Leukemia
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Mr. ram was admitted to the neutropenia ward with complaints of fatigue, petechiae, and fever. The document discusses various types of leukemias and lymphomas including their causes, characteristics, signs and symptoms, and management. Acute leukemias are characterized by an excessive number of blasts in the bone marrow. Nursing management of leukemia aims to minimize side effects and complications from the disease and its treatment through education, supportive care, and monitoring for signs of disease control or relapse.
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Summary - Neoplasms of infancy and childhood - Asem M. Shadid
Neoplasms of infancy and childhood :
obj :
1. Describe the findings from the history and physical exam that suggest malignant disease.
2. Know the incidence rates of the major childhood neoplasms and the significance of neoplasms in childhood mortality.
3. Identify the presenting symptoms, physical findings, and diagnostic tests for the major neoplasms (leukemia, CNS tumors, lymphoma, neuroblastoma and Wilm's tumors).
4. Recognize the major therapeutic modalities for childhood neoplasms and the relative advantages and disadvantages of each (chemotherapy, surgery, irradiation, bone marrow transplants).
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Fanconi anemia is a rare genetic disorder that affects DNA repair and increases cancer risk. It is caused by mutations in one of several genes involved in the FA DNA repair pathway. Symptoms include bone marrow failure, physical abnormalities, and blood cancers. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and complications through blood transfusions, antibiotics, bone marrow transplants, and cancer therapies.
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Neoplasms of infancy and childhood :
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1. Describe the findings from the history and physical exam that suggest malignant disease.
2. Know the incidence rates of the major childhood neoplasms and the significance of neoplasms in childhood mortality.
3. Identify the presenting symptoms, physical findings, and diagnostic tests for the major neoplasms (leukemia, CNS tumors, lymphoma, neuroblastoma and Wilm's tumors).
4. Recognize the major therapeutic modalities for childhood neoplasms and the relative advantages and disadvantages of each (chemotherapy, surgery, irradiation, bone marrow transplants).
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he term myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) describes a
group of conditions arising from marrow stem cells and characterized by clonal proliferation of one or more haemopoietic
components in the bone marrow and, in many cases, the liver
and spleen. They are often called the myeloproliferative diseases. The three major non‐leukaemic disorders included in
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This patient presented with pancytopenia and was found to have a hypocellular bone marrow with dysplastic megakaryocytes, decreased myeloid and erythroid lineages, and megaloblastic erythropoiesis. Cytogenetics revealed monosomy 7, which was also present in his half-sister with AML. He was diagnosed with familial monosomy 7 syndrome associated with childhood myelodysplastic syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant condition with variable penetrance. The molecular mechanism is uncertain but the mother is an obligate carrier given the siblings had different fathers.
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Leukaemia lecture 02 ALL transcript
Leukaemia lecture 02 Dr. Rabiul Haque
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphomas (ALLs)
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Definition
Difference between lymphoblast & myeloblast
Incidence
Classification
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Prognosis
Lab Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) dr arun haldia
This document provides an overview of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), including its introduction, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigation, classification, and differential diagnosis. Some key points:
- ALL is a cancer of the white blood cells characterized by excessive lymphoblasts. It is divided into B-cell and T-cell ALL.
- Presentation may include fatigue, bruising, fever, joint pain, and organomegaly. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow examinations showing lymphoblasts.
- Classification includes the FAB system based on morphology and the WHO system incorporating immunophenotyping and genetics. Prognostic factors include specific genetic abnormalities.
- Treatment and prognosis depend
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Introduction
Importance of Hereditary syndromes in Endocrine pathology
Red flags
Role of Pathologist
Individual syndromes
Summary
ALL management
Management of acute lymphoblatic leukemia with light on etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and different aspects of management including chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Myelodysplastic syndrome
MDS is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by disordered cell proliferation and impaired differentiation, resulting in cytopenias and risk of progression to leukemia. It commonly affects elderly people over age 70 and has a slight male preponderance. Exposure to radiation, chemotherapy, benzene, and genetic disorders can increase the risk of developing MDS. Cytogenetic abnormalities are found in half of patients and certain mutations are associated with prognosis, such as spliceosome defects correlating with favorable outcomes and mutations in EZH2, TP53, RUNX1, and ASXL1 correlating with poor outcomes.
