The document discusses several key topics related to cancer including:
1) Causes of cancer such as defective cellular growth and differentiation as well as exposure to carcinogens.
2) Characteristics of normal, benign, malignant, and early embryonic cells.
3) Common steps in metastasis including extension into tissues and invasion of other sites.
4) Stages of carcinogenesis including initiation, promotion, progression, and metastasis.
The document discusses soft tissue tumours in children, with a focus on rhabdomyosarcoma and molecular diagnostic techniques. It notes that soft tissue tumours in children are challenging to diagnose due to their rarity and morphological features. Molecular techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization and PCR have become important diagnostic and prognostic tools because many paediatric tumours have specific translocations and fusion genes. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children, and molecular analysis can distinguish between embryonal and alveolar subtypes, which have different prognoses. Immunohistochemistry is also useful but molecular analysis has provided more definitive diagnoses.
Small round cell tumors are a group of highly aggressive cancers composed of small, undifferentiated cells. The diagnostic approach involves clinical findings, imaging, pathology, and molecular genetics testing. Key small round cell tumors in pediatric patients include Ewing sarcoma, neuroblastoma, nephroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma, and lymphoblastic lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry and genetic testing are used to determine the specific tumor type to help guide treatment.
This document discusses potential pitfalls in diagnosing soft tissue tumors in children. It begins by noting key differences between pediatric and adult tumors. The main diagnostic challenges are the histological diversity of pediatric soft tissue sarcomas and their infrequent occurrence. Misclassifying tumor subtypes can impact treatment. Potential misdiagnoses include mistaking inflammatory lesions for sarcomas or hematolymphoid malignancies for sarcomas. Careful histological examination and use of immunohistochemistry are important to arrive at an accurate diagnosis.
Diagnostic approach to pediatric malignant small round cellSivaranjini N
This document provides information on pediatric malignant small round cell tumors. It discusses key characteristics of these tumors including their appearance as relatively small, undifferentiated cells with a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. Common small round cell tumors of childhood discussed include neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, retinoblastoma, medulloblastoma, hepatoblastoma, and others. The document outlines approaches to classifying and diagnosing these tumors based on their origin, cytogenetics, immunohistochemistry profiles, and other features. Detailed information is provided on diagnostic criteria and clinical characteristics of neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and retinoblastoma.
This document summarizes two breast biopsy cases of invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma. It provides details on histologic grading, immunohistochemical staining results, tumor characteristics like size and margins. It also describes lymph node sampling and definitions of treatment response. In both biopsy cases, the tumors were grade 2 with no lymphovascular invasion seen and further testing was recommended to determine biomarker status.
This document provides information on pediatric malignant solid tumors, including Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma), neuroblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. It discusses the epidemiology, histology, clinical presentation, risk classification, diagnostic workup, and standard treatment approaches for each of these tumor types. Pediatric cancer is the second leading cause of death in children, though survival rates have improved to over 70% with modern multimodal therapy.
The document discusses soft tissue tumours in children, with a focus on rhabdomyosarcoma and molecular diagnostic techniques. It notes that soft tissue tumours in children are challenging to diagnose due to their rarity and morphological features. Molecular techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization and PCR have become important diagnostic and prognostic tools because many paediatric tumours have specific translocations and fusion genes. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children, and molecular analysis can distinguish between embryonal and alveolar subtypes, which have different prognoses. Immunohistochemistry is also useful but molecular analysis has provided more definitive diagnoses.
Small round cell tumors are a group of highly aggressive cancers composed of small, undifferentiated cells. The diagnostic approach involves clinical findings, imaging, pathology, and molecular genetics testing. Key small round cell tumors in pediatric patients include Ewing sarcoma, neuroblastoma, nephroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma, and lymphoblastic lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry and genetic testing are used to determine the specific tumor type to help guide treatment.
This document discusses potential pitfalls in diagnosing soft tissue tumors in children. It begins by noting key differences between pediatric and adult tumors. The main diagnostic challenges are the histological diversity of pediatric soft tissue sarcomas and their infrequent occurrence. Misclassifying tumor subtypes can impact treatment. Potential misdiagnoses include mistaking inflammatory lesions for sarcomas or hematolymphoid malignancies for sarcomas. Careful histological examination and use of immunohistochemistry are important to arrive at an accurate diagnosis.
Diagnostic approach to pediatric malignant small round cellSivaranjini N
This document provides information on pediatric malignant small round cell tumors. It discusses key characteristics of these tumors including their appearance as relatively small, undifferentiated cells with a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. Common small round cell tumors of childhood discussed include neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, retinoblastoma, medulloblastoma, hepatoblastoma, and others. The document outlines approaches to classifying and diagnosing these tumors based on their origin, cytogenetics, immunohistochemistry profiles, and other features. Detailed information is provided on diagnostic criteria and clinical characteristics of neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and retinoblastoma.
This document summarizes two breast biopsy cases of invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma. It provides details on histologic grading, immunohistochemical staining results, tumor characteristics like size and margins. It also describes lymph node sampling and definitions of treatment response. In both biopsy cases, the tumors were grade 2 with no lymphovascular invasion seen and further testing was recommended to determine biomarker status.
