Energy is required to do any work and can take various forms like light, heat, and electricity. The main source of energy is the sun, whose light energy gets converted into chemical energy by plants and stored in their bodies. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years underground and are a limited resource. As populations and industries grow, energy usage is increasing but fossil fuel sources are finite, so alternatives like solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear need to be developed and used more responsibly to address energy needs and environmental problems.
The document discusses various coastal features and landforms found along coastlines. It describes key coastal topographic features such as headlands, bays, sea cliffs, shore platforms, and sea caves which are often formed from basalt or granite bedrock. Beach features like pocket beaches, spits, bars, and tombolos are also mentioned. Estuaries, mangroves, and other coastal ecosystems are noted. Coastal environments provide resources for human activities like fishing and shipbuilding but also face threats from erosion, flooding, and pollution.
The document discusses biodiversity, which refers to the variety of life forms on Earth, including over 10 million animal species, 250,000 plant species, and countless microorganisms. Biodiversity is influenced by factors like habitat, climate, and each species' interactions and dependencies. However, human activities like population growth, pollution, deforestation, and industrialization are reducing biodiversity by driving many plant and animal species to extinction. Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through nature reserves, seed banks, and preserving traditional knowledge.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Energy is required to do any work and can take various forms like light, heat, and electricity. The main source of energy is the sun, whose light energy gets converted into chemical energy by plants and stored in their bodies. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years underground and are a limited resource. As populations and industries grow, energy usage is increasing but fossil fuel sources are finite, so alternatives like solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear need to be developed and used more responsibly to address energy needs and environmental problems.
The document discusses various coastal features and landforms found along coastlines. It describes key coastal topographic features such as headlands, bays, sea cliffs, shore platforms, and sea caves which are often formed from basalt or granite bedrock. Beach features like pocket beaches, spits, bars, and tombolos are also mentioned. Estuaries, mangroves, and other coastal ecosystems are noted. Coastal environments provide resources for human activities like fishing and shipbuilding but also face threats from erosion, flooding, and pollution.
The document discusses biodiversity, which refers to the variety of life forms on Earth, including over 10 million animal species, 250,000 plant species, and countless microorganisms. Biodiversity is influenced by factors like habitat, climate, and each species' interactions and dependencies. However, human activities like population growth, pollution, deforestation, and industrialization are reducing biodiversity by driving many plant and animal species to extinction. Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through nature reserves, seed banks, and preserving traditional knowledge.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Long ago, humans lived in caves but began building houses using materials like straw, earth, cow dung, stone, bricks, tiles, metal sheets, cement and concrete. Houses protect people from the sun, rain and animals. Different types of houses include huts, mud houses, metal sheet houses, and cement houses. People also build eco-friendly houses, igloos, and houseboats depending on their environment and location. Historical buildings like forts were once the large houses of kings.
The document discusses the causes and effects of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It describes how plate tectonics and earthquakes can cause tsunamis, specifically focusing on the magnitude 9.0 earthquake that triggered the 2004 tsunami. It then details the devastating effects, including over 230,000 deaths in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and other countries along the Indian Ocean coastlines. Critical infrastructure and agricultural lands were destroyed, with far-reaching economic and environmental impacts.
This document provides an overview of cell theory and cellular structures. It discusses that (1) cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells come from preexisting cells. It also describes (2) the basic components of cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and various organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Finally, it notes (3) the functions of these cellular structures, such as the cell membrane regulating what enters and exits the cell, and organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes playing important roles in cellular processes like ATP production and protein synthesis.
The document discusses the water cycle and how rainwater flows across land and underground. It explains that rainwater falls to the ground, forming streams that feed rivers and lakes. Some rainwater soaks into the ground, flowing underground and collecting in wells. It also discusses how humans obtain water from rivers, lakes, and underground sources for daily needs, but sea water is salty and cannot be used for the same purposes.
The document is comprised of 13 paragraphs, each containing the copyright for Jnana Prabodhini Educational Resource Centre. No other substantive information is provided beyond restating the copyright 13 times.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Static electric charge develops when objects are rubbed together, such as a plastic comb rubbed through hair. This causes an imbalance of electric particles between the two objects. Glass develops a positive charge when rubbed with silk, while ebonite becomes negatively charged when rubbed with wool. Like charges repel each other, while unlike charges attract. The electroscope can detect electric charge by the separation of its gold leaves when a charged object touches it.