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Fanconi anemia
Fanconi anemia is a rare genetic disorder that causes bone marrow failure and an increased risk of cancer. It results from mutations in any one of at least 15 genes responsible for DNA repair. Patients typically experience progressive pancytopenia and physical abnormalities. The disease is diagnosed through tests that examine chromosomal breakage in response to DNA crosslinking agents. Treatment involves blood transfusions, antibiotics, bone marrow transplant, and managing symptoms.
Leukaemia lecture 01 Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) - Dr. Rabiul Haque
Learning Objectives:
- Introduction
- Definition
- Classification
- Acute Leukaemia
- Predisposing Factors
- Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
- FAB & WHO Classification of AML
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features of AML
- Lab Diagnosis of AML
- Treatment of AML
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia approach and treatment
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer and represents 80% of pediatric leukemia cases. ALL results from a maturation arrest in lymphoid progenitor cells causing sustained self-renewal over differentiation. Common presentations of ALL include neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and occasionally mediastinal or testicular masses. Treatment involves remission induction chemotherapy for 4-6 weeks, intensification for 6 months, and 2 years of maintenance therapy. Prognosis is favorable in younger patients (<35 years old) with standard-risk features such as B-cell phenotype and normal white blood cell count, while older age and high
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA.pptx
AML:ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA
for medical colleges teaching faculty and students as well. it includes AML causes , histopathological slides of subclasses of Acute myeloid leukemia, classification , diagnosis, management modalities, complications .Acute leukemias are stem cell disorders characterized by malignant neoplastic proliferation and accumulation of immature and non functional hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow.
The neoplastic cells show increased proliferation and/or decreased apoptosis.
If the defect primarily affects the common myeloid progenitor (CMP) then it is called Acute myeloid leukemia.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a neoplastic disease characterized by infiltration of the blood, bone marrow, and other tissues by proliferative, clonal undifferentiated cells of the hematopoietic system.
AML is the result of a sequence of somatic mutations in a multipotential primitive hematopoietic cell or, in some cases, a more differentiated progenitor cell.
It can be slow growing or rapidly fatal.
AML is the predominant form of leukemia during the neonatal period
Incidence : 1.5/100,000/year in infants decreases to approximately 0.4 per 100,000 children ages 5 to 9 years, increases gradually to 1.0 persons per 100,000 until age 25 years, and thereafter increases exponentially until the rate reaches approximately 25/100,000 persons.
AML accounts for 15 to 20 percent of the acute leukemias in children and 80 percent of the acute leukemias in adults.
Men > Women (4.5 : 3)
HEREDITY
1) Chromosomal aneuploidy like Trisomy 21 noted in Down syndrome
2) Defective DNA repair, e.g., Fanconi anemia, Bloom syndrome, and Ataxia telangiectasia
3) Congenital neutropenia ie Kostmann syndrome
4) Germline mutations of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (CEBPA), runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), and tumor protein p53 (TP53) have also been associated with a higher predisposition to AML
RADIATION
Peaks after 5 to 7 yrs of exposure.
Therapeutic radiation alone seems to add little risk of AML but can increase the risk in people also exposed to alkylating agents.
CHEMICAL AND OTHER EXPOSURES
Exposure to benzene, plastic, rubber, petroleum products, paint, ethylene oxide, herbicides and pesticides can increase the risk.
Smoking can also increase the risk
DRUGS
Anticancer drugs are the leading cause of therapy-associated AML.
Alkylating agent–associated leukemias occur on average 4–6 years after exposure, and affected individuals have aberrations in chromosomes 5 and 7.
Topoisomerase II inhibitor–associated leukemias occur 1–3 years after exposure, and affected individuals often have aberrations involving chromosome 11q23.
Other agents like Chloramphenicol, phenylbutazone, and, less commonly, chloroquine and methoxypsoralen.
SYMPTOMS :
Present with nonspecific symptoms initially.
Fatigue is the first symptom
Fever with or without infection will be present in approximately 10% patients
Bleeding, easy bruising
occasional
aplastic anemia.pptx
Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient new blood cells, causing pancytopenia. It can be inherited or acquired due to factors like radiation, chemicals, drugs, viruses, or immune system disorders. Symptoms include easy bruising, bleeding gums, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests showing low blood cell counts and a bone marrow biopsy with few blood stem cells. Treatment options include blood transfusions, hematopoietic growth factors, immunosuppressive drugs, and stem cell transplantation.