This document provides information on pediatric malignant solid tumors, including Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma), neuroblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. It discusses the epidemiology, histology, clinical presentation, risk classification, diagnostic workup, and standard treatment approaches for each of these tumor types. Pediatric cancer is the second leading cause of death in children, though survival rates have improved to over 70% with modern multimodal therapy.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (tumors), including definitions, nomenclature used to classify tumors, the biology of tumor growth, epidemiology, and the molecular basis of cancer and carcinogenesis. It discusses the natural history of malignant tumors, differentiation in tumors, tumor growth rates, features that distinguish benign from malignant tumors, predisposing factors for cancer development, and the molecular basis of cancer formation through genetic changes that result in oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation during the multistep process of carcinogenesis.
This document discusses premalignant breast lesions and their management. It defines borderline and premalignant lesions as lesions that can potentially transform into cancer if left untreated in the breast. Histological definitions are provided for atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, lobular intraepithelial neoplasia, and other lesions. Guidelines are discussed for surgical management versus medical supervision based on lesion type and risk level. The roles of lobular neoplasia as a risk factor, precursor lesion, or both are explored, with LIN1 considered a risk factor and LIN2/LIN3 as potential precursors. Follow-up recommendations including screening and chemoprevention are also summarized.
Sarcoma represents 1% of all malignant tumors and includes soft tissue sarcomas (STS), bone sarcomas, and visceral sarcomas. STS are more common than bone sarcomas by a ratio of 4:1. Risk factors for sarcoma include genetic syndromes, radiation exposure, and certain chemical exposures. Diagnosis involves imaging such as MRI or CT along with pathological confirmation. Treatment depends on the location and stage of disease, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. The goal is curative treatment for localized disease and palliation for metastatic disease.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare cancer that forms in the body's soft tissues, such as muscle and connective tissue. In rhabdomyosarcoma, the cancer cells look similar to immature muscle cells.
This document discusses two childhood tumors - neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma. Neuroblastoma originates from neural crest cells and most commonly presents as an adrenal or sympathetic ganglia tumor. Microscopically, it appears as sheets of small, round, blue cells that may show maturation. Prognosis depends on factors like stage, age, MYCN gene amplification. Retinoblastoma is a malignant eye tumor of childhood caused by mutations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. Microscopically, it resembles neuroblastoma and may form Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes. Both tumors can spread widely if not treated.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (abnormal tissue growth) including definitions, classifications, characteristics of benign and malignant tumors, and methods of tumor diagnosis and analysis. It discusses the differences between benign and malignant tumors, how tumors are named and graded, common routes of cancer spread, and uses histopathology to analyze biopsied tumor samples.
This document discusses tumors of infancy and childhood. It begins by describing tumor-like lesions such as hamartomas and choristomas. It then discusses common benign tumors including hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and sacrococcygeal teratomas. Malignant tumors that are discussed include leukemias, lymphomas, brain tumors, liver tumors, kidney tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, and bone tumors. Specific malignant tumors that are common in different age groups are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing characteristics of common childhood cancers like leukemia, lymphomas, brain tumors, and others.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare type of soft tissue sarcoma that develops from skeletal muscle cells. It is most common in children and adolescents. There are two main histologic subtypes - embryonal RMS, which is more common and has a better prognosis, and alveolar RMS, which occurs in older patients and has a worse prognosis. Treatment involves surgical resection of the primary tumor along with chemotherapy and radiation. Accurate staging is important for determining prognosis and selecting the appropriate treatment protocol. The goal of surgery is a wide excision of the tumor with clear margins followed by lymph node sampling or dissection depending on tumor characteristics and location.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (tumors). It defines neoplasia and discusses the nomenclature and classification of benign and malignant tumors. Some key points include:
- Neoplasms are abnormal masses of tissue with autonomous growth that persists after stimuli cease. They involve genetic changes and clonal growth.
- Benign tumors are well-differentiated and do not invade or metastasize. Malignant tumors can invade locally and metastasize to distant sites. They often show signs of anaplasia (poor differentiation).
- Molecular changes involved in carcinogenesis include activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. This disrupts normal cell cycle control and promotes uncontrolled
This document discusses the management of rhabdomyosarcoma, a type of soft tissue sarcoma that is most common in children. It begins by covering the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation and symptoms. Diagnostic workup involves tumor biopsy along with imaging like CT, MRI and PET scans to determine tumor location and spread. Staging uses the Children's Oncology Group system which considers tumor site, size, margins after surgery, and metastasis. There are various histologic subtypes with differing prognoses - embryonal has intermediate prognosis while alveolar and undifferentiated subtypes have poorer outcomes. Treatment involves chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy tailored to stage and risk group.
1. The document discusses common benign and malignant pediatric tumors, including hemangiomas, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and teratomas.
2. Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood and often presents as an abdominal mass, fever, or weight loss in children under 2.
3. Wilms tumor is the most common renal tumor of childhood, occurring mostly in ages 2-5, and may be associated with genetic syndromes like WAGR or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
This document discusses neoplasia and tumor biology. It begins with definitions of neoplasia and benign versus malignant tumors. It describes the molecular basis of carcinogenesis including genetic changes that lead to autonomous growth. The progression of malignancy is explained in terms of differentiation, dysplasia, anaplasia and metastatic ability. Risk factors for cancer development including heredity, environment, viral exposure and DNA repair defects are outlined. The key genetic changes involved in malignant transformation are deregulated growth signals, evasion of growth inhibition, apoptosis resistance, replication immortality, angiogenesis and invasion.