This document discusses chemical reactions and the key concepts surrounding them. It defines a chemical reaction as a process where substances are transformed into different substances. It explains that reactants are written on the left side of a chemical equation, and products are written on the right side. There are several types of chemical reactions including combination, decomposition, displacement, oxidation and reduction reactions. The speed of chemical reactions can be affected by various factors like particle size, temperature, concentration and the presence of catalysts. Chemical reactions can be exothermic, releasing heat, or endothermic, absorbing heat.
Heat can be transferred through three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat between particles in direct contact through vibrations. Convection occurs through the circulation of hotter and colder parts of a fluid. Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium. Thermos flasks and containers help retain the temperature of foods and drinks by trapping air between layers of glass or plastic that act as insulators to prevent heat transfer by conduction, convection, or radiation.
The document discusses celestial bodies visible from Earth such as stars, planets, and the moon. It notes that the sun is the nearest star to Earth and that planets in our solar system include Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The moon is described as Earth's satellite, and the different shapes seen over its monthly cycle are called phases of the moon.
Animals need shelter like humans to protect themselves from the elements. Many animals build their own shelters using materials like thorns, ropes, cotton and dried grass, while others live in shelters provided by humans, trees, or caves. Some animals like ants build structures like hills out of soil to store food and survive rainy seasons.
This document outlines a program to identify and nurture gifted children in remote areas of Arunachal Pradesh, India. It notes the challenges of remoteness, difficult terrain, and lack of resources and awareness. The program will identify gifted students using informal and formal assessments, provide them training and experiences through workshops, and develop their skills in areas like mental ability, creativity, and problem solving. Mentors will be trained to continue the program between workshops. The goals are for students to succeed in academics and competitions, develop holistically, and become leaders representing their state. Challenges include remoteness, lack of awareness, overburdened mentors, and maintaining consistent contact.
Jnana Prabodhini and KPIT Cummins Educational Initiative for School students in rural and semi urban areas of Maharashtra such as Hinjewadi, Maval, Mulshi, Salumbre. •Concept teaching through experiments and fun games. • Activity kits provided to the students to implement the concepts and make something innovative. • Selection of science concepts based on curriculum such as Motion, Energy, Light, Sound. •Lectures conducted by trained volunteers of KPIT in collaboration with Jnana Prabodhini • Focus on the project methodology •Exhibition on a large scale is arranged for students to demonstrate their various projects.
Long ago, humans lived in caves but began building houses using materials like straw, earth, cow dung, stone, bricks, tiles, metal sheets, cement and concrete. Houses protect people from the sun, rain and animals. Different types of houses include huts, mud houses, metal sheet houses, and cement houses. People also build eco-friendly houses, igloos, and houseboats depending on their environment and location. Historical buildings like forts were once the large houses of kings.
The document discusses the causes and effects of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It describes how plate tectonics and earthquakes can cause tsunamis, specifically focusing on the magnitude 9.0 earthquake that triggered the 2004 tsunami. It then details the devastating effects, including over 230,000 deaths in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and other countries along the Indian Ocean coastlines. Critical infrastructure and agricultural lands were destroyed, with far-reaching economic and environmental impacts.
This document provides an overview of cell theory and cellular structures. It discusses that (1) cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells come from preexisting cells. It also describes (2) the basic components of cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and various organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Finally, it notes (3) the functions of these cellular structures, such as the cell membrane regulating what enters and exits the cell, and organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes playing important roles in cellular processes like ATP production and protein synthesis.
The document discusses the water cycle and how rainwater flows across land and underground. It explains that rainwater falls to the ground, forming streams that feed rivers and lakes. Some rainwater soaks into the ground, flowing underground and collecting in wells. It also discusses how humans obtain water from rivers, lakes, and underground sources for daily needs, but sea water is salty and cannot be used for the same purposes.
The document is comprised of 13 paragraphs, each containing the copyright for Jnana Prabodhini Educational Resource Centre. No other substantive information is provided beyond restating the copyright 13 times.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Static electric charge develops when objects are rubbed together, such as a plastic comb rubbed through hair. This causes an imbalance of electric particles between the two objects. Glass develops a positive charge when rubbed with silk, while ebonite becomes negatively charged when rubbed with wool. Like charges repel each other, while unlike charges attract. The electroscope can detect electric charge by the separation of its gold leaves when a charged object touches it.
