioeconomic background.
Group 2 educational technology and educational mediaMaria Theresa
Educational technology refers to the systematic application of organized knowledge and skills to instruction, as opposed to educational media or audiovisual aids. It involves designing, implementing, and evaluating the teaching and learning process based on research in human learning and communication. Educational media are communication tools used for educational purposes besides the teacher, such as instructional machines and materials that promote learning. Audiovisual media, technology, and aids emphasize the senses of hearing and seeing but have subtle differences in emphasis on the use of tools, design, and instruction.
Business Ethics and Corporate GovernanceJyothiGuntur
Corporate governance refers to the system and processes by which companies are directed and controlled. It involves balancing interests between a company's board, management, shareholders and other stakeholders. Good corporate governance ensures corporate success through maintaining investor confidence, lowering costs and having a positive impact on share price. It provides transparency and fairness while achieving objectives in the interests of shareholders and the organization.
This document discusses ethics and organizational ethics. It defines ethics as involving guidelines for human behavior, studying moral choice and values, and choosing between right and wrong. Organizational ethics refers to how an organization responds ethically to internal and external situations and expresses its values to employees. The document notes that leadership plays a key role in developing an ethical organization by balancing operational goals with moral obligations. It provides questions for leaders to consider in building an ethical organization and strategies like written ethics codes, training, and confidential reporting systems.
Nepal faces several new and existing security challenges, including ethnic and religious conflict, terrorism, migration, environmental degradation, and human rights violations. A properly drafted constitution is needed to ensure public security and protect citizens from both outside and inside threats. To address these emerging threats, Nepal requires a multi-lateral approach, political stability, strong rule of law, continuity in foreign policy, and reforms to strengthen institutions like the National Security Council.
This document discusses personnel administration in schools. It defines personnel administration as activities to secure greatest worker effectiveness consistent with organizational objectives. The objectives are to ensure employees have needed competencies, willingness to work optimally, and working conditions to improve skills and effectiveness. Principles include education as primary purpose, deriving objectives from community needs, common interests among employees and administrators, and maximizing effectiveness through coordination. Functions involve recruitment, job analysis, selection, placement, training, communication, and establishing fair policies. Personnel administration aims to conceptualize employees as contributors to effective education programs.
Very brief presentation about open vs. closed system, open source, community source, and some of the challenges by robin fay, georgiawebgurl@gmail.com.
The document discusses various ways to classify educational tests. Tests can be classified based on the type of questions (essay vs. objective), administration (individual vs. group, oral vs. written), scoring method (qualitative vs. machine), traits measured (intelligence, achievement, personality), and other factors. The purpose of tests is to measure psychological traits, abilities, knowledge, or skills in a formal and systematic way.
Virtue ethics emphasizes character over rules. For engineers, key virtues include competence, honesty, courage, fairness, loyalty, humility, and responsible professionalism achieved through public well-being, professional competence, cooperative practices, and personal integrity. Virtues like truthfulness, courage, and practical wisdom help engineers find the golden mean between extremes. Virtue ethics enables engineers to pursue internal goods that benefit their profession and community.
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 11 on diversity and discrimination in the workplace. It discusses how the US workforce is becoming more diverse in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity. It also examines issues like equal opportunity, affirmative action, preferential treatment, and workplace discrimination and harassment. The document uses the example of Chick-fil-A's stance on same-sex marriage to illustrate debates around diversity and inclusion. It also considers arguments for and against preferential hiring to increase workplace diversity.
Topic 1 Morality, Legality Moral Reasoning.pptxMadammeJaja
This document discusses media ethics and provides an overview of key concepts. It begins by explaining why studying media ethics is important as it examines moral practices and issues in media. It then defines media ethics as the philosophical study of morality in the context of media institutions and practices. Several key points are made about media ethics: it involves moral choices and values that influence decisions in the media context. It also distinguishes between ethics, which is the rational study of morality, and morals, which refer to religious or philosophical codes of behavior. The document notes some differences between morality and legality. It also discusses some morally relevant features of emergent digital media and expectations for a course in media ethics, which should stimulate moral thinking and develop analytical skills
Deviance refers to behavior that violates social norms and expectations. There are several types of deviance such as drug abuse, crimes, and prostitution. Deviance is usually met with negative social sanctions though it can also drive social change by highlighting issues with existing norms. Societies use both informal social controls like social pressure and formal controls through laws and institutions to encourage conformity and control deviance. However, deviance is unavoidable and relative as norms vary between cultures and change over time.
This document provides an introduction to professional ethics and engineering ethics. It defines ethics as the study of right and wrong, and engineering ethics as the study of moral issues confronting engineers. Engineering ethics is important for responsibly confronting technological issues and achieving moral autonomy. The document differentiates between moral issues related to personal behavior versus professional behavior. It discusses the moral aspects and responsibilities of engineers, including respecting others, keeping promises, and avoiding cheating. It also defines key terms like micro-ethics, macro-ethics, self-interest, self-respect, and responsibility. The importance of ethics for the engineering profession is explained, along with the basic goals and applications of engineering ethics in decision making.
Principles for Managing Ethics in the Public Serviceed gbargaye
This document outlines 12 principles for managing ethics in the public service as recommended by the OECD. The principles are intended to provide guidance to governments on developing effective ethics management systems tailored to their own contexts. They address having clear ethical standards, incorporating ethics into legal frameworks and management practices, providing ethical guidance and protections for whistleblowers, demonstrating political and managerial commitment to ethics, ensuring transparency, and establishing accountability and misconduct procedures. The goal is to promote high standards of ethical conduct across public institutions and systems.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in engineering ethics, including:
1. Engineering ethics deals with moral issues and problems in engineering practice and seeks to understand values that should guide engineers.
2. Moral dilemmas in engineering arise from conflicts between moral reasons or values. They can be addressed through normative, conceptual, and factual inquiries.
3. Theories of moral development like Kohlberg's and Gilligan's help explain how individuals' reasoning about ethics changes over time. Autonomy, balancing self-interest and duties to others, is important for ethical decision making.
This document provides 13 tips for improving executive communication skills. The tips include listening actively, over-communicating key points to ensure understanding, avoiding overreliance on visual aids, putting oneself in others' shoes to develop empathy, soliciting honest feedback, engaging audiences, speaking to others directly instead of writing notes, accepting nerves when public speaking, starting and ending with key points, using the PIP structure to introduce topics, getting to know the intended audience, and focusing on earning respect rather than laughs. The document is from a website that provides resources for developing business and communication skills.
Value education is important to help develop a strong value system. Key values discussed include honesty, empathy, compassion, forgiveness, courage, and self-discipline. Hinduism's concept of Karma Yoga emphasizes detached, selfless service and accepting one's destiny without attachment to rewards or results. Christianity also emphasizes the importance of friendliness and love in bringing people together and sharing with others. Overall the document discusses the need for value education and different approaches to values in religion and society.
The document discusses theoretical frameworks for deterring academic misconduct. It outlines theories such as rational choice theory, neutralization theory, and situational action theory. Rational choice theory views academic dishonesty as a decision students make by weighing costs and benefits. Neutralization theory suggests students can rationalize misconduct without damage to self-esteem. Situational action theory emphasizes both the opportunity and intention to cheat influence misconduct. The document recommends reducing opportunities to cheat and increasing education on integrity to prevent misconduct based on these theories.