Myeloproliferative disorders
The document discusses myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs), which are clonal stem cell disorders characterized by increased blood cell counts and enlarged spleen and bone marrow. It focuses on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), describing it as a MPD caused by a genetic mutation that results in uncontrolled white blood cell growth. CML progresses through chronic, accelerated, and blast phases, with symptoms ranging from fatigue to organ enlargement. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests detecting elevated white and platelet counts and the Philadelphia chromosome genetic abnormality associated with CML.
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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia in adults. It has an average incidence of 2.7 per 100,000 people in the US and is more common in older men. CLL accounts for about 0.8% of all cancers and 30% of leukemias. The neoplastic cells are typically B-cell lymphocytes. Farming exposure and hepatitis C may play a role in etiology. CLL has various genetic abnormalities that affect prognosis. Clinical features include lymphadenopathy, fatigue, infections. Diagnosis requires a sustained lymphocytosis above 5000/uL. Treatment is indicated for symptomatic disease, doubling time under 6 months, or disease complications. Prognostic factors
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This document discusses Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), a rare disease characterized by abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells. Some key points:
- LCH was first reported in 1893 and involves abnormal accumulation of dendritic cells called Langerhans cells in various organs.
- It most commonly affects bone, skin, lungs, and lymph nodes. Annual childhood incidence is 4-9 cases per million.
- Diagnosis requires demonstrating Birbeck granules or markers like CD1a on affected cells. Treatment depends on severity and organ involvement, ranging from surgery to chemotherapy. Prognosis is generally good, especially for isolated bone lesions.
Part I Neoplastic Proliferation Of Wbc
This document discusses neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells, specifically lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms. It covers the classification, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, immunophenotype, and treatment of various forms of leukemia and lymphoma. In particular, it provides detailed information about acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, their molecular genetics and prognostic factors.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
This document summarizes chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CLL is the most common type of leukemia in adults, with a median age of 60 years. It is characterized by a proliferation of abnormal B lymphocytes that accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues. The cells rely on signals from the B cell receptor and microenvironment for growth and survival. Genetic abnormalities like deletions of 13q14.3, 11q, and 17p as well as trisomy 12q are common. CLL disrupts normal immune function and can transform into an aggressive lymphoma called Richter syndrome. Diagnosis involves blood smears, bone marrow biopsy, and immunophenotyping of lymphocytes.
Myeloproliferative disorders PV and ET
he term myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) describes a
group of conditions arising from marrow stem cells and characterized by clonal proliferation of one or more haemopoietic
components in the bone marrow and, in many cases, the liver
and spleen. They are often called the myeloproliferative diseases. The three major non‐leukaemic disorders included in
this classification are:
1 Polycythaemia vera (PV);
2 Essential thrombocythaemia (ET); and
3 Primary myelofibrosis.
Childhood mds unlocking the old mystery
This patient presented with pancytopenia and was found to have a hypocellular bone marrow with dysplastic megakaryocytes, decreased myeloid and erythroid lineages, and megaloblastic erythropoiesis. Cytogenetics revealed monosomy 7, which was also present in his half-sister with AML. He was diagnosed with familial monosomy 7 syndrome associated with childhood myelodysplastic syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant condition with variable penetrance. The molecular mechanism is uncertain but the mother is an obligate carrier given the siblings had different fathers.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia dr narmada
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children. It is characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts. The disease is classified based on immunophenotyping and cytogenetics. Prognostic factors include age, white blood cell count, cytogenetics, and immunophenotype. Diagnosis involves examination of peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular testing. Treatment and monitoring of minimal residual disease is important. Genetic conditions and environmental exposures can predispose children to developing ALL.
Leukaemia lecture 02 ALL transcript
Leukaemia lecture 02 Dr. Rabiul Haque
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphomas (ALLs)
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Definition
Difference between lymphoblast & myeloblast
Incidence
Classification
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Prognosis
Lab Diagnosis
Treatment
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) dr arun haldia
This document provides an overview of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), including its introduction, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigation, classification, and differential diagnosis. Some key points:
- ALL is a cancer of the white blood cells characterized by excessive lymphoblasts. It is divided into B-cell and T-cell ALL.
- Presentation may include fatigue, bruising, fever, joint pain, and organomegaly. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow examinations showing lymphoblasts.
- Classification includes the FAB system based on morphology and the WHO system incorporating immunophenotyping and genetics. Prognostic factors include specific genetic abnormalities.