Review and Updates of Immunohistochemistry inSelected Salivary Gland and Hea...imrana tanvir
This document provides an overview of immunohistochemistry markers that can help diagnose various salivary gland and head and neck tumors. It discusses the cell types that stain positively for different markers in normal salivary gland tissue and then examines the immunohistochemistry profiles of tumors like acinic cell carcinoma, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, myoepithelial carcinoma, salivary duct carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma. Having an understanding of the typical marker expression in these tumors can aid pathologists in making accurate diagnoses.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. It occurs most often in children under 10 years of age and has a higher incidence in males and Caucasians. There are two main histological subtypes: embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, which has a more favorable prognosis, and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, which is more aggressive and associated with metastatic disease. Treatment involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy based on the specific site of involvement and stage of disease. Close monitoring after treatment is important to watch for potential recurrence or metastasis.
Chapter 2 of the ICD-10-CM contains the codes for most benign and all malignant neoplasms. Certain benign neoplasms, such as prostatic adenomas, may be found in the specific body system chapters.
This document summarizes pediatric tumors and tumor-like conditions. It discusses that benign tumors are more common than cancers in children, with soft-tissue tumors being the most common neoplasms. Key malignant tumors mentioned include neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy; and Wilms tumor, the most common renal tumor of childhood. The document provides details on the pathogenesis, histology, staging, and prognosis of these two malignant pediatric cancers.
Pitfalls in diagnosis of soft tissue tumors of childhoodSonic V S
The document discusses several potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors in children. It covers:
1) Misclassification of specific sarcomas like rhabdomyosarcoma subtypes and non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas.
2) Benign lesions that can be misdiagnosed as sarcomas, and sarcomas that can be misdiagnosed as benign.
3) Misgrading the aggressiveness of sarcomas.
4) Non-soft tissue tumors that are sometimes misdiagnosed as soft tissue sarcomas. Careful histology, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics and molecular analysis are needed to arrive at
This document discusses glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor in adults. It covers the histology, genetics, clinical presentation, diagnosis using MRI, and standard treatment approach of maximal surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy with temozolomide. The addition of carmustine wafers and consideration of MGMT promoter methylation status are discussed. Median survival ranges from 12-21 months even with aggressive multimodal therapy.
CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE AS MEDIDAS PROVISÓRIAS 664 E 665 DE 30 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2014
Janeiro de 2015
No dia 30 de dezembro de 2014, o Governo Federal anunciou duas Medidas
Provisórias (MPs) - 664 e 665 – que estipulam uma série de alterações nas regras do
Seguro-Desemprego, Abono Salarial, Seguro-Defeso, Pensão por Morte, Auxílio-Doença
e Auxílio-Reclusão e devem causar impactos consideráveis sobre a vida de milhões de
brasileiros. O anúncio gerou desconforto às Centrais Sindicais, que elaboraram nota
conjunta1 condenando as Medidas e reivindicando sua revogação. Além das
discordâncias em relação ao conteúdo das MPs, as Centrais declararam
descontentamento pela ação do governo contrária ao compromisso assumido em não
tocar em direitos trabalhistas, bem como desagrado por não terem sido acionadas para
discutir os interesses dos trabalhadores que legitimamente representam. Cabe salientar que o Governo Federal justifica a adoção dessas Medidas no
contexto de ajuste das contas públicas, como parte integrante do esforço fiscal para 2015
de alcançar um superávit primário (economia para pagar juros da dívida) de 1,2% do PIB
(Produto Interno Bruto), alegando que poderão gerar uma economia de gasto de R$ 18
bilhões. Deve-se registrar, no entanto, que as várias medidas de apoio e benefícios ao
setor empresarial adotadas pelo próprio Governo nos últimos anos - como a redução de
alíquotas de IPI e desonerações, entre outras - representaram cerca de R$ 200 bilhões2 a
título de renúncia fiscal, ou seja, de recursos que o Tesouro Nacional deixou de receber.
Não há como justificar, portanto, que o ajuste se inicie exatamente pela parcela mais
vulnerável da população. Outro argumento do Governo para a implantação das MPs em questão é que essas
contribuiriam para o combate a fraudes e distorções na utilização dos benefícios ora
alterados. As Centrais Sindicais, que historicamente têm atuado no combate ao mau uso
de recursos públicos, reconhecem a necessidade de mais transparência e maior controle
social em sua gestão, mas consideram um equívoco que a correção dessas distorções se
dê através de ações que penalizem os trabalhadores, restringindo ou retirando direitos
conquistados.
O Governo Federal tem reiterado que essas medidas não extinguem direitos
trabalhistas. Todavia, as novas regras para a utilização dos benefícios restringem seu
alcance, excluindo milhões de pessoas da possibilidade de acessá-los.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, maior tela e melhor desempenho. O dispositivo também possui recursos adicionais de inteligência artificial e segurança de dados aprimorados. O lançamento do novo smartphone está programado para o final deste ano.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (tumors), including definitions, nomenclature used to classify tumors, the biology of tumor growth, epidemiology, and the molecular basis of cancer and carcinogenesis. It discusses the natural history of malignant tumors, differentiation in tumors, tumor growth rates, features that distinguish benign from malignant tumors, predisposing factors for cancer development, and the molecular basis of cancer formation through genetic changes that result in oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene inactivation during the multistep process of carcinogenesis.