The document discusses the concepts of validity and reliability in educational assessment. It defines validity as the accuracy of inferences made based on assessment results, particularly whether an assessment truly measures the intended learning outcomes. There are three main types of validity evidence: content, criterion, and construct-related evidence. An assessment is valid if it represents the targeted learning content and yields results that correlate with other measures of the same skills. Threats to validity include unclear instructions, inappropriate test items, and other technical flaws. Maintaining validity requires careful test construction and alignment between assessments, curriculum, and instruction.
This document provides guidelines for effectively evaluating essay responses on tests. It recommends deciding in advance what qualities will be evaluated for each question, creating an answer guide of model responses, scoring one question at a time for all papers before moving to the next question, shuffling papers between questions, grading anonymously, and providing feedback to students on their strengths and weaknesses. Maintaining consistent standards, minimizing bias, and motivating learning are principal goals.
The document discusses the definition and sources of values. It defines values as convictions that form an individual's framework for judging what is good, bad, desirable, or undesirable. There are four main sources of values formation: social institutions like family and school that reward good behavior and punish bad behavior; organizational values that guide an organization's actions and culture; peers and colleagues whose norms individuals try to follow; and work and career, which create values that give meaning and cohesion to work groups in different fields. Each of these sources helps shape an individual's principles and standards of behavior.
This document discusses how socioeconomic status can affect children's academic performance and development. It notes that lower-class children often have less access to resources, live in poorer communities with more violence, and score lower on academic tests due to limited vocabulary. However, research also shows lower-class children display more compassion, try harder to succeed, and have higher cooperation and confidence than other students. The document stresses the importance for educators to believe in and support all students regardless of their socioeconomic background.
Group 2 educational technology and educational mediaMaria Theresa
Educational technology refers to the systematic application of organized knowledge and skills to instruction, as opposed to educational media or audiovisual aids. It involves designing, implementing, and evaluating the teaching and learning process based on research in human learning and communication. Educational media are communication tools used for educational purposes besides the teacher, such as instructional machines and materials that promote learning. Audiovisual media, technology, and aids emphasize the senses of hearing and seeing but have subtle differences in emphasis on the use of tools, design, and instruction.
Business Ethics and Corporate GovernanceJyothiGuntur
Corporate governance refers to the system and processes by which companies are directed and controlled. It involves balancing interests between a company's board, management, shareholders and other stakeholders. Good corporate governance ensures corporate success through maintaining investor confidence, lowering costs and having a positive impact on share price. It provides transparency and fairness while achieving objectives in the interests of shareholders and the organization.
This document discusses ethics and organizational ethics. It defines ethics as involving guidelines for human behavior, studying moral choice and values, and choosing between right and wrong. Organizational ethics refers to how an organization responds ethically to internal and external situations and expresses its values to employees. The document notes that leadership plays a key role in developing an ethical organization by balancing operational goals with moral obligations. It provides questions for leaders to consider in building an ethical organization and strategies like written ethics codes, training, and confidential reporting systems.
Nepal faces several new and existing security challenges, including ethnic and religious conflict, terrorism, migration, environmental degradation, and human rights violations. A properly drafted constitution is needed to ensure public security and protect citizens from both outside and inside threats. To address these emerging threats, Nepal requires a multi-lateral approach, political stability, strong rule of law, continuity in foreign policy, and reforms to strengthen institutions like the National Security Council.
This document discusses personnel administration in schools. It defines personnel administration as activities to secure greatest worker effectiveness consistent with organizational objectives. The objectives are to ensure employees have needed competencies, willingness to work optimally, and working conditions to improve skills and effectiveness. Principles include education as primary purpose, deriving objectives from community needs, common interests among employees and administrators, and maximizing effectiveness through coordination. Functions involve recruitment, job analysis, selection, placement, training, communication, and establishing fair policies. Personnel administration aims to conceptualize employees as contributors to effective education programs.
Very brief presentation about open vs. closed system, open source, community source, and some of the challenges by robin fay, georgiawebgurl@gmail.com.
The document discusses various ways to classify educational tests. Tests can be classified based on the type of questions (essay vs. objective), administration (individual vs. group, oral vs. written), scoring method (qualitative vs. machine), traits measured (intelligence, achievement, personality), and other factors. The purpose of tests is to measure psychological traits, abilities, knowledge, or skills in a formal and systematic way.
Virtue ethics emphasizes character over rules. For engineers, key virtues include competence, honesty, courage, fairness, loyalty, humility, and responsible professionalism achieved through public well-being, professional competence, cooperative practices, and personal integrity. Virtues like truthfulness, courage, and practical wisdom help engineers find the golden mean between extremes. Virtue ethics enables engineers to pursue internal goods that benefit their profession and community.
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 11 on diversity and discrimination in the workplace. It discusses how the US workforce is becoming more diverse in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity. It also examines issues like equal opportunity, affirmative action, preferential treatment, and workplace discrimination and harassment. The document uses the example of Chick-fil-A's stance on same-sex marriage to illustrate debates around diversity and inclusion. It also considers arguments for and against preferential hiring to increase workplace diversity.
Topic 1 Morality, Legality Moral Reasoning.pptxMadammeJaja
This document discusses media ethics and provides an overview of key concepts. It begins by explaining why studying media ethics is important as it examines moral practices and issues in media. It then defines media ethics as the philosophical study of morality in the context of media institutions and practices. Several key points are made about media ethics: it involves moral choices and values that influence decisions in the media context. It also distinguishes between ethics, which is the rational study of morality, and morals, which refer to religious or philosophical codes of behavior. The document notes some differences between morality and legality. It also discusses some morally relevant features of emergent digital media and expectations for a course in media ethics, which should stimulate moral thinking and develop analytical skills
Deviance refers to behavior that violates social norms and expectations. There are several types of deviance such as drug abuse, crimes, and prostitution. Deviance is usually met with negative social sanctions though it can also drive social change by highlighting issues with existing norms. Societies use both informal social controls like social pressure and formal controls through laws and institutions to encourage conformity and control deviance. However, deviance is unavoidable and relative as norms vary between cultures and change over time.
The socio-cultural school of thought focuses on how cultural and social factors influence criminal behavior and can be used to prevent crime. It recognizes that social control is embedded in a society's culture and that effective strategies consider these cultural influences. Key aspects of this approach include leveraging cultural norms and values, promoting positive social control in communities, community engagement, using cultural sanctions against crime, and ensuring cultural competence in the criminal justice system. The role of education, social inclusion, restorative justice, and culturally integrated policies are also emphasized.
The document discusses key concepts relating to sociocultural environment. It begins by defining society and culture, and then sociocultural environment. It notes that sociocultural environment refers to trends in attitudes, behavior, values and customs created by and passed down in a community. It also discusses sociocultural development and trends. The document then examines Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory that learning relies on social interaction. It outlines the four main components of sociocultural environment: social institutions and systems, social groups, social values and attitudes, and the role of government and business. Finally, it discusses strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino nation.
