The document discusses the principles of the Mediterranean diet and vegetarian diets. The Mediterranean diet is primarily plant-based and emphasizes vegetables, fruits, legumes, grains, olive oil, nuts and seafood. It contains meat and dairy in moderation. Vegetarian diets vary but exclude meat and some exclude all animal products. While plant-based diets can meet nutritional needs, attention must be paid to ensuring adequate intake of proteins, iron, calcium, vitamins B12 and D, and zinc. Pairing grains and legumes provides complete protein for vegetarians.
The Mediterranean Diet: The Consumer Perspective: Ipsos MORIIpsos UK
Why is it an important time for the Med Diet? Why are manufacturers and the government concerned with healthy eating? How can we engage more consumers with the Med Diet? Ipsos MORI's Ethnography Team presented our findings to the Food and Drink Innovation Network on Wednesday 27 June 2012.
Learn about the Mediterranean diet, including its role in preventing cardiovascular disease. Find out how the Mediterranean diet can help protect and improve your health and increase your odds for a long life.
Whether you already are a vegetarian or just exploring alternatives, this seminar is for you! Learn about the benefits of a vegetarian diet, the types of vegetarianism, the common nutrient deficiencies and how to be a healthy, well-nourished vegetarian at any age. We will also focus on the special needs of vegetarians during pregnancy, breast-feeding, infancy, childhood and adolescence.
Presented by Dr. Lisa Watson, a vegetarian for over 25 years and the mother of two vegetarian children.
The Mediterranean Diet: The Consumer Perspective: Ipsos MORIIpsos UK
Why is it an important time for the Med Diet? Why are manufacturers and the government concerned with healthy eating? How can we engage more consumers with the Med Diet? Ipsos MORI's Ethnography Team presented our findings to the Food and Drink Innovation Network on Wednesday 27 June 2012.
Learn about the Mediterranean diet, including its role in preventing cardiovascular disease. Find out how the Mediterranean diet can help protect and improve your health and increase your odds for a long life.
Whether you already are a vegetarian or just exploring alternatives, this seminar is for you! Learn about the benefits of a vegetarian diet, the types of vegetarianism, the common nutrient deficiencies and how to be a healthy, well-nourished vegetarian at any age. We will also focus on the special needs of vegetarians during pregnancy, breast-feeding, infancy, childhood and adolescence.
Presented by Dr. Lisa Watson, a vegetarian for over 25 years and the mother of two vegetarian children.
71 .Kitchen gardening (a brief history) A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Provincial Project Director CMP II MINFAl Islamabad and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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73. Vegetariandiets: historicalcontext In the 18 thcentury, Benjamin Franklin wasperhaps the mostfamousof the scientists, physicians, and philosopherswhosupportedvegetariandiets. The vegetarianmovementexpandedconsiderably in the 19 th and 20 thcentury. A 1994 surveyreportedthat some 12.4 million people in the UnitedStatescallthemselvesvegetarians. The samepolladministered in the year 2000 concludedthat 2.5% of the USA population can beconsideredvegetarian.
74. Vegetariandiets: historicalcontext The reasonsforadopting a vegetarian lifestyle are varied. Historically, vegetarian diets were associated with certain religious practices. Currently, health appears to be the primary reason for adopting a vegetarian diet. Other reasons encompass ecologic and environmental issues relating to the large differences in resources necessary to support animal and plant based diets. Another common reason relates to ethical concerns about the treatment of animals for clothing or research. In many cases, however, multiple reasons underlie vegetarian dietary practices.
80. Vegetariandiets and protein Oneof the mostfrequentquestionsregarding the nutritionaladequacyofvegetariandietsrelatestoproteinrequirements. However, the inadequateenergyintake in some vegetariansmay compromise protein status aswell. Moreover, becauseof the lowerdigestibilityofplantproteins, the proteinrequirementofvegansmaybehigherthanthoseofnon-vegetarians. Foodsofplantorigin are oftensaidtolackcertainindispensable amino acids and thustoprovideproteinoflesserqualitythan in foodsofanimalorigin.
84. Adultathletes: 1.5-2.0 grams per kg of body weight.Currentevidencesuggeststhat a lowerintakeofanimalproteinmaybebeneficial and maylowerurinarycalciumexcretion and slow the progressionofrenaldisease and osteoporosis; thisrelathionshipisnotseenwhenplantproteinisconsumed.
85. Vegetariandiets and protein Two amino acids are ofparticular interest in vegetariandiets; lysine, the limiting amino acid in cerealgrains, and methionine, the limiting amino acid in legumes.
87. Vegetarians, Legumes and Protein Legumesare 20 to 25% proteinbyweight, whichisdouble the proteincontentofwheat and threetimesthatofrice. Forthisreason, legumesare called "vegetarian's meat". Whilelegumesare generally high in protein, and the digestibilityofthatproteinisalso high, theyare oftenrelativelypoor in the essential amino acid methionine. Grains (which are themselvesdeficient in lysine) are commonlyconsumedalongwithlegumestoform a complete proteindietforvegetarians.