- Treatment and prognosis depend
Update in inherited and syndromic endocrine neoplasms
Introduction
Importance of Hereditary syndromes in Endocrine pathology
Red flags
Role of Pathologist
Individual syndromes
Summary
ALL management
Management of acute lymphoblatic leukemia with light on etiology, clinical features, diagnosis and different aspects of management including chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Myelodysplastic syndrome
MDS is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by disordered cell proliferation and impaired differentiation, resulting in cytopenias and risk of progression to leukemia. It commonly affects elderly people over age 70 and has a slight male preponderance. Exposure to radiation, chemotherapy, benzene, and genetic disorders can increase the risk of developing MDS. Cytogenetic abnormalities are found in half of patients and certain mutations are associated with prognosis, such as spliceosome defects correlating with favorable outcomes and mutations in EZH2, TP53, RUNX1, and ASXL1 correlating with poor outcomes.
Diseases Of Wbc
This document summarizes several diseases that can affect the white blood cells and lymph nodes. It discusses Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, tuberculosis of the lymph nodes, papillary carcinoma metastatic to lymph nodes, and multiple myeloma. For each disease, it covers what the disease is, typical clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and general treatment approaches.
Fanconi anemia
Fanconi anemia is a rare genetic disorder that causes bone marrow failure and an increased risk of cancer. It results from mutations in any one of at least 15 genes responsible for DNA repair. Patients typically experience progressive pancytopenia and physical abnormalities. The disease is diagnosed through tests that examine chromosomal breakage in response to DNA crosslinking agents. Treatment involves blood transfusions, antibiotics, bone marrow transplant, and managing symptoms.
Leukaemia lecture 01 Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) - Dr. Rabiul Haque
Learning Objectives:
- Introduction
- Definition
- Classification
- Acute Leukaemia
- Predisposing Factors
- Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
- FAB & WHO Classification of AML
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features of AML
- Lab Diagnosis of AML
- Treatment of AML
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia approach and treatment
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer and represents 80% of pediatric leukemia cases. ALL results from a maturation arrest in lymphoid progenitor cells causing sustained self-renewal over differentiation. Common presentations of ALL include neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and occasionally mediastinal or testicular masses. Treatment involves remission induction chemotherapy for 4-6 weeks, intensification for 6 months, and 2 years of maintenance therapy. Prognosis is favorable in younger patients (<35 years old) with standard-risk features such as B-cell phenotype and normal white blood cell count, while older age and high
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Leukaemia lecture 01 Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) - Dr. Rabiul Haque
Leukaemia lecture 01 Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) - Dr. Rabiul Haque
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia approach and treatment
Similar to Leukemia
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA.pptx
AML:ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA
for medical colleges teaching faculty and students as well. it includes AML causes , histopathological slides of subclasses of Acute myeloid leukemia, classification , diagnosis, management modalities, complications .Acute leukemias are stem cell disorders characterized by malignant neoplastic proliferation and accumulation of immature and non functional hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow.
The neoplastic cells show increased proliferation and/or decreased apoptosis.
If the defect primarily affects the common myeloid progenitor (CMP) then it is called Acute myeloid leukemia.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a neoplastic disease characterized by infiltration of the blood, bone marrow, and other tissues by proliferative, clonal undifferentiated cells of the hematopoietic system.
AML is the result of a sequence of somatic mutations in a multipotential primitive hematopoietic cell or, in some cases, a more differentiated progenitor cell.
It can be slow growing or rapidly fatal.
AML is the predominant form of leukemia during the neonatal period
Incidence : 1.5/100,000/year in infants decreases to approximately 0.4 per 100,000 children ages 5 to 9 years, increases gradually to 1.0 persons per 100,000 until age 25 years, and thereafter increases exponentially until the rate reaches approximately 25/100,000 persons.
AML accounts for 15 to 20 percent of the acute leukemias in children and 80 percent of the acute leukemias in adults.
Men > Women (4.5 : 3)
HEREDITY
1) Chromosomal aneuploidy like Trisomy 21 noted in Down syndrome
2) Defective DNA repair, e.g., Fanconi anemia, Bloom syndrome, and Ataxia telangiectasia
3) Congenital neutropenia ie Kostmann syndrome
4) Germline mutations of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (CEBPA), runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), and tumor protein p53 (TP53) have also been associated with a higher predisposition to AML
RADIATION
Peaks after 5 to 7 yrs of exposure.