Business ethics refers to the principles and standards that guide decisions and behaviors in a business context. An organization's culture and values shape how it determines what constitutes good and bad decision making. Some key issues in business ethics include honesty, fairness, integrity and concern for others. When ethical lines are blurred, questions around truth, fairness to stakeholders and benefit to all parties can help determine the ethical course of action.
1.Morals, Values and Ethics By Akshit Jain.pptAkshit Jain
The presentation "Morals, Values, and Ethics" by Akshit Jain delves into the fundamental concepts that underpin human behavior and decision-making. Through a series of slides, Jain explores the intricate relationship between morals, values, and ethics, shedding light on their significance in various aspects of life, including personal development, societal norms, and professional conduct.
This document provides an overview of ethics and discusses ethics in business and information technology. It defines ethics as a set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior within a society. Various philosophical approaches to ethics are described, including virtue ethics, deontology, utilitarianism, and situation ethics. The document also notes that business ethics has become increasingly important due to greater globalization and economic pressures. It discusses the concept of corporate social responsibility and provides approaches for making ethical decisions. Finally, it covers some common ethical issues that arise with information technology.
The document discusses personality development and deviance from sociological perspectives. It defines personality as characteristics of an individual, influenced by hereditary factors, birth order, parents, and culture. The Filipino concept of personality includes traits like "Bahala na" attitude, hospitality, religiosity, loyalty, adaptability, and respect for elders. Deviance is defined as violating norms, whether formal laws or informal social norms. Societies use sanctions and social control to regulate behaviors. Deviance can be primary or secondary and functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives view its causes and functions differently in society.
Ethics refers to moral principles that govern conduct. There are two types of standards - moral standards which judge actions as right/wrong, and non-moral standards which judge other things. Business ethics examines how moral standards apply to businesses. It investigates systemic issues regarding economic systems, corporate issues regarding company policies/culture, and individual issues regarding people's decisions. Moral reasoning involves understanding moral standards and using evidence to make judgments about whether actions meet those standards. There are debates around whether organizations can be ethical/unethical and how cultural differences impact business ethics.
Social norms are the implicit or explicit rules and behaviors that are considered acceptable within a society or group. The major societal force that shapes individuals' norms and values is socialization through things like family, education, peer groups, and media/technology. Twenty standard social norms provided include things like avoiding burping in public, saying please, chewing with your mouth closed, offering help to others, wearing clothes in public, and celebrating cultural holidays.
Chp 02 - Socio informatics - morality and the law (shared) YUSRA FERNANDO
This document discusses the relationship between morality, law, and technology. It begins by defining morality as beliefs about right and wrong shared by a society, often derived from religion, while law refers to rules established by government. Morality can come from parents, religion, peers, and technology. While technology is seen as having positive influences on education, it may negatively impact morality. The internet in particular can enable inappropriate behavior among youth. However, morality must evolve with technology to remain relevant to modern life. The document examines how technology affects moral development in Indonesian youth and emphasizes the importance of citizenship programs in teaching young people skills to participate actively in their communities.
Socialization is defined as the lifelong process of learning social norms and interacting with others appropriately. It occurs through various agents of socialization like family, peers, school, workplace, media, and religion. These institutions socialize individuals through imitation, suggestion, sympathy, coercion, and social control to help them adapt to their society and live cooperatively. Socialization creates a sense of community and teaches values that allow people to adjust socially and interact peacefully.
The document discusses the conceptualization of ethics. It begins by defining ethics as principles or standards of human conduct, sometimes called morals. It notes that every culture develops its own ethical standards. It then examines how social sciences view ethics, noting they attempt to determine the relationship between ethical principles and social behavior, as well as investigate cultural conditions that influence the formation of principles. The document explores several aspects of ethics in more detail, including how ethical principles relate to social behavior and how cultural conditions shape the development of principles. It also discusses what it means to be ethical and what shapes our views of ethics.
Bba L07 Dt Deviation And Social ControlShabbir Terai
1) The document discusses the concept of social deviation and social control, including definitions, types, causes, and effects of deviation as well as definitions and agencies of social control.
2) Deviation refers to behavior that does not conform to social norms, while social control refers to the processes by which society influences individuals to conform.
3) Key agencies of social control discussed include customs, public opinion, family, education, law, religion, and leadership. Social control can be direct, indirect, positive, or negative.
Tackles About
a.Socialization/Enculturation
b.Norms and Values
c.Status and Roles
d.Conformity and Deviance
e.Human Rights, Human Dignity and Common Good
This document provides summaries of key sociological concepts related to social class, social control, integration and alienation in Pakistani society, and rural and urban communities. It discusses the significance of social classes, including their role in social stratification, economic inequality, access to opportunities, social mobility, political power, and cultural differences. It also outlines internal and external mechanisms of social control, such as norms, laws, and peer pressure. Factors contributing to alienation in Pakistani society are explored, as well as ways to promote social integration, including through national identity, education, and economic development. Finally, it describes characteristics of rural communities in Pakistan and contrasts them with urban areas.
This document discusses social control and its various forms and agencies. It defines social control as the control of individual behavior by society through institutions that act in society's interest. Social control can be formal, through laws and education, or informal, through customs, traditions, religion, and public opinion. Several sociologists classify social control into positive and negative forms, or direct and indirect, conscious and unconscious. The agencies that enact social control include the family, neighborhood, church, school, administration, and public opinion.
Social values are standards that promote better social interaction and include truth, honesty, justice, kindness, generosity, tolerance, empathy, and patriotism. These values are formed early in life through parenting and social environment. Social values are important for economic progress, social development, strong social relations, and regional cooperation. However, modern society is facing problems like increasing crime, family breakdown, greed, and individualism due to lack of moral values in education, busy parenting, and influence of social media. To improve conditions, moral values must be taught in schools, parents must play an active role, and individuals must introspect.
Danny Maribao_Significance of studying culture, society and politicsdan_maribao
This document discusses key concepts in understanding culture, society, and politics. It defines culture as consisting of various interrelated elements including natural knowledge, technological knowledge, supernatural knowledge, norms, folkways, mores, laws, values, beliefs, and material culture/technology. It also discusses the concepts of ethnocentrism, which is evaluating other cultures based on one's own, and xenocentrism, which is the belief that foreign cultures are superior. The document provides examples and explanations of these different elements of culture to help the reader develop an understanding of how cultures function.
IMPERIALISM AND TERRITORIAL DIVISION OF THE WORLD (COLONIZATION OF AFRICA)shahzadebaujiti
This document discusses the rise of European imperialism and nationalism in the 19th century and their impacts. It covers:
1) The development of different types of capitalism that drove imperial expansion.
2) How German and Italian unification movements overcame obstacles to create unified nation-states.
3) The effects of European nationalism within Europe, including new alliances and rivalry, and globally through increased colonialism in Africa and Asia.