This document discusses premalignant breast lesions and their management. It defines borderline and premalignant lesions as lesions that can potentially transform into cancer if left untreated in the breast. Histological definitions are provided for atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, lobular intraepithelial neoplasia, and other lesions. Guidelines are discussed for surgical management versus medical supervision based on lesion type and risk level. The roles of lobular neoplasia as a risk factor, precursor lesion, or both are explored, with LIN1 considered a risk factor and LIN2/LIN3 as potential precursors. Follow-up recommendations including screening and chemoprevention are also summarized.
Sarcoma represents 1% of all malignant tumors and includes soft tissue sarcomas (STS), bone sarcomas, and visceral sarcomas. STS are more common than bone sarcomas by a ratio of 4:1. Risk factors for sarcoma include genetic syndromes, radiation exposure, and certain chemical exposures. Diagnosis involves imaging such as MRI or CT along with pathological confirmation. Treatment depends on the location and stage of disease, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. The goal is curative treatment for localized disease and palliation for metastatic disease.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare cancer that forms in the body's soft tissues, such as muscle and connective tissue. In rhabdomyosarcoma, the cancer cells look similar to immature muscle cells.
This document discusses two childhood tumors - neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma. Neuroblastoma originates from neural crest cells and most commonly presents as an adrenal or sympathetic ganglia tumor. Microscopically, it appears as sheets of small, round, blue cells that may show maturation. Prognosis depends on factors like stage, age, MYCN gene amplification. Retinoblastoma is a malignant eye tumor of childhood caused by mutations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. Microscopically, it resembles neuroblastoma and may form Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes. Both tumors can spread widely if not treated.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (abnormal tissue growth) including definitions, classifications, characteristics of benign and malignant tumors, and methods of tumor diagnosis and analysis. It discusses the differences between benign and malignant tumors, how tumors are named and graded, common routes of cancer spread, and uses histopathology to analyze biopsied tumor samples.
This document discusses tumors of infancy and childhood. It begins by describing tumor-like lesions such as hamartomas and choristomas. It then discusses common benign tumors including hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and sacrococcygeal teratomas. Malignant tumors that are discussed include leukemias, lymphomas, brain tumors, liver tumors, kidney tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, and bone tumors. Specific malignant tumors that are common in different age groups are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing characteristics of common childhood cancers like leukemia, lymphomas, brain tumors, and others.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare type of soft tissue sarcoma that develops from skeletal muscle cells. It is most common in children and adolescents. There are two main histologic subtypes - embryonal RMS, which is more common and has a better prognosis, and alveolar RMS, which occurs in older patients and has a worse prognosis. Treatment involves surgical resection of the primary tumor along with chemotherapy and radiation. Accurate staging is important for determining prognosis and selecting the appropriate treatment protocol. The goal of surgery is a wide excision of the tumor with clear margins followed by lymph node sampling or dissection depending on tumor characteristics and location.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (tumors). It defines neoplasia and discusses the nomenclature and classification of benign and malignant tumors. Some key points include:
- Neoplasms are abnormal masses of tissue with autonomous growth that persists after stimuli cease. They involve genetic changes and clonal growth.
- Benign tumors are well-differentiated and do not invade or metastasize. Malignant tumors can invade locally and metastasize to distant sites. They often show signs of anaplasia (poor differentiation).
- Molecular changes involved in carcinogenesis include activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. This disrupts normal cell cycle control and promotes uncontrolled
This document discusses the management of rhabdomyosarcoma, a type of soft tissue sarcoma that is most common in children. It begins by covering the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation and symptoms. Diagnostic workup involves tumor biopsy along with imaging like CT, MRI and PET scans to determine tumor location and spread. Staging uses the Children's Oncology Group system which considers tumor site, size, margins after surgery, and metastasis. There are various histologic subtypes with differing prognoses - embryonal has intermediate prognosis while alveolar and undifferentiated subtypes have poorer outcomes. Treatment involves chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy tailored to stage and risk group.
1. The document discusses common benign and malignant pediatric tumors, including hemangiomas, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and teratomas.
2. Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood and often presents as an abdominal mass, fever, or weight loss in children under 2.
3. Wilms tumor is the most common renal tumor of childhood, occurring mostly in ages 2-5, and may be associated with genetic syndromes like WAGR or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
This document discusses neoplasia and tumor biology. It begins with definitions of neoplasia and benign versus malignant tumors. It describes the molecular basis of carcinogenesis including genetic changes that lead to autonomous growth. The progression of malignancy is explained in terms of differentiation, dysplasia, anaplasia and metastatic ability. Risk factors for cancer development including heredity, environment, viral exposure and DNA repair defects are outlined. The key genetic changes involved in malignant transformation are deregulated growth signals, evasion of growth inhibition, apoptosis resistance, replication immortality, angiogenesis and invasion.