88. Legumes and Aminoacids Legumescontainrelatively low quantitiesof the essential amino acid methionine. To compensate, the MediterraneanDietserveslegumesalongwithgrains, which are low in the essential amino acid lysine, whichlegumescontain. Thus a combinationoflegumeswithgrainsforms a well-balanceddietforvegetarians. Common examplesofsuchcombinations are pasta and beans “pasta e fagioli” andemmerwheat and legume soup “zuppa di legumi e farro”.
89. Complete proteinfoodforvegetarians Complete proteinscontain a balanced set ofessential amino acidsforhumans. Animalsourcessuchasmeat, poultry, eggs, fish, milk, and cheeseprovideallof the essential amino acids. Near-completeproteins are alsofound in some plantsourcessuchasquinoa,buckwheat, and amaranth. Soyaappearsaslower in methionine and cysteine. Itisnotnecessarytoconsumeplantfoodscontaining complete proteinsas long as a reasonablyvarieddietismaintained. Byconsuming a wide varietyofplantfoods, a full set ofessential amino acidswillbesuppliedand the human body can convert the amino acidsintoproteins.
90. Vegetarians and Iron Non-hemeironfromplant foods is less available than heme iron, and plant foods contain a variety of substances known to reduce iron availability. However, plant foods also contain other substances that enhance iron uptake, and well-planned vegetarian diets often contain more iron than omnivorous diets. Some studies suggest that long-term LOVs, even with a higher fiber intake, maintain iron status no different from that of omnivores. The high levels of iron in well planned vegetarian diets (15-20mg per day) combined with the frequent intake of fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C appear to protect against iron deficiency.
91. Top 10 plant foods richest in iron/100 g 14,30 mg pure cocoa 10,00 mg germ of wheat 9,00 mg dried beans 8,00 mg lentils 7,80 mg green radicchio 7,30 mg pistachios 6,40 mg chickpeas 5,30 mg dried apricots 5,20 mg arugula, oats 5,00 mg dark chocolate, fava beans 4,50 mg peas
95. Vegetarians and Vitamin B12 The usualdietarysources of this vitamin are animal products, plants do not synthesize or store vitamin B12; persons who include only plant foods in their diet, such as vegans and others who consume only raw foods, are at increased risk of deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency can result in serious and irreversible neurologic and neuropsychiatric abnormalities. Serum vitamin B12 levels in vegans are generally lower than those in omnivores, with intermediate levels found in LOVs. The requirement of vitamin B12 is very low and cases of B12 deficiency are rare.
97. Vegetarians: Calcium and Vitamin D Adequatecalcium and vitamin D intakes are importanttoensureoptimalbone status over lifetime. Evidence suggests that calcium may also be important in regulating blood pressure and preventing colon cancer (milk and dairy products supply 70% of calcium in US diets). Calcium intake among LOVs appears to be similar to that of omnivores, whereas intake in vegans is less; in addition, vegans, consume less vitamin D. The low consumption of vitamin D may be further exacerbated in some cases by limited exposure to light.
98. Vegetarians: Calcium and Vitamin D Low vitamin D concentrations and secondaryhyperparathyroidismweredocumentedduring the winter in vegans living at northernlatitudes. In some casesbonemineral density tended to be lower in the vegan group compared with lactovegetarians and omnivores. A high intake of sodium increases calcium excretion (the same for animal protein). Vegans may need to give attention to obtaining an appropriate calcium intake especially during periods of growth.
100. Foodsrichest in Vitamin D contentmcg/100g Tuna 16.30 Anchovies 11 Swordfish 11 Trout 10.60 Pike 10.60 Carp 10.60 Shark 9.10 Salmon 8 Eel 4.90 Sardines 4.50 Butter 4.35 Eggs 1.75
101. Vegetarians and Zinc Meat, fish, and poultryprovide 40 to 45% of the zinc in the US diet; the absorptionforzincisreducedwithvegetariandiets. An Australian study found that vegetarian women had significantly lower zinc intake than omnivores, but their zinc concentration was not different. A lower zinc intake was found among vegetarian children and adolescents, but growth was not affected; the vegetarians in the study were slightly taller than the non-vegetarians.
103. Vegetarians and omega-3 Vegetariandiets are typically low in omega-3 polyunsaturatedfattyacids. Sourcesrich in omega-3 suchasflaxseed, walnuts, canolaoils and soyoilsshouldbeincluded in the vegetariandiet, and the intakeofrich omega-6 fattyacidsshouldbedecreasedtooptimizeconversiontoeicosapentanoic acid and DHA.
106. Osteoporosis One and halfmillionosteoporotic fractures of the spine, wrist, hip and other sites occur each year, primarily in postmenopausal white women. In the United States, direct medical costs of fractures among the population age 45 an older totaled nearly $14 billion in 1995. Treatment of men accounted for approximately $3 billion, or 20% of the total amount. Physical inactivity and diet are the most important risk factors of this pathology.