The document discusses the rise of democracy in Europe. It begins with defining democracy and noting its origins in ancient Greece. It then discusses how democracy spread from Greece to other parts of Europe through revolutions, with the English and French revolutions playing a key role. Before these revolutions, European politics were dominated by absolutism, the divine right of kings, feudalism, and an inseparable church and state. The English revolution from 1640-1689 weakened these systems and established principles like parliamentary control over taxes and free elections. This revolution helped pave the way for capitalism in England by introducing free trade, empowering merchants politically, unifying the country, abolishing serfdom, and consolidating land ownership.
The document discusses the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Europe through the rise of merchantilism and the agrarian revolution in Britain. It describes how feudalism was based on a system of lords and serfs tied to the land. The agrarian revolution introduced new farming techniques like crop rotation that increased agricultural productivity and helped provide food for growing urban populations. It also discusses the enclosure movement that consolidated land and displaced peasant farmers. These changes helped supply labor, raw materials, and markets that facilitated the rise of merchantilism and capitalism in Europe.
This document provides information about climatology and weather elements. It discusses how weather is the short-term atmospheric conditions in an area, while climate describes conditions over 30+ years. Climatology studies the distribution of atmospheric phenomena. Key weather elements discussed include temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind systems, solar radiation, and air masses. Temperature is influenced by factors like the sun's angle, cloud cover, elevation, distance from bodies of water, and ocean currents. Atmospheric pressure varies with altitude, temperature, latitude, and the Earth's rotation. Local winds include land/sea breezes and anabatic/katabatic winds, while global winds are trade winds, westerlies, and polar winds.
Coal is a non-renewable energy resource that has been important for power generation and industry. However, coal use is declining due to several factors:
- Coal has a lower calorific value and causes more environmental problems than alternatives.
- Production costs are higher as coal deposits lie deeper, requiring more expensive extraction methods.
- Coal is heavy and bulky, making transportation costly.
- Coal faces increasing competition from more efficient and environmentally-friendly alternative energy sources like hydropower.
This document discusses the key differences between weather and climate. Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions, while climate describes average conditions over a longer period of 30-40 years. Weather is influenced by temperature, precipitation, humidity, pressure, winds, cloud cover, sunshine, altitude, and ocean currents. These elements are measured at weather stations. The document then goes on to describe in detail several elements of weather including temperature, atmospheric pressure, sunshine, and humidity. It discusses how each of these elements is measured and recorded, and the various factors that influence them.
This document provides definitions and explanations of soil and the processes involved in soil formation. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Soil is defined in multiple ways by soil scientists, but generally refers to the loose upper layer of the earth's surface where plants grow and is made up of organic and inorganic materials.
2. Soil formation, or pedogenesis, is the development of a soil from parent rocks through weathering and other physical, chemical, and biological processes over time.
3. The key processes involved in soil formation include weathering, leaching, and humification, which break down rocks, remove soluble materials, and decompose organic matter respectively.
This document discusses groundwater and lakes. It begins by explaining the water cycle and how water infiltrates the ground to become groundwater. There are different sources and types of groundwater classified based on their origin, such as meteoric, juvenile, connate, and oceanic water. Factors like climate, slope, vegetation and rock permeability affect the distribution and flow of groundwater. Springs, wells, and artesian basins are also described. Karst landscapes are formed by the dissolution of limestone and features like sinkholes, caves and underground rivers are discussed. Finally, lakes are classified based on their formation from earth movements, erosion, deposition, volcanism, or other processes.
This document discusses various environmental issues and types of pollution. It provides details on different types of pollution including air, soil, and water pollution. For each type of pollution, it defines what it is, possible causes and sources, effects, and some measures to reduce or prevent it. Air pollution is caused by both natural phenomena like volcanic eruptions as well as human activities such as industries, vehicles, and agriculture. Soil pollution stems from sources like industry, agriculture, and mining. Water pollution occurs when untreated sewage and industrial/agricultural wastes are disposed into water bodies. The document outlines many negative impacts of pollution and some potential solutions to address different pollution problems.
This document discusses different modes of transportation, including land, water, and air transport. It focuses on various types of land transport such as human portage, animal transport, road transport, and railway transport. For land transport, it provides details on each type, including advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses characteristics of roads and railways in Africa as well as road transport in Germany and railways transport in South Africa.
Manufacturing industries play an important role in the world economy by providing employment, contributing to foreign currency earnings, stimulating other sectors, and leading to self-sufficiency. However, they also negatively impact the environment through air, water, soil, and noise pollution. Gaseous pollutants from industries contribute to issues like acid rain, global warming, and health problems for nearby residents. Proper policies and practices around industrial siting, waste recycling, and emissions controls can help reduce pollution.
River basin development projects aim to control floods, provide water for irrigation, industry, and domestic use, and enable navigation. They involve constructing dams, dredging rivers, widening channels, clearing vegetation, and installing canals and pipes. Examples discussed include the Tennessee Valley project in the US, Indus River project in Pakistan, and Ganges project in India. Challenges include unreliable rainfall, silt accumulation, water pollution, lack of funds/technology, and soil exhaustion. Benefits are flood control, improved navigation, fishing/agriculture expansion, hydroelectric power, and job creation. Case studies on the Tennessee River Valley, St. Lawrence River, Rhine River, and Chinese river basins are also provided.
- Tourism can be an important socio-economic activity, providing employment, foreign currency, and opportunities to experience other cultures. It is important to develop tourism in an environmentally friendly way.
- Kenya and Tanzania have both successfully developed their tourism industries due to natural attractions like wildlife, beaches, and mountains, as well as government support. Kenya benefits from its proximity to Europe and Tanzania promotes cultural and adventure tourism alongside safaris.
- For tourism to develop sustainably, local communities must benefit economically and environmentally friendly practices like eco-tourism are needed to conserve natural resources and cultures.
REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES -5.5 SUSTAINABLE USE OF FORESTRYshahzadebaujiti
This document discusses sustainable forestry and forest management. It provides details on forest distribution worldwide, including tropical and temperate zones. It discusses forest products, the importance of forests, and factors that affect the development of the timber industry. It also describes problems with resource exploitation such as deforestation, and solutions like reforestation. Examples are given of areas with developed timber industries, including Canada which has extensive forests of spruce, hemlock and fir that support its pulp and paper industries.
This document discusses fishing industries in various regions and countries. It provides information on conditions that favor fishing industry development, types of fish, and fishing methods. Specifically, it summarizes fishing in Norway and Japan. Fishing is well developed in Norway due to factors like a continental shelf providing shallow waters and plankton, an indented coastline with harbors, ocean currents bringing food and favorable temperatures, limited other natural resources, and advanced fishing technologies and transportation. Japan also has a strong fishing industry facilitated by conditions like a broad continental shelf with ideal plankton growth, many inlets for fishing and ports, traditional seafaring experience, mountainous land unsuitable for agriculture, industrial technologies, and reliable domestic and international markets for fish.
SUSTAINABLE MINING MINERAL EXTRACTION (MINING INDUSTRY)shahzadebaujiti
This document provides information on mining methods, distribution of minerals worldwide, and case studies on gold and diamond mining in South Africa. It discusses how minerals are classified as metallic and non-metallic. Major metallic minerals discussed include gold, copper, iron, and aluminum. Coal is a prominent non-metallic mineral found in countries like the US, China, and South Africa. Gold and diamond mining are highlighted case studies with details provided on locations, extraction methods, processing, and economic contributions in South Africa.