Therapeutic radiation alone seems to add little risk of AML but can increase the risk in people also exposed to alkylating agents.
CHEMICAL AND OTHER EXPOSURES
Exposure to benzene, plastic, rubber, petroleum products, paint, ethylene oxide, herbicides and pesticides can increase the risk.
Smoking can also increase the risk
DRUGS
Anticancer drugs are the leading cause of therapy-associated AML.
Alkylating agent–associated leukemias occur on average 4–6 years after exposure, and affected individuals have aberrations in chromosomes 5 and 7.
Topoisomerase II inhibitor–associated leukemias occur 1–3 years after exposure, and affected individuals often have aberrations involving chromosome 11q23.
Other agents like Chloramphenicol, phenylbutazone, and, less commonly, chloroquine and methoxypsoralen.
SYMPTOMS :
Present with nonspecific symptoms initially.
Fatigue is the first symptom
Fever with or without infection will be present in approximately 10% patients
Bleeding, easy bruising
occasional
aplastic anemia.pptx
Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient new blood cells, causing pancytopenia. It can be inherited or acquired due to factors like radiation, chemicals, drugs, viruses, or immune system disorders. Symptoms include easy bruising, bleeding gums, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests showing low blood cell counts and a bone marrow biopsy with few blood stem cells. Treatment options include blood transfusions, hematopoietic growth factors, immunosuppressive drugs, and stem cell transplantation.
Myeloproliferative disorders
The document discusses myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs), which are clonal stem cell disorders characterized by increased blood cell counts and enlarged spleen and bone marrow. It focuses on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), describing it as a MPD caused by a genetic mutation that results in uncontrolled white blood cell growth. CML progresses through chronic, accelerated, and blast phases, with symptoms ranging from fatigue to organ enlargement. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests detecting elevated white and platelet counts and the Philadelphia chromosome genetic abnormality associated with CML.
APLASTIC ANEMIA.pptx
Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient new blood cells, causing pancytopenia. It can be inherited or acquired due to radiation, chemicals, drugs, viruses or immune disorders. Symptoms include easy bruising, bleeding gums, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests showing low blood cell counts and a fatty, cellular bone marrow. Treatment options include hematopoietic growth factors, immunosuppression with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine, stem cell transplantation, and blood product support. Younger patients with a matched sibling donor usually receive stem cell transplantation, while older patients typically receive immunosuppression.
Leukemia.pptx
This document provides an overview of leukemia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by abnormal blood cell production. There are four main types classified by cell type and disease progression: acute or chronic, myeloid or lymphoid. Causes are often genetic defects or environmental exposures. Symptoms vary by type but can include fatigue, infections, bruising, and organ enlargement. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests. Treatment aims to cure or control the disease using chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplants, and supportive care.
Paediatric oncology
This document provides information on paediatric oncology and various childhood cancers. It discusses that benign tumors are more common than malignant tumors in children, but cancer is a leading cause of death after accidents. The most common malignant tumors in children arise from hematopoietic, nervous and soft tissues. It then describes several specific childhood cancers like acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. For each cancer, it discusses clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, classification, treatment and prognosis.
Thrombotic microangiopathy
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a pathology that results in thrombosis in capillaries and arterioles, due to an endothelial injury.
BM failure syndrome.pptx
1) Aplastic anemia is a bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by pancytopenia and a hypocellular bone marrow. It can be acquired, usually from toxic exposures or viruses, or inherited.
2) The diagnosis requires pancytopenia meeting specific thresholds as well as a hypocellular bone marrow without abnormal cells. Testing aims to determine the etiology and rule out other causes of pancytopenia.
3) Treatment depends on severity and includes supportive care, immunosuppressive therapy, or bone marrow transplant. Acquired aplastic anemia has a risk of evolving into myelodysplastic syndrome or leukemia over time.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosis - SLE -Etiopathogenesis, Clinical features, Adva...
Systemic Lupus Erythematosis - SLE -Etiopathogenesis, Clinical features, Adva...Chetan Ganteppanavar
This document discusses systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease where organs and cells are damaged by autoantibodies and immune complexes. It covers the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of SLE. Key points include that SLE affects multiple organ systems and has varied clinical presentations. Diagnosis is based on meeting 4 out of 11 American College of Rheumatology criteria including positive antinuclear antibodies and anti-dsDNA antibodies. Treatment involves managing symptoms across organ systems with medications like steroids, hydroxychloroquine, immunosuppressants, and targeting specific organ involvement. The goal is to control disease activity, prevent organ damage, and improve quality of life.Leukemia
A malignant progressive disease in which the bone marrow and other blood-forming organs produce increased numbers of immature or abnormal leucocytes. These suppress the production of normal blood cells, leading to anemia and other symptoms.