This document discusses chemical reactions and the key concepts surrounding them. It defines a chemical reaction as a process where substances are transformed into different substances. It explains that reactants are written on the left side of a chemical equation, and products are written on the right side. There are several types of chemical reactions including combination, decomposition, displacement, oxidation and reduction reactions. The speed of chemical reactions can be affected by various factors like particle size, temperature, concentration and the presence of catalysts. Chemical reactions can be exothermic, releasing heat, or endothermic, absorbing heat.
Heat can be transferred through three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat between particles in direct contact through vibrations. Convection occurs through the circulation of hotter and colder parts of a fluid. Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium. Thermos flasks and containers help retain the temperature of foods and drinks by trapping air between layers of glass or plastic that act as insulators to prevent heat transfer by conduction, convection, or radiation.
The document discusses celestial bodies visible from Earth such as stars, planets, and the moon. It notes that the sun is the nearest star to Earth and that planets in our solar system include Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The moon is described as Earth's satellite, and the different shapes seen over its monthly cycle are called phases of the moon.
Animals need shelter like humans to protect themselves from the elements. Many animals build their own shelters using materials like thorns, ropes, cotton and dried grass, while others live in shelters provided by humans, trees, or caves. Some animals like ants build structures like hills out of soil to store food and survive rainy seasons.
This document outlines a program to identify and nurture gifted children in remote areas of Arunachal Pradesh, India. It notes the challenges of remoteness, difficult terrain, and lack of resources and awareness. The program will identify gifted students using informal and formal assessments, provide them training and experiences through workshops, and develop their skills in areas like mental ability, creativity, and problem solving. Mentors will be trained to continue the program between workshops. The goals are for students to succeed in academics and competitions, develop holistically, and become leaders representing their state. Challenges include remoteness, lack of awareness, overburdened mentors, and maintaining consistent contact.
Jnana Prabodhini and KPIT Cummins Educational Initiative for School students in rural and semi urban areas of Maharashtra such as Hinjewadi, Maval, Mulshi, Salumbre. •Concept teaching through experiments and fun games. • Activity kits provided to the students to implement the concepts and make something innovative. • Selection of science concepts based on curriculum such as Motion, Energy, Light, Sound. •Lectures conducted by trained volunteers of KPIT in collaboration with Jnana Prabodhini • Focus on the project methodology •Exhibition on a large scale is arranged for students to demonstrate their various projects.
The document provides information about the Central Board of Secondary Education's (CBSE) Problem Solving Assessment (PSA) for classes 9 and 11. The PSA will assess skills like quantitative reasoning, qualitative reasoning, language conventions, critical thinking, problem solving and communication. It will count for 10% of the total class 9 assessments and the score will carry forward to class 10 where students can improve their score. The 60 minute multiple choice test will be administered in schools on February 14, 2013 and will consist of 60 questions assessing areas like quantitative reasoning, qualitative reasoning and language conventions.
1. All living things require food for growth and repair, though plants can produce their own food through photosynthesis while animals and some other organisms obtain food from other living things.
2. Food provides organisms with nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water which are broken down and absorbed for energy, growth and cell repair.
3. Digestion and absorption of food occurs through different processes depending on whether an organism is unicellular like an amoeba or multicellular like humans and animals, but all involve the breakdown of food into simpler compounds that can be used by the cells of the body.
The document discusses measurement accuracy. Some measurements like vegetables and distances can be estimated, while others like gold, medicines, and machine parts need to be accurate. The required level of accuracy depends on the purpose of measurement. Advances in technology now allow for more accurate measurement of things like time, distance, mass, and chemical compositions. However, mistakes can still occur due to limitations of instruments or observer negligence. Laws and regulations aim to prevent inaccurate measurements from cheating customers.
The document discusses food preservation and adulteration. It explains that food preservation aims to make food available throughout the year by storing it in ways that maintain quality. Common preservation methods include drying grains, boiling liquids, refrigerating or freezing perishables, and using salts, spices, oils or sugars to preserve items like pickles. Adulteration involves mixing high quality food with lower quality ingredients, which can harm health. Governments regulate food to prevent adulteration.
1. Reproduction is a natural process that allows living things to produce offspring of the same type in order to perpetuate their species.