Soil degradation and erosion are problems that reduce soil quality and fertility. Conservation methods aim to preserve soil for sustainable use. In the USA, the Tennessee Valley Authority addressed severe erosion through dams, reforestation, and encouraging improved farming practices. Similarly, in Tanzania, contour ridging, manure use, fallowing, and resettlement programs have helped curb erosion in areas like Kondoa. Overall, successful soil conservation requires community participation, education, and coordinated efforts across multiple scales.
This document discusses different types of agricultural systems and factors influencing agricultural development. It begins by defining agriculture and its importance in food production, raw materials, employment, and income generation. The key factors influencing agricultural development are then summarized as climate, soil, topography, economic factors, marketing systems, social factors, technology, biotic factors, and population. The document goes on to classify different types of agricultural systems based on specialization, land use intensity, economic purpose, land tenure, and production methods.
Population studies involve acquiring knowledge about factors influencing population and its distribution. Population refers to the number of people in a given area. Population geography studies the distribution of human populations in a location. Population dynamics examines changes in population numbers due to factors like fertility, mortality, and migration. Population is both impacted by development processes and environmental factors, and influences development as a resource that transforms the environment. Key population terms include aging population, life expectancy, child and infant mortality rates, fertility rates, and dependency ratios. Physical factors like climate and terrain, and human factors like economic opportunities and transportation influence population distribution and density.
This document discusses the definition, importance, functions, and organization of business offices. It begins by defining an office as a place where clerical activities are carried out to manage and control a business enterprise. It then discusses how the office is important as the visible embodiment of a business, where plans are prepared and policies formed. The office executes administrative policies and acts as an information center, intermediary, administrative nerve center, control center, and coordinator. The document also covers the basic functions of an office including receiving, recording, preparing, protecting, and communicating information. It discusses factors contributing to the growth of office work and common activities in modern offices. Finally, it describes the relationship of the office to other departments and the importance of proper
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
LIFE SKILLS
1. LIFE SKILLS
Are the abilities for adaptive and positive behaviors that enable individuals to deal effectively
and efficiently with the demands and challenges of everyday life. Generally life skills are the
strategies or techniques that a person must pass in order to perform his or her activities
successfully.
What is life?
Life = existence + activities.
Skills – are learning abilities to carry out the activities efficiently and effectively.
Skills – education, training and experience.
The core skills of life skills are;
i. Decision making.
ii. Problem solving skills. Realize actual situation and realize the desired outcomes/ situation.
Take action come out with strategies to take you to your desired destination.
iii. Critical thinking skills.
1. DECISION MAKING SKILLS – the ability to evaluate information and advice to make
informed decisions, assess the advantage and disadvantages of different options, change
decisions to adopt new situations and plan for the future.
2. CRITICAL THINKING – the ability to analyze social issues/ influences as well as cultural
influences on attitudes, values, behaviors, injustice, stigma, explore and evaluation.
3. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS - Ability for understanding how others are
communicating.
4. INTERPERSONAL SKILLS - Ability to build the positive relationships with others.
5. EMPATHY - Ability of putting oneself in other person’s shoes, in order to understand them
well.
6. COPING WITH EMOTIONS AND STRESS - Ability to deal with threats and challenges
7. SELF AWARENESS - Ability to identify personal strengths, weaknesses and vulnerabilities,
clarify personal values and beliefs and recognize personal worth and personal happiness.
MORAL VALUES
Moral – ethical principle that distinguishes what is right and what is wrong.
Ethics – are the fundamental moral principles and rules that guide people in performing
their activities. Every institution or profession has its professional code of conduct for
behavioral guidance on its members.
2. Moral value means: Things held to be right or wrong desirable or undesirable. They are
acquired through teaching and inheriting from parent and the society.
Value – All good practices in any society.
Character - involves good habits and civil virtues which hold a community together and allow
us to live together in harmony.
Moral values are the universal accepted principles that govern the day to day living of life.
CLASSIFICATION OF MORAL VALUES
1.) PERSONAL MORAL VALUES
-Are the rules that guide a person. A child growing up in a family is introduced to various values
held by the family members. Children get to learn things from their peers or elders in not
appropriate behaviors.
2.) FAMILY MORAL VALUES
-Are the rules or values that are considered important by the member of the family. Most of the
families will emphasize the basic values. On the other side most families have a set of values that
are to the members of that family.
3.) SOCIETAL MORAL VALUES
-Are the values held by all members of the society or community, they are formulated based on
religious doctrines or political ideology. These values are maintained through the use of law,
norms and rule established by that large group.
MORAL FUNCTIONING
I.) Moral judgment involves on evaluation of actions with respect to norms and values
established in a society.
→Moral Judgment competence; Ability to apply/ use moral orientations and principles in a
consistent and differentiated manner in varying social institutions.
II.) Moral action; An action that does not involve the violation of another person’s rights
III.) Moral motivation; It involves a response/reward from our actions or behavior in our daily
life.
IMPORTANCE OF MORAL VALUES
3. i.) Moral values help society to maintain peace and harmony.
ii.) They help people to abandon feelings of anger against themselves.
iii.) They help to promote fairness and justice in society.
iv.) They help people to understand their limitations and other people’s limitations on different
matters/phenomena.
v.) They help people to overcome any threat and challenge because people will not let fear hold
them back and therefore they will be able to achieve their objectives successful.
vi.) They help members of the society to promote socio-economic development.
vii.) Moral values help people in a society to advance in their personality and professional life.
viii.) They help to promote unity, love and cooperation among members of the society.
ix) They help to reduce social crimes and evils in the society
ERODED MORAL VALUES/ MORAL VALUE EROSION
- The erosion of moral values is growing throughout the world. The world we live in is changing
rapidly. Towns and cities are growing and the the lifestyles of the people who are living in them
are changing too. The decay of moral values certainly does erode the strength of the society,
because morals are the social strength
INDICATORS OF ERODED MORAL EROSION
i.) Fall of human dignity. Actions practices devaluing humanity(humans) respect.
ii.) The growth of individualism, Involves the practice or actions of considering one's
needs/priorities before community or others needs.
iii.) Increase of number of divorces.
iv.) Violation of professional code of conduct. Eg. Corruption
v.) Increase of dropouts in schools.
vi) Arrogance ; Feeling that one is more importance than other
vii) Excessive drinking over feeling
viii) Discrimination practice of treating some one or a particular group of people less fairly than
other
CAUSES OF MORAL VALUES EROSION
i)Diffusion of ideas, beliefs and ideologies(cultural change)
4. -in a positive way diffusion of ideas help peoples to get new knowledge and increase people’s
thinking ability or ways of thinking but on the other side other people tend to imitate immoral
practices or values such as homo sexuality,fighting, improper dressing, prostitution, drug abuse
etc.
ii) Development of ICT (Technological change)
-in positive side development of ICT is very important for society’s development in its all
spheres of life but on the other side many people especially the use tend to misuse the electronic
devices by imitating immoral practices like drug trafficking, cyber crimes, sexual relation before
marriage, improper dressing, sending to one another naked pictures, watching pornographic
movies etc
iii) Development of Urbanization
-it leads to occurrence of immoral practices/ actions due to congestion of people with different
social statues and values, unemployment problems, housing problems etc then others tend to
engage in immoral practices prostitution, theft, killing etc so that to run their life.