Review and Updates of Immunohistochemistry inSelected Salivary Gland and Hea...imrana tanvir
This document provides an overview of immunohistochemistry markers that can help diagnose various salivary gland and head and neck tumors. It discusses the cell types that stain positively for different markers in normal salivary gland tissue and then examines the immunohistochemistry profiles of tumors like acinic cell carcinoma, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, myoepithelial carcinoma, salivary duct carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma. Having an understanding of the typical marker expression in these tumors can aid pathologists in making accurate diagnoses.
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. It occurs most often in children under 10 years of age and has a higher incidence in males and Caucasians. There are two main histological subtypes: embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, which has a more favorable prognosis, and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, which is more aggressive and associated with metastatic disease. Treatment involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy based on the specific site of involvement and stage of disease. Close monitoring after treatment is important to watch for potential recurrence or metastasis.
Chapter 2 of the ICD-10-CM contains the codes for most benign and all malignant neoplasms. Certain benign neoplasms, such as prostatic adenomas, may be found in the specific body system chapters.
This document summarizes pediatric tumors and tumor-like conditions. It discusses that benign tumors are more common than cancers in children, with soft-tissue tumors being the most common neoplasms. Key malignant tumors mentioned include neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy; and Wilms tumor, the most common renal tumor of childhood. The document provides details on the pathogenesis, histology, staging, and prognosis of these two malignant pediatric cancers.
Pitfalls in diagnosis of soft tissue tumors of childhoodSonic V S
The document discusses several potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors in children. It covers:
1) Misclassification of specific sarcomas like rhabdomyosarcoma subtypes and non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas.
2) Benign lesions that can be misdiagnosed as sarcomas, and sarcomas that can be misdiagnosed as benign.
3) Misgrading the aggressiveness of sarcomas.
4) Non-soft tissue tumors that are sometimes misdiagnosed as soft tissue sarcomas. Careful histology, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics and molecular analysis are needed to arrive at
This document discusses glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor in adults. It covers the histology, genetics, clinical presentation, diagnosis using MRI, and standard treatment approach of maximal surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy with temozolomide. The addition of carmustine wafers and consideration of MGMT promoter methylation status are discussed. Median survival ranges from 12-21 months even with aggressive multimodal therapy.
CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE AS MEDIDAS PROVISÓRIAS 664 E 665 DE 30 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2014
Janeiro de 2015
No dia 30 de dezembro de 2014, o Governo Federal anunciou duas Medidas
Provisórias (MPs) - 664 e 665 – que estipulam uma série de alterações nas regras do
Seguro-Desemprego, Abono Salarial, Seguro-Defeso, Pensão por Morte, Auxílio-Doença
e Auxílio-Reclusão e devem causar impactos consideráveis sobre a vida de milhões de
brasileiros. O anúncio gerou desconforto às Centrais Sindicais, que elaboraram nota
conjunta1 condenando as Medidas e reivindicando sua revogação. Além das
discordâncias em relação ao conteúdo das MPs, as Centrais declararam
descontentamento pela ação do governo contrária ao compromisso assumido em não
tocar em direitos trabalhistas, bem como desagrado por não terem sido acionadas para
discutir os interesses dos trabalhadores que legitimamente representam. Cabe salientar que o Governo Federal justifica a adoção dessas Medidas no
contexto de ajuste das contas públicas, como parte integrante do esforço fiscal para 2015
de alcançar um superávit primário (economia para pagar juros da dívida) de 1,2% do PIB
(Produto Interno Bruto), alegando que poderão gerar uma economia de gasto de R$ 18
bilhões. Deve-se registrar, no entanto, que as várias medidas de apoio e benefícios ao
setor empresarial adotadas pelo próprio Governo nos últimos anos - como a redução de
alíquotas de IPI e desonerações, entre outras - representaram cerca de R$ 200 bilhões2 a
título de renúncia fiscal, ou seja, de recursos que o Tesouro Nacional deixou de receber.
Não há como justificar, portanto, que o ajuste se inicie exatamente pela parcela mais
vulnerável da população. Outro argumento do Governo para a implantação das MPs em questão é que essas
contribuiriam para o combate a fraudes e distorções na utilização dos benefícios ora
alterados. As Centrais Sindicais, que historicamente têm atuado no combate ao mau uso
de recursos públicos, reconhecem a necessidade de mais transparência e maior controle
social em sua gestão, mas consideram um equívoco que a correção dessas distorções se
dê através de ações que penalizem os trabalhadores, restringindo ou retirando direitos
conquistados.
O Governo Federal tem reiterado que essas medidas não extinguem direitos
trabalhistas. Todavia, as novas regras para a utilização dos benefícios restringem seu
alcance, excluindo milhões de pessoas da possibilidade de acessá-los.
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, maior tela e melhor desempenho. O dispositivo também possui recursos adicionais de inteligência artificial e segurança de dados aprimorados. O lançamento do novo smartphone está programado para o final deste ano.
Aprender español: Cómo poner tildes y ñ con un teclado no español (Windows)Elena Prieto Pérez
En este artículo te enseñamos a escribir con un teclado no español y con un sistema operativo Windows la letra ñ (en minúscula y en mayúscula), las tildes españolas en todas las vocales y los símbolos de inicio de la interrogación y la admiración.
The document is a letter from an unnamed person to Teresita Patola expressing how much they miss her and saying that without her, her children and grandchildren would not exist. The letter is signed from her children and grandchildren.