The incidence of childhood ALL is approximately 3- 4 cases per 100,000 children under the age of 15 years
LEUKEMIA.pptx
This document provides information on leukemia, including its definition, incidence, etiological factors, classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, management including chemotherapy phases, bone marrow transplantation, and nursing care plan. It defines leukemia as the uncontrolled proliferation of leukocyte precursors. It also discusses the types and features of acute lymphoid leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, which together account for most childhood leukemias.
Oncology
The document discusses several key topics related to cancer including:
1) Causes of cancer such as defective cellular growth and differentiation as well as exposure to carcinogens.
2) Characteristics of normal, benign, malignant, and early embryonic cells.
3) Common steps in metastasis including extension into tissues and invasion of other sites.
4) Stages of carcinogenesis including initiation, promotion, progression, and metastasis.
Anaemia PNH
PNH is caused by a somatic mutation in the PIG-A gene in a hematopoietic stem cell, resulting in blood cells that lack glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins. These proteins include complement regulatory factors CD55 and CD59. As a result, PNH red blood cells are susceptible to complement-mediated hemolysis, leading to chronic hemolytic anemia. PNH often presents with hemoglobinuria, abdominal pain, dysphagia, and cytopenias. It is associated with aplastic anemia and carries a risk of thrombosis. The defect arises from a mutation in the PIG-A gene, which codes for an enzyme essential for GPI
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of disorders where the bone marrow produces too many red or white blood cells. The presentation outlines the history, classification, signs and symptoms, causes related to genetic mutations like JAK2, diagnosis through blood and bone marrow tests, and treatments including medications, radiation, surgery, and stem cell transplant. MPNs include chronic myeloid leukemia, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis, and rare disorders like chronic neutrophilic leukemia and mast cell disease.
Leukemia
Leukemia is a cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It causes the body to produce immature white blood cells that do not function properly. There are four main types of leukemia - acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Management of leukemia involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy or stem cell transplant depending on the type and stage of leukemia. The goal of treatment is to destroy signs of leukemia in the body and induce remission.
Aplastic anemia Dr Zaira Hussain
Dr. Zaira Hussain discusses aplastic anemia, a bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by pancytopenia and bone marrow hypocellularity. She covers the epidemiology, causes, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment options including supportive care, immunosuppressive therapy, growth factors, and bone marrow transplant. Prognosis depends on the treatment received, with improved outcomes seen with hematopoietic cell transplantation or immunosuppression compared to supportive care alone.
Leukemia2011
This document provides an overview of several types of leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL). It describes the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, management, and prognosis for each. Case studies are presented to demonstrate physical exam findings, labs, diagnosis, and treatment for patients presenting with acute or chronic leukemia. Key differences between the acute and chronic forms are highlighted.
AML ALL HL NHL.pptx
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by increased proliferation of immature blast cells. It results from mutations that affect the common myeloid progenitor cell. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, bleeding, and infections. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests showing elevated white blood cell counts with immature blasts. Standard treatment is 7-day continuous cytarabine with 3-day daunorubicin induction chemotherapy, with hematopoietic stem cell transplant for high risk cases. Prognosis depends on risk factors like age and genetic abnormalities.
acute and chronic Leukemia therapy by irfan hamid
The document presents information on leukemia therapy. It begins with definitions of leukemia as malignant disorders of hematopoietic tissues associated with increased white blood cells. It then discusses the types and classification of both acute and chronic leukemias. The key differences between acute and chronic leukemias as well as myeloid and lymphoid leukemias are summarized. Treatment approaches for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) including induction, consolidation, and maintenance are outlined. Specific drugs used to treat AML are also listed.
Mpn
The document discusses a case of a 66-year-old woman presenting with a transient ischemic attack and laboratory findings consistent with a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). MPNs are chronic clonal hematopoietic stem cell diseases characterized by overproduction of one or more blood cell lines. Common MPNs discussed include polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. Treatment options for each MPN are summarized.