iv) Market system
-Presence of capitalist economy characterized by free market economy and profit maximization,
the producers ignore the moral values for the purpose of getting super profit for instance some
produces employ children (child labor) contrary to the society’s norms and law.
v) Growth of democratization
-other people misuse the aspects of democracy like individual freedom, they ignore the ethical
principles and rules in order to exercise their freedom, they ignore limitation on individual
freedom, also people are killed when they engage in political demonstration etc.
vi) Individual over ambitious desire
-other people purposeful engage in immoral practices in order to become rich in a short period of
time.
vii) Exposure to drugs
-other people enter in immoral practices because of the influence of drugs like cocaine,
marijuana etc. The drug users are ready steel the property of other people so as to get money for
buying drugs.
viii) Decline in religious upbringing
-other religions teach their fellows to perform suicide so that to reach to a good place in heaven
when they die, hence people engage in terrorist attacks etc.
5. ix) Genetic influence
-others are engaging in immoral practices due to the influence of genetic, they biologically
inherit the character of their elders or parents, characters like telling lies, prostitution etc
x) Socio-economic influence
-poverty also influences other people to engage in immoral practices such as prostitution,
stealing et
ERODED MORAL VALUES/MORAL VALUES EROSION
-The erosion of moral values is growing throughout the world. The world we live in is changing
rapidly. Towns and cities are growing and the lifestyles of the people who are living in them are
changing too. The decay of moral values certainly does erode the strength of the society, because
morals are the social strength.
EFFECTS / CONSEQUENCES OF MORAL VALUES EROSION
i) Increase of the number of crime cases
-In the society as people purposeful engage in immoral practices such as robbery, kidnapping,
killing, drug & human trafficking, corruption etc.
ii) The strength of the society is being eroded.
-The society lacks peace, unity and justice. Many people come to ignore the available social
norms and rules. Every thinks for his or her own family as a result unity and love and
cooperation come to disappear.
iii) Violation of people’s rights
-other people come to ignore limitations to individual freedom, they interfere the rights of others
just to satisfy their own desire in immoral way. This makes other people not to have access to
education or health services. For instance some parents in rural areas for their daughters to get
marriage while they’re still young. They stop them to attend schools so that to live with men/
husbands.
iv) Increase of the income gap between the poor and the rich
-other people ignore the available ethical principles because of the desire accumulate a lot of
wealth for their own; they do not consider the needs of others. The policies and laws are made in
such a way that they favor the few And undermine majority as a result the few become more rich
6. and majority become poor and poor. For instance, some leaders in government’s departments
distribute national resources such funds unfairly in order to benefit their areas where they come
from and make other areas undeveloped.
v) Unequal and unfair distribution of National resources
For instance, some leaders in government’s departments distribute national resources such funds
unfairly in order to benefit their areas where they come from and make other areas undeveloped.
vi) Poor performance in primary and secondary schools in internal and national
examination
-many researches show that there is a close relationship between performance and rate of
discipline among students. According to many academic researches, the students who have good
discipline they perform better academically than students with poor discipline.
vii) Increase of dropouts in schools
-many student are losing their opportunity or right to get education because of engaging in
immoral practices or behavior such as sex before time, drug abuse, forced marriage etc
viii) Increase of truancy in schools
-other students/ pupils become truants because of engaging in immoral practices such as
attending night clubs, doing business, prostitution etc
ix) Disappearance of justice & fairness in social, legal, political and economic institutions
-immoral practices such corruption in legal institutions make poor people to lose their rights
simply because they don’t have money to corrupt officials in courts.
IMPACT OF CULTURAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ON MORAL VALUES
1. CULTURAL CHANGE
Cultural refers to the ideas, beliefs and customs that are shared and accepted by people in a
given society. It is time relevant, changing with circumstances.
The change of the ideas and beliefs shared by people in a particular society signifies that always
not static but dynamic
FACTOR FOR CULTURAL CHANGE
Cultural Change I the process of social adaption of new circumstances brought by external or
internal forces like introducing new technology, new religion., new language and increasing
social- economic development of productive forces within societies.
7. Factor influencing cultural change include the following
(i) Migration / Immigration : Migration is the movement of people from one place to another
such as from rural to urban and from one country to another. A person may be affected by the
ways of life the area of destination. This is because he/she must imitate certain system of his or
her residents so as to cope with them. For example people from rural areas tend to be absorbed
by town cultural because in town traditional cultural is normally abandoned.
ii) Communication; People communicate with others from different parts of the
world. Through communication, people imitate new cultural from different groups. This
process makes cultural to change because of learning new ways of life
iii) Social, political , cultural and economic; Liberalization means removing something that
brings restrictions political, economically and socially. Free market economy leads to influx of
goods which may adversely affect cultural of indigenous people.
iv) Influence of socialization agents: Socialization agents include peer groups , schools, religion
and mass media. These are instruments through which a person can learn and get different
information about a society. Mass media such as magazine , newspaper radio, and television
make us to learn new system of life which are not present in the society. For example wearing
styles, shaving styles, application of decoration and cosmetics for beauty.
Advantage of cultural change
i) It helps man to master his environment better due to acquisition of new life skills.
ii) New technology improves the welfare of the people economically, politically, socially, etc.
iii) It helps man acquire new skills , behavior, and knowledge. Hence , mastery of his social,
political and economic life.
iv) Through education , society is exposed to external cultural contrast and challenge.
Disadvantage of cultural change
i) The education and knowledge acquired from outside may conflict with tribal cultural and
traditions. Hence, create passivity from the concerned tribes.
ii) Strategic customs like female short dress, tight clothes. etc. have been a sources of problems.
For example , temptation to men towards offences like rape.
Technology change and Moral values.
The question is whether is conflict between the technological change values and the moral values
of society. Has it done more good than him? If this is taken into account the following are effects
of technological change on moral values.
i) Increase of social vices: The uses of internet , television, videos, and pornographic picture has
led to increase of bad behavior such as murder, violence, robbery, prostitution, drug abuse and
racial segregation.
ii) Environmental destruction: The invention of nuclear bomb has negative impact on societal
8. values of taking care of environment since the nuclear wastes are radioactive.
iii) The invention of test tube bases technology: Test tube babies are produced bay taking an egg
from a woman and placing it in a container with sperms from a man. If the egg is fertilized the
resulting embryo is placed in the woman's womb to develop normally , this reduces the dignity
of humankind since it alters the natural for fertilization reproductive organs which requires
sexual intercourse for fertilization to take place contrary to this it means family ties are not
important
iv) Unemployment problem; The use of computer has eliminated many from employment. Lack
of employment leads to acts like robbery, prostitution, etc, in the society.