Flynn Group of Companies produces pull-up banners advertising career opportunities in construction for positions like project managers, supervisors, foremen, drafters, roofers, glaziers, estimators, superintendents, laborers and more. The small banners measure 33x84 inches while the large banner is 10 feet. The banners encourage teamwork, initiative, challenging and rewarding work in a professional environment at Flynn Group of Companies.
This document discusses the differentiation of neoplastic cells and defines different levels of differentiation from well-differentiated to undifferentiated. It also discusses anaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and adenocarcinoma in situ. The biology of tumor growth is explained including concepts of clonal evolution, tumor growth rates, clinically detectable tumors, and cancer stem cells. Tumor progression and heterogeneity are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (tumors), including definitions, nomenclature used to classify benign and malignant tumors, the biology of tumor growth, epidemiology, molecular basis of cancer and carcinogenesis. It discusses the natural history of malignant tumors from malignant change to growth, invasion and metastasis. Key concepts covered include differentiation, dysplasia, tumor growth rates, features that distinguish benign from malignant tumors, predisposing geographic, environmental and genetic factors for cancer development.
This document discusses cancer and genetic influences. It defines cancer as uncontrolled cell proliferation that occurs due to an imbalance in cellular proliferation and death. Cancer is caused by mutations in genes controlling processes like proliferation, the cell cycle, and programmed cell death. The document summarizes the major types of cancer and characteristics of cancer cells. It describes how cancer can be influenced by genetics, with some forms having a higher incidence in families. Cancer is considered a genetic disease caused by mutations in genes regulating cell growth and death. Key genes involved include oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and genes responsible for DNA repair. Specific oncogenes discussed are RAS, RET, MET, and MYC. RAS family proto-oncogenes are described in
This document discusses thyroid cancer, including its various types and treatment. It notes that thyroid cancer accounts for less than 1% of all cancers. The main types are differentiated (papillary and follicular) and undifferentiated (anaplastic and medullary) cancers. Risk factors include radiation exposure, genetic mutations, and autoimmune thyroiditis. Symptoms include a thyroid mass or enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Treatment involves surgical resection of the thyroid and potentially lymph nodes, with total thyroidectomy performed for differentiated cancers. Prognostic factors help determine cancer risk and guide further treatment.
This document provides information on paediatric oncology and various childhood cancers. It discusses that benign tumors are more common than malignant tumors in children, but cancer is a leading cause of death after accidents. The most common malignant tumors in children arise from hematopoietic, nervous and soft tissues. It then describes several specific childhood cancers like acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. For each cancer, it discusses clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, classification, treatment and prognosis.
This document summarizes premalignant lesions. It defines a premalignant lesion as one that is not itself malignant but has a greater probability of becoming so than normal tissue. Cancer evolves through a series of intermediate lesions with increasing premalignant potential. Examples of premalignant lesions discussed include hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ. Specific examples of premalignant lesions in the cervix, endometrium, breast, and other organs are provided along with their characteristics, classifications, and risk of progression to invasive cancer.
This document discusses the characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms. It describes how malignant tumors are less differentiated, grow faster, are more locally invasive, and can metastasize to other parts of the body compared to benign tumors. The document also discusses epidemiological factors that affect cancer incidence such as geographic location, age, heredity, and preexisting conditions. Common cancer types and causes of cancer death worldwide are also presented.
Acute leukemia is caused by the malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells in the bone marrow, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and suppression of normal blood cell production. There are two main types: acute myeloid leukemia (AML) involving myeloid cells, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) involving lymphoblastic cells. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow analysis. Treatment typically involves intensive chemotherapy, with stem cell transplantation an option for some patients. Prognosis depends on various disease and patient factors.
This document discusses neoplasia (new growths or tumors) and cancer. It defines neoplasia and describes different ways tumors can be classified, including by naked eye appearance, origin (epithelial or connective tissue), histology, behavior (benign or malignant), cause, and function. Malignant tumors are collectively called cancers. Key differences between benign and malignant tumors are described, such as local invasion and metastasis. The role of oncogenes and carcinogens in cancer development is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (new abnormal growth) and cancer. It discusses the history and nomenclature of cancer, the difference between benign and malignant tumors, epidemiology, and the molecular basis and hallmarks of cancer development. Specifically, it describes how cancer arises from genetic mutations that cause cells to grow uncontrollably, evade growth controls, develop new blood vessels, and spread to other areas of the body. The document also examines in more detail the roles of tumor suppressor genes like RB and p53, which normally inhibit cell growth but are inactivated in cancer.
This a ppt presentation which gives an introduction to Rb diagnosis and treatment in a simple, concise way.
This presentation was prepared by me to be presented for doctoral degree students, pediatric coarse at the Department of Clinical Oncology & Nuclear Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
This document provides information on neoplasia (abnormal tissue growth):
- It defines neoplasia as abnormal tissue growth that exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal tissue growth, and persists after cessation of stimuli. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant tumors.
- The nomenclature and characteristics of benign versus malignant tumors are described. Malignant tumors are poorly differentiated, invade local tissues, and metastasize to distant sites.