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Leukemia
- 1. Mr ram admited in neutropenia ward with the chief complaint of fatigue petechia fever abdominal pain.
- 3. LEUKOS + HAIMA (Greek word)
- 9. PROLIFERATION OF WBC Leukocytosis Leukemide rxn reactive Leukemia Lymphoma Neoplastic
- 12. Ideopathic Genitic factor Envieromental factor Retinoic acid deficiency Philadelphia chromosome
- 14. Chronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaChronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Arrest at late stage.Arrest at late stage. More differentiated(not well)More differentiated(not well) Less proliferationLess proliferation Functional inactive but live longFunctional inactive but live long Smudge cell (parachate cell)Smudge cell (parachate cell) inin pheriphal findingpheriphal finding 8/12/2009 14
- 17. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) Most common 85% in childrenMost common 85% in children 15% of acute leukemia in adults15% of acute leukemia in adults Early arrest in maturationEarly arrest in maturation Less differentiationLess differentiation More proliferation of blast cellMore proliferation of blast cell es TDT(dna polymerase) which is onlyes TDT(dna polymerase) which is only present in lymphoblastpresent in lymphoblast 8/12/2009 17 Peripheral blood is negative for TdT-positive cells, bone marrow <1.8% TdT-positive cells.>
- 18. ***Remember this******Remember this*** For Acute leukemiasFor Acute leukemias too manytoo many blastsblasts in thein the marrowmarrow
- 19. ACUTE CHRONIC
- 20. 8/12/2009 20 Acute Myelogenous LeukemiaAcute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)(AML) proliferation of myeloid tissue and anproliferation of myeloid tissue and an abnormal increase in the number ofabnormal increase in the number of myeloblastsmyeloblasts in the circulating bloodin the circulating blood One fourth of all leukemiaOne fourth of all leukemia Increase blast cell more than 20%Increase blast cell more than 20% Growth is arrest due to distrub ofGrowth is arrest due to distrub of retinoic acid.retinoic acid.
- 22. 8/12/2009 22 Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaChronic Myelogenous Leukemia Affected areAffected are granulocytsgranulocyts ,neutrophils,basophils,eosinophils,neutrophils,basophils,eosinophils Partially mature cellPartially mature cell PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia chromosomechromosome Trisomy of chromosomeTrisomy of chromosome Decrease leukocyte alkaline phosphateDecrease leukocyte alkaline phosphate
- 24. Signs &SymptomsSigns &Symptoms AnemiaAnemia Frequent InfectionFrequent Infection BleedingBleeding Bone painBone pain Feaver and chillsFeaver and chills SplenomegalySplenomegaly LymphadenopathyLymphadenopathy CNS involvementCNS involvement PETECHIAEPETECHIAE
- 27. MangementMangement MEDICAL MANAGEMENTMEDICAL MANAGEMENT PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENTPHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT ChemotherapyChemotherapy immunotherapy with interferonimmunotherapy with interferon trans-retinoic acidtrans-retinoic acid SURGICAL MANAGEMENTSURGICAL MANAGEMENT Bone marrow transplantationBone marrow transplantation8/12/2009 27
- 28. Nursing ManagementNursing Management Overall goalsOverall goals Understand and cooperate with the treatmentUnderstand and cooperate with the treatment planplan Experience minimal side effects andExperience minimal side effects and complications of disease and treatmentcomplications of disease and treatment Feel hopeful and supported during the periodsFeel hopeful and supported during the periods of treatment, relapse, and remissionof treatment, relapse, and remission 8/12/2009 28
- 29. Patient empowered by knowledge of thePatient empowered by knowledge of the disease and treatment can have a moredisease and treatment can have a more positive outlook and improved quality ofpositive outlook and improved quality of lifelife Ongoing care is necessary to monitor forOngoing care is necessary to monitor for signs and symptoms of disease control orsigns and symptoms of disease control or relapserelapse 8/12/2009 29 Nursing ManagementNursing Management
- 30. Risk for Fluid Volume Deficit related to excessive loss: vomiting, bleeding, diarrhea Acute Pain related to Physical agents, Risk for Infection related to altered defence mechanism Activity IntoleranceGeneralized weakness
- 31. Prevention of Leukemia 1. Quit Smoking: 2. Limit Benzene Exposure: 3. Reduce Radiation Exposure: 4.Take healthy diet rich in anti-oxident 5.Get regular medical care