IMPORTANCE OF PROMOTING THE CULTURE OF CARE AND MAINTENANCE
i) Environment conservation
ii) Costs of maintenance are always low
iii) Life span of the various facilities will be prolonged
POSSIBLE EFFECT RESULTING FROM THE FAILURE OF POLITICAL AND
GOVERNMENT LEADERS TO ADHERE TO LEADERSHIP ETHICS
Leadership ethics refers to identified values at work place such as stewardship, discipline, pursuit
of excellence in service, loyalty to government, diligence, integrity, accountability to the public,
respect for the law, proper, use of official information, impartiality, punctuality and trust
Thus, a leader working while complying with law is an ethical leader
These effect resulting from failure of political and government leaders to adhere to
leadership ethics include the following:
i) Corruption and abuse of public office will be high
ii) Nepotism and red-tape will be rampant
iii) People lose confidence and trust to their government and leaders
iv) Nation fails to derive political goods, protection, social security, the executive will not be
able to serve the people and the parliament will not be able to do its versing role
v) Hostility
vi) Immorality
vii) Incivility Rude behavior
viii) Discrimination . Practice of treating dome body or a particular group of people less fairly
than others
ix) Aggression; Feelings of anger and hatred that may result in threatening or violent behavior
x) Arrogance : Feeling that one is more important than other people
xi) The use of foul language
STRATEGIC FOR MAINTAINING AND PROMOTING MORAL VALUES
Most of the violent/ ant- social incidences that happen in our societies can be prevented or
reduces in the following
9. i) Law enforcement and punishment for law breakers
ii) Adherence to religious teachings.
iii) Civic education to people to have a good values system
iv) To discourage importation and uses of drugs
v) Tackling the continuing social scourges like poverty+, hunger ,unemployment
vi) Individuals to develop a critical thinking mind
CULTURAL OF CARE AND MAINTENANCE
Meaning
It is a system of planning maintenance which involves inspection, followed by maintenance and
modification necessary to be made to so that property can be used for a long period.
Maintenance involves repairing property timely before it gets damaged completely.
THE PROCEDURE FOR PREVENTIVE CARE AND MAINTENANCE
Preventive care should be considered under the following
i) Cleanliness of the surroundings
ii) The frequency of cheek- up and inspection on property
iii) Maintenance that minimizes the costs of up-keeping of buildings, furniture and fixture
iv) Regular maintenance that creates a conductive environment to user.
v) Institutions or public places should have a timetable to ensure preventive care.
vi) Regular care and maintenance of existing buildings and facilities so as to ensure and prolong
the life of buildings and equipment.
EFFECT OF FAILURE TO TIMELY CARE AND MAINTENANCE
i) Increase in costs of repair. Man - made objects like buildings, roads, railways and property like
books and domestic items need to be repaired immediately when damages occurs. Otherwise
they will cost much if they are neglecting.
ii) Environmental degradation; This is caused by deforestation, soil erosion, water erosion and
air pollution. Land degradation caused by man should be avoided in order to conserve
our environment .
iii) Rampant destruction of private and public properties
PERSONAL AND INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
1. Personal skills
These skills are such as self- awareness self - steam, assertiveness, copying with emotion,
decision making and negotiation to mention just a few
a) Self awareness
10. - involves the ability of individuals to know and understand their potentialities, feeling, biases,
emotions, weaknesses and strengths. People should not live as if there are no reasons to live.
People should know that, they have crucial reasons to live and objectives to accomplish so as to
make the world as a good place for every person to live.
Self awareness helps a person to identify his/her areas of weakness and strength before taking
any decision. It helps a person to understand his/her value and the need of taking care of his/her
body or health.
Self awareness helps a person to cope with any situation including emotions. It helps a person to
recognize emotions and ways to overcome emotions.
b) Assertiveness
Refers to the individual’s ability to express his/her emotions and needs without violating the
rights of others and without being aggressive. Assertiveness is built by self esteem. It helps a
person to have ability to respond confidently to any situation. It gives courage to a person to find
information or facts before making any decision. It makes a person to think and work for better
results. Assertiveness makes a person to value and respect other people.
c) Self esteem:
It is acceptance of the way we are so one becomes proud on oneself. If a person has high self
esteem, he/she can not engage in any attempt of changing her/his physical structure, the color of
the skin, the style of the hair etc.
d) Coping with emotion/ stress:
Emotions are strong feelings such as fear, love, anger, shyness and the desire to be accepted or
loved. Each individual has emotions. Emotions are unpredictable and often lead to actions that
are not based on reasoning. On the other side,Stress is the body's reaction to a change that
requires a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or response. Stress can be caused by
examination fever, broken relationship, family problems, unwanted pregnancies, death of a
friend of family member etc. stress may result to pressure, mental disorder, heart attack etc.
Skills for coping with stress/emotions help an individual to identify or recognize stress/ emotion,
understanding the causes and effects of stress/ emotion and make a right decision that take
account of them. Failure to cope with stress/ emotions may lead to suicide, fighting, murder,
divorce, pressure, heart attack, strokes, death etc.
e) Analytical skill:
Is the ability to visualize, articulate, and solve both complex and uncomplicated problems and
concepts and make decisions that are sensible based on available information. Such skills include
the ability to apply logical thinking, to gathering and analyzing information, designing and
testing solutions to problems, and formulating plans.
11. f) Creative thinking skills:
Are the abilities that involve the generation of new ideas within or across domains of knowledge,
established symbolic rules and procedures, It usually involves the behaviors of preparation,
incubation, insight, evaluation, elaboration, and communication.
Creative thinking skills help individuals or learners to engage in;
Bringing together existing ideas into new configurations;
Developing new properties or possibilities for something that already exists; and
Discovering or imagining something entirely new.
g) Critical thinking skills
-involve the active, persistent, and careful consideration of a belief or form of knowledge, the
grounds that support it, and the conclusions that follow.
It involves analyzing and evaluating one’s own thinking and that of others. Critical thinking
skills help people to engage in;
Raising vital questions and problems and formulating these clearly and precisely;
Gathering and assessing relevant information, and using abstract ideas to interpret it
effectively;
Reaching well-reasoned conclusions and solutions and testing them against relevant
criteria and standards;
Openly considering alternative systems of thought; and
Effectively communicating to others the analysis of and proposed solutions to complex
challenges.
h) Problem solving technique: Is the ability to identify differences between actual state and
desired state of affairs and then take the right actions or decision to clear the problem. A problem
can be defined as a doubtful or difficult matter requiring a solution or something hard to
understand or accomplish or deal with.
i) Decision making skill:
Ability to evaluate information and advice to make informed decisions, assess advantages and
disadvantages of different options, change decision to adapt to new situations, and plan for
future.
2. Interpersonal skills
-are the abilities for building positive relationship with other people. Building positive
relationship with other people involves the ability of people to meet and relate with others in
various settings. For instance when children grow up, they develop relation with family
members, adults, peers and people they meet in life, hence children need to know how to react
appropriately in each relationship they develop.