- The molecular basis of tumor invasion and metastasis is discussed. This involves loss of cell-cell adhesion, secretion of enzymes to degrade the extracellular matrix, intravasation into blood vessels, transport through the circulation, and extravasation and colonization at distant
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, arising from neural crest cells. It often presents with metastases at diagnosis. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, and immunotherapy depending on risk factors like age, stage, genetics. Prognosis depends on stage, MYCN amplification, DNA ploidy, with stage 4 and amplified MYCN indicating poorer outcomes. Multimodal therapy has improved survival rates.
This document discusses ovarian tumors, specifically germ cell tumors. It provides information on the classification, histopathology, immunoprofile, and other characteristics of various types of ovarian germ cell tumors including dysgerminoma, yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, immature teratoma, and mature cystic teratoma. It also mentions other rare subtypes such as struma ovarii. The document aims to provide pathology residents with comprehensive information on diagnosing and classifying these tumor types.
Renal pathology lecture 4 Tumors of kidney and urinary tract. Sufia Husain 2020Sufia Husain
This document provides an overview of tumors of the kidney and urinary tract. It begins by outlining the objectives and key topics to be covered, which include benign kidney tumors, renal cell carcinoma, Wilms tumor, and transitional cell and squamous carcinomas of the bladder. The document then covers these topics in detail over several sections, describing the histology, risk factors, clinical features, and characteristics of each tumor type. The major tumor types discussed are renal oncocytoma, angiomyolipoma, renal cell carcinoma (clear cell and papillary subtypes), Wilms tumor, and transitional cell neoplasms of the bladder.
Neoplasia refers to abnormal cell growth. Benign tumors grow slowly, are self-limited and non-invasive, while malignant tumors grow rapidly, invade surrounding tissues, and can metastasize to distant sites. The mechanism of neoplasia involves loss of differentiation, increased growth rate, local invasion, and metastasis in malignant tumors compared to benign tumors. Nomenclature of tumors is based on the cell of origin and suffix, such as carcinoma for epithelial tumors and sarcoma for mesenchymal tumors.
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (abnormal growths or tumors):
- A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue that grows in an uncontrolled manner independent of normal growth regulation. Neoplasms develop through multiple genetic mutations over time that provide a survival and growth advantage to the neoplastic cells.
- Neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors are characterized by local invasion, metastasis, and lack of differentiation. They are graded based on degree of abnormal cell appearance and proliferation.
- The molecular basis of cancer involves mutations in proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, and other genes regulating
This document discusses ovarian tumours, including their epidemiology, embryology, risk factors, classification, staging, pathology, screening, management, and various treatment options. It addresses how ovarian cancer accounts for nearly 4% of cancers in women and is a leading cause of death from female genital tract malignancies. Various types of ovarian tumours are described, such as epithelial tumours including serous, mucinous and endometrioid tumours, as well as sex cord-stromal tumours and germ cell tumours. Risk factors, prevention strategies, and challenges with screening for early detection are also summarized.
This document discusses the characteristics of neoplasms. It states that all tumors have two basic components - the parenchyma made of neoplastic cells, and the stroma which provides support. The parenchyma determines the nature and behavior of the tumor. Benign and malignant tumors can be distinguished by their differentiation, rate of growth, local invasion, and ability to metastasize. Malignant tumors are less differentiated, grow faster, invade surrounding tissue, and spread to distant sites through lymphatic or hematogenous routes.
1. The document discusses arbuda (tumors), describing their causes as vitiation of vata or disturbances in cell division and proliferation.
2. Leiomyomas (fibroids) are described as well-circumscribed, firm white masses that microscopically resemble normal smooth muscle cells.
3. Treatment options mentioned include patanakarma (surgical excision), lepa (paste application), swedana (fomentation), and internal medications with herbs that pacify vata, pitta, or kapha depending on the subtype of arbuda.
1. Causes of CancerCauses of Cancer
Defective cellular growthDefective cellular growth
– Stem cellsStem cells
– Generation timeGeneration time
– Contact InhibitorContact Inhibitor
Defective cellular differentiationDefective cellular differentiation
– Exposure to carcinogensExposure to carcinogens
– Moves to less mature formMoves to less mature form
– Leads to invasion and metastasisLeads to invasion and metastasis
2. Characteristics ofCharacteristics of
Normal CellsNormal Cells
Limited Cell DivisionLimited Cell Division
Specific MorphologySpecific Morphology
SmallSmall Nuclear-Cytoplasmic RatioNuclear-Cytoplasmic Ratio
Perform Specific DifferentiatedPerform Specific Differentiated
FunctionsFunctions
Adhere tightly together…Adhere tightly together…
Are nonmigratoryAre nonmigratory
Grow in anGrow in an orderly and wellorderly and well
differentiateddifferentiated mannermanner
Are contact inhibitedAre contact inhibited
3. Characteristics of EarlyCharacteristics of Early
Embryonic CellsEmbryonic Cells
Demonstrate rapid and continuous cellDemonstrate rapid and continuous cell
divisiondivision
Show anaplastic morphologyShow anaplastic morphology
Have aHave a largelarge nuclear-cytoplasmic rationuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
Perform no differentiated functionsPerform no differentiated functions
Adhere loosely togetherAdhere loosely together
Are able to migrateAre able to migrate
Are not contact inhibited.Are not contact inhibited.
4. Characteristics ofCharacteristics of
Benign CellsBenign Cells
Demonstrate continuous orDemonstrate continuous or inappropriateinappropriate
cell growth.cell growth.