107. Osteoporosis The term osteoporosis refers to a condition in which the skeleton is subject to an increased risk of fractures due to the decreased mass and alteration of bone microarchitecture.Osteoporosis, although generally considered as a disease of the bones, for some is a paraphysiological process; the presence of which predisposes to a greater development of diseases and a consequent reduction in life expectancy, if not properly treated.
108. Types Osteoporosis is divided into primary (original) or a secondary event related to or achieved (hyperparathyroidism, osteotoxic drugs, etc.). The primary form is the most exclusive form (95% of cases). Primaryosteoporosis * Idiopathicosteoporosis (the rarestformofall, the cause isunclear * Type I osteoporosis or postmenopausal (due to a fall in hormone production) * Type II or senile osteoporosis (due tovariouscauses, includingimmobilization, reduced production ofsomatotropin, testosterone, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D and otherimportantmicronutrients, reducedfunctionof the enzyme 1a-hydroxylase whichproduces the activehormonevitamin D, ie, calcitriol). Occurs mainly in trabecular bone, this is the shape with a greater number of fractures. Secondaryosteoporosis The secondaryosteoporosisis a group full ofvariations, buttheyrepresentonly 5% ofosteoporosis. The mainones are classifiedascausedby: * Hyperparathyroidism * Osteopenizzantidruguse (steroids, antiepilepticdrugs, heparin, oralanticoagulants, loopdiuretics) * Low body weight * Prolongedimmobilization * Hypersurrenalism * Hypercalciuria * COPD (chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease) * Rheumatoidarthritis Sarcoidosis * * Celiacdisease * Malignancy * Reducedintestinalabsorptionofnutrients
109. Etiology The cause is the loss of the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The first category of cells contributes to bone formation, the latter contributes to bone reabsorption, where osteoclasts working faster than osteoblasts, the bone deteriorates. Menopause (form I) there is an increased production of osteoclasts, due to loss of estrogen that leads to a possible elevation of cytokines, related to the production of osteoclasts. In the second form, with advancing age the activity of osteoblasts decreases.
110. Symptomatology Osteoporosis is manifested initially by a decrease in tone calcium in bone mass (osteopenia). The bones more easily affected by the decrease in tone lime are the vertebrae back injury, the femur and the wrist.Initially asymptomatic, that is for 2 / 3 of people. The first signs appear with fractures, bone pain and muscle such as is typical of the presence of fractures, but they may also go unnoticed by the individual and can show even the least traumatic. Usually the pain is back, is acute and growing in the presence of load. With the further development of osteopenia vertebral collapse or fracture of femoral neck may occur.The fractures can lead to cervical cyphosis and lordosis.
111. Riskfactors Uneditable * Age - is the highest risk factor, as usually happens in old age deterioration of bone mass, very important for women is also the age at which you reach the menopause * Genetic factors, including whether or not you are completely * Lack of hormones such as estrogen (for females), somatotropin, testosterone (for both males and females, the only form II); * Presence of diseases like cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis * Hereditary diseases: osteogenesisimperfecta, homocystinuria, renal tubular acidosis * Endocrine abnormalities, Cushing's syndrome (excess cortisol) Invariant * Diet, lackofcalcium, protein, vitamin C. and vitamin D * Low body weightmustbelessthan 85% ofthatconsideredideal, or otherwisegenerallyaround 55 kg; * Abuseofalcohol * Cigarette smoking * Algodystrophy * Anorexia nervosa * Physicalinactivity, whichrangesfrom a sedentarylifestyleuntil the paralysis; * Hypercalciuria (urine pH low acid) Hypogonadism * Useofdrugssuchasheparin, methotrexate, ethanol and glucocorticoids, which alter the metabolism and produce damagetobones * Neoplasmsbonemarrow
122. Bone density and Vitamin D The roleofvitamin D insufficiency in osteoporosis is recognized. Increasing intake of vitamin D can increase intestinal calcium absorption, lower the circulating levels of PTH (parathyroid hormone) and reduce rate of bone loss. There is also evidence that supplementation with vitamin D can lower fractures.
123. VitaminD richestfoodmcg/100g Tuna 16,30 Anchovies 11 Swordfish 11 Trout 10,60 Pike 10,60 Carp 10.60 Shark 9,10 Salmon 8 Eel 4,90 Sardines 4,50 Butter 4,35 Eggs 1,75 40 to 80 mcgofvitamin D are recommended in osteoporosis
124. Bone density and potassium An increase in serum potassium concentration arising from high dietary potassium intake, stimulates intestinal calcium absorption; increasing potassium has an opposing effect on calcium lost through the urine. Prolonged dietary potassium deficiency can deplete the serum level and result in enhanced resorption of this mineral from bone. For a portion of the elderly population, potassium deficiency is a concern.
126. Bone density and sodium Sodium causes an increase in renal calcium excretion. At the high levels of sodium intake typical in US, more than 90% of ingested sodium is excreted. Optimal intake to minimize bone loss were estimated at approximately 1000 mg/day of calcium, 4000 mg/day of potassium and no more than 2000 mg of sodium