12. We have cases where children are cheated by adults who pretend to be their friends but with bad
intentions. Children end up be mishandled, raped and even murdered. Parents have the
responsibility of guiding children build this skill of positive relationship with others.
a) Friendship formation:
Is the ability to understand how friendships are formed, how to form and develop positive
friendship. A person should be able to identify and recognize good and bad friendship through
studying the behavior, perception and character of persons. A person should be able to resist
relationship with people who have developed behaviors like telling lies, stealing, taking alcohol,
dangerous sexual behavior( prostitution, anal sex, oral sex & homosexuality) etc.
b) Empathy:
Is the ability of putting oneself in other people’s shoes with the intention of understanding them
well and collecting more information about them that will enable a person to make right
decisions and helping others overcome different problems and challenges in their life.
c) Peer resistance:
Is the ability to stand up for one’s values and beliefs conflicting ideas from friends or peers.
Peers can come with unacceptable or wrong suggestions and may put pressure on one to accept
the wrong suggestions. A person needs to defend his or her decision with strong and clear
reasons of not accepting that ideas. If possible a person can even decide to stay apart from that
group if he will be forced to accept unacceptable practice like taking illegal drugs.
d) Negotiation skills:
Is the ability to compromise on issues without destroying one’s principles, It helps a person to
manage to state his or her own position and building mutual understanding with people without
fighting or violence. It involves assertiveness, empathy and friendship formation skills.
e) Effective communication:
Is the ability of listening and understanding how others are communicating, as well as realizing
how one can communicate in different ways, It is the ability to write, listen, express and use
language properly. Effective communication gives a person access to collect information which
will enable a person to improve his understanding and ability to make decision.
HOW PERSONAL AND INTERPERSONAL SKILLS CAN BE IN SOLVING SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC PROBLEM
i) Life skills help to solve problem such as HIV/AIDS pandemic and the related problems.
ii) Life skills lead to the development of social awareness among different people ranging from
family to national level.
13. iii) Personal and interpersonal skills increase the ability to plan a head and choose effective
solution to problems.
iv) Personal and interpersonal skills address the needs of people with varying strength and
weaknesses. They help to interact with other people appropriately.
v) Personal and interpersonal skills enhance working with a community holistically and with
maximum cooperation.
vi) Personal and interpersonal skills are an integral part in preventing persisting problems such as
drug abuse, unwanted pregnancies and suicide
vii) Through these lif skills people learn to cooperate manner, bargain collectively, struggle with
peer pressure and solve problem.
viii) Personal and interpersonal skills empower the younger generation and assist them in facing
the challenging situation in their lives
SELF RELIANCE AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
THE CONCEPT OF SELF RELIANCE
The ability of an individual or community to depend on one’s own ability and efforts and not
depending on another for one’s survival or
Self reliance is the ability, commitment and effort to provide the necessities of a life for self
reliance and family. A self reliant person must neither rely on others assistance nor on
government assistance, because nobody cares more about helping you or your family or times of
difficulties than yourself
Example; you were recently laid off from your job and you need to look for another job if you
don’t secure it you cannot feed yourself or your family or pay installments for your home. In
such cases you don’t sit down and wait for the job to come to you. You go out and look for it.
You do anything you can do in order to survive.
Entrepreneurship is the process of organizing, managing or assuming the risk of business for the
sake of profit. The essence of entrepreneurship is the freedom to do what you want or like in
order to make profit.
Entrepreneurship is an act of being entrepreneur.
Who is an entrepreneur?
14. An entrepreneur is the one who bring resources, labor and other assets into combinations that
make their value greater than before.
Today, many young people express their motivations for becoming entrepreneurs in terms of
satisfaction that entrepreneurship gives them as well as the sense of being in control of their own
destinies
Examples of Entrepreneurs
-Nimrodi Mkono ─ Mkono company and advocates
-Reginald Mengi─ Ipp media(capital TV, ITV)
-Anthony Dialo─ Sahara communications(kiss FM, RFA)
-Yudkas Mremi─ Dar express company
-Billgates─ Microsoft cooperation
Generally both self reliant person and entrepreneurs take some initiations for personal and
communication development
ELEMENTS OF SELF RELIANCE AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
i.) Vision with judgment – ability to see opportunities plan for future and make sensible decision
ii.) Risk taking/ taking calculated risk
iii.) Optimism – having hope that positive outcomes will be realized
iv.) Endurance – ability to continue performing activity for a long time without complaining
v.) Courage – ability to face threats, challenges or new situations without fear
vi.) Uniqueness – ability to perform activities in a different way
vii.) Effective communication
viii.) Determination – the ability that makes a person to continue performing activity in a
difficult situation
ix.) Power of creating cooperation
15. THREE APPROACHES USED TO DETERMINE ELEMENTS OF SELF RELIANCE
AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
i.) Where and how they are applied
ii.) How they affect the structure organization and success of small enterprises
iii.) How nations further an entrepreneurship climate
DEMONSTRATION OF SELF RELIANCE AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILLS
i.) Through creativity risk taking and opportunity undertaking
ii.) Through showing open ended opportunity and challenges
iii.) Through making profit
iv.) Using the learned skills to make right skills
v.) Becoming bosses of their own destiny
vi.) Applying supervision skill for their undertaking
*Entrepreneur can change their strategies so as to maximize profit, can work more hours and
change even locality BUT a businessman always does the same thing regardless on profit or loss
CONSTRAINTS/REASONS FOR FAILURE OF YOUTH TO BE ENTREPRENEURS
i.) Lack of self reliance and entrepreneurship education
ii.) Lack of appropriate identification system
iii.) Lack of initiatives to face risk in business due to the fear of getting loss
iv.) Strict or hard conditions put by loan giving institutions – Many youth/entrepreneurs lack
security(collateral)
v.) The nature of innovative skills. Some are new business so it becomes more difficult to plan
and understand it compared to a well established business
vi.) The reluctance of people to accept changes from ways of acting even if better alternative is
available
vii.) Presence of bureaucracy in registration. Some of the projects need to be registered but it
can take many months before securing registration or certificate of registration
16. viii.) Presence of bureaucracy in the process of requesting loans
STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTING SELF RELIANCE AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
i.) Provision of education and training to the youths and entrepreneurs
ii.) Government should introduce national identification system. This might be seen as an
experience exercise, but extremely important in order to enable Tanzania’s to benefit not only
from borrowing but also from other public services which they deserve
iii.) SME/Entrepreneurs should deliberately build their credibility with banks even when they do
not need to borrow
iv.) Banks should use a more active approach dealing with SMEs/ entrepreneurs instead of
waiting for SMEs to visit banks. They should go out identify potential clients and convince them
to work with the banks.
v.) To improve/modify the school curricular as to accommodate self reliance and
entrepreneurship.
vi.) Government should introduce entrepreneurial programs in vocational and technical school
vii.) Government should establish a regulatory framework which does not favor borrowers in
order to give financial institutions the confidence they need to lend
viii.) Government should simplify tax system and introduce tax incentives to entrepreneurs or
SME’s
ix.) Government should direct the financial institutions to avail financial capital to entrepreneurs
with soft loan or less restrict conditions
ADVANTAGES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SELF RELIANCE IN TANZANIA
- Creates employment opportunity
- Adds to government revenue
- Assists in provision of social services
- Poverty reduction
- Individual and national development
17. - Decrease the rate of crimes
- Increase of goods and services production
- They promote development of science and technology i.e use of ICT
- Help the government of Tanzania to realize vision 2025, MDG 2015