2. Living things can reproduce sexually, with male and female gametes, or asexually without sex organs through various vegetative, spore-forming, budding, or fragmentation methods.
3. Sexual reproduction in plants involves pollen transfer for fertilization to produce seeds containing embryos that grow into new plants, while animals sexually reproduce through internal fertilization leading to offspring that receive nourishment initially through eggs or live birth.
The document discusses the organization of living things from the cellular level to the ecosystem level. It explains that living things are organized in a hierarchical manner, from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms and finally populations within an ecosystem. At each level, the parts work together interdependently to carry out functions necessary for life. The ecosystem level represents the broadest level of organization, where living things interact with each other and their non-living environment.
Heat causes materials to change between solid, liquid and gas states. Solids expand and become fluids when heated, liquids boil and become gases, and gases expand. Materials change states at specific temperatures. State changes can also be caused by removing heat. The temperature at which a material changes state is unique to that material. Heat causes all materials to expand and contract with temperature change.
This document discusses different types of motion. It defines speed as the distance traveled in a specific time. There are several types of motion including linear motion, oscillation motion, rotary motion, irregular motion, and circular motion. Linear motion involves traveling in a straight line at a constant or varying speed. Oscillation motion refers to movement from one end point to another and back again. Rotary motion is when an object passes through the same point while rotating.
The document summarizes the human circulatory system. It has three main parts: blood vessels, heart, and blood. The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins to circulate oxygen and nutrients to tissues through networks of capillaries. It then returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The circulatory system allows for the transportation of substances around the body through continuous circulation facilitated by the heart's regular pumping action.
This document is comprised of 15 pages that are each copyrighted by the Jnana Prabodhini Educational Resource Centre. No other substantive information is provided.
1. Light travels in a straight line and can be reflected. When light hits a non-transparent object, it changes direction rather than passing through. The reflected light then reaches our eyes, allowing us to see objects.
2. Experiments can demonstrate the linear propagation of light using a laser, tubes, cardboard with holes, or observing dust particles in a beam of light. Light will only pass through holes that are aligned.
3. Shadows are formed when a light source is blocked by an object. A point light source will create a dark umbra shadow, while an extended source makes both a dark umbra and a faint penumbra shadow. Solar and lunar eclipses occur through the formation of shadows
The document discusses natural resources and their classification. It defines natural resources as things through which man's basic needs are met, including air, water, soil, minerals, plants and animals. Renewable resources like plants and animals can reproduce and regrow when destroyed. Non-renewable resources like air, water and soil cannot be reproduced and their supplies are limited. The document emphasizes the importance of conserving both renewable and non-renewable natural resources and provides suggestions for reducing pollution and practicing sustainable use.
Living things have several key characteristics: they are made of one or more cells, can move on their own, respond to their environment, grow and develop, reproduce, require food and oxygen, and experience a life cycle from birth to death. Non-living things do not possess these characteristics and are not made of cells.
14. संकरीत जनावरे
• कष्टाची कामे करणारी आिण दुभती जनावरे
यांपासून आिथिक लाभ िमळविवण्यासाठी
जनावरांच्या संकरीत जातींचा उपयोग होतो.
• राष्ट्रीय स्तरावर संकर करण्यासाठी िनवड
झालेल्या महाराष्ट्रीय गायी
• कंधारी देवणी िखलारी डांगी
कंधारीिखलारी डांगी देवणी
रेड होल्स्टीन
18. मोती उद्योग
• िशपल्यात वाळवूचा कण जाऊन तो िशपल्यातील
ऑयस्टर प्राण्याच्या शरीरास टोचल्यास ऑयस्टर
आपल्या शरीराभोवती एका संरक्षक द्रवाचे आवरण
तयार करतो. हा द्रव वाळवून घट्ट झाला की त्याचाच
मोती तयार होतो.
• पूवी िशपल्यात वाळवूचा कण आपोआप गेला तरच
मोती तयार होत असे. आता कृत्रित्रिम रीतीने कण
टोचणे शकय आहे. असा प्रकारे तयार झालेल्या
मोत्याला कल्चडर्ड मोती म्हणतात.
19. लाख उद्योग
लाख म्हणजे पळस िकिंवा िनिवडुंगावरील िकिंड्यांनिी स्त्रवलेला आणिण
निंतर घट्ट झालेला लाल रंगाचा पदाथ र्थ