Show specific morphologyShow specific morphology
Have aHave a smallsmall nuclear-cytoplasmic rationuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
Perform differentiated functionsPerform differentiated functions
Adhere tightly togetherAdhere tightly together
Are nonmigratoryAre nonmigratory
Grow in an orderly and well regulatedGrow in an orderly and well regulated
fashion.fashion.
5. Characteristics ofCharacteristics of
Malignant CellsMalignant Cells
Demonstrate rapid or continuous cellularDemonstrate rapid or continuous cellular
division.division.
ShowShow anaplastic morphologyanaplastic morphology
Have aHave a largelarge nuclear-cytoplasmic rationuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
Lose some or all differentiated functionsLose some or all differentiated functions
Adhere loosely togetherAdhere loosely together
Are able to migrateAre able to migrate
Grow by invasionGrow by invasion
AreAre not contact-inhibitednot contact-inhibited
8. Stages of CarcinogenesisStages of Carcinogenesis
(Oncogenesis)(Oncogenesis)
InitiationInitiation
PromotionPromotion
ProgressionProgression
MetastasisMetastasis
9. Common Steps inCommon Steps in
MetastasisMetastasis
Extension into Surrounding TissuesExtension into Surrounding Tissues
Penetration into Blood VesselsPenetration into Blood Vessels
Release of Tumor CellsRelease of Tumor Cells
Invasion of Tissue at the Site ofInvasion of Tissue at the Site of
ArrestArrest
10. Immune ResponseImmune Response
Attempts to destroy abnormal cellsAttempts to destroy abnormal cells
Surface AntigensSurface Antigens
– Used as tracers to indicate success ofUsed as tracers to indicate success of
treatmenttreatment
– CEA (carcinoembrionic antigen) - GI tractCEA (carcinoembrionic antigen) - GI tract
– AFP (alphafetoprotein) - liverAFP (alphafetoprotein) - liver
– CA 125 - ovarianCA 125 - ovarian
– PSA – prostatePSA – prostate
11. Cancer Grade and StageCancer Grade and Stage
Grading;Grading; ClassifiesClassifies cellularcellular
aspectsaspects of a cancer.of a cancer.
Staging;Staging; ClassifiesClassifies clinicalclinical
aspectsaspects of the cancer.of the cancer.
12. Histologic ClassHistologic Class
I - Well differentiatedI - Well differentiated
II - Moderate differentiationII - Moderate differentiation
III - Poor differentiationIII - Poor differentiation
IV - Immature & UndifferentiatedIV - Immature & Undifferentiated
13. Clinical StagingClinical Staging
O - Ca in situO - Ca in situ
I (A) - Localized growthI (A) - Localized growth
II (B) - Limited local growthII (B) - Limited local growth
III (C) - Extensive local and regionalIII (C) - Extensive local and regional
growthgrowth
IV (D) - MetastasisIV (D) - Metastasis
14. TNM ClassificationTNM Classification
T - Primary tumorT - Primary tumor
N - Regional lymph nodesN - Regional lymph nodes
M - Distant metastasisM - Distant metastasis
– TTisis NNoo MMoo
– TT
44
NN
33
MM
11
15. GoalGoal
Education and early detectionEducation and early detection
CC
AA
UU
TT
II
OO
NN
19. Synergistic EffectSynergistic Effect
The total is greater than the individualThe total is greater than the individual
partsparts
Each agent has:Each agent has:
– action against canceraction against cancer
– different site of actiondifferent site of action
– different organ toxicity or time of toxicitydifferent organ toxicity or time of toxicity
21. Side EffectsSide Effects
Cluster the common onesCluster the common ones ::
bone marrow suppressionbone marrow suppression
alopeciaalopecia
nausea and vomitingnausea and vomiting
AdriamycinAdriamycin - Cardiac- Cardiac
CisplatinCisplatin – Renal– Renal
23. CommonCommon
Problems/ComplicationsProblems/Complications
Associated With CancerAssociated With Cancer
Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS);Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS);
Destruction of cells (lysis)Destruction of cells (lysis)
Release of Purine and Potassium (K+) into BloodstreamRelease of Purine and Potassium (K+) into Bloodstream
Purines converted to uric acid (in liver) K+ into BloodstreamPurines converted to uric acid (in liver) K+ into Bloodstream
HyperuricemiaHyperuricemia HyperkalemiaHyperkalemia
Obstruction of Kidney TubulesObstruction of Kidney Tubules
ARFARF
26. LeukemiaLeukemia
AML - Acute MyelogenousAML - Acute Myelogenous
– Age of Onset (15-39 yrs), usually affects adultsAge of Onset (15-39 yrs), usually affects adults
– Prognosis is generally poor, best with bone marrowPrognosis is generally poor, best with bone marrow
transplanttransplant
– Most common type of leukemiaMost common type of leukemia
– Equal incidence in males and femalesEqual incidence in males and females
ALL - Acute LymphocyticALL - Acute Lymphocytic
– Age of Onset (<15 yrs), usually affects children,Age of Onset (<15 yrs), usually affects children,
accounts for approx 10% of adult leukemia'saccounts for approx 10% of adult leukemia's
– Prognosis is poorer for adults than for childrenPrognosis is poorer for adults than for children
– Fever & BleedingFever & Bleeding
– Increased incidence in malesIncreased incidence in males