Lesson 4 dementia and alzheimer's disease 2015
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Dementia is a general term for the decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 50-70% of cases. It is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by plaque and tangles in the brain that damage synapses and neural transmission. Symptoms of Alzheimer's disease include progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and personality changes.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement.
Alzheimers Disease
1. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that causes memory loss and cognitive decline, and is the most common form of dementia.
2. It results from an increase in beta-amyloid proteins in the brain that leads to nerve cell death. The disease is incurable and causes impairment in memory, reasoning, language, and perception.
3. Risk factors include age over 65, genetics, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, and mild cognitive impairment. The disease is characterized by two lesions - neuritic plaques containing beta-amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles containing tau protein.
The Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease
Most often, AD is diagnosed in people over the age of 65, but early-onset Alzheimer’s can occur much earlier. There are four stages of Alzheimer’s Disease.
When to start, switch or add in alzheimers disease memantine
The sign wasn’t placed there by a higher power, as the document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It outlines the stages and symptoms of Alzheimer's, risk factors that increase the chances of developing the disease, and potential preventative measures and treatments. The disease results from changes in the brain like the formation of plaques and tangles that are thought to disrupt communication between neurons.
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Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills. It starts with mild memory loss and worsens over time. The film Still Alice shows the progression of the main character Alice's early-onset Alzheimer's through its stages - early stage symptoms include memory lapses; middle stage brings dementia symptoms and mood changes; late stage leaves her unable to communicate and needing full care. The disease is caused by buildup of tau protein that damages brain cells, leading to tissue shrinkage and enlarged ventricles. It typically lasts 8-10 years from diagnosis but can range up to 20 years.
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Alzheimers Disease
1. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that causes memory loss and cognitive decline, and is the most common form of dementia.
2. It results from an increase in beta-amyloid proteins in the brain that leads to nerve cell death. The disease is incurable and causes impairment in memory, reasoning, language, and perception.
3. Risk factors include age over 65, genetics, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, and mild cognitive impairment. The disease is characterized by two lesions - neuritic plaques containing beta-amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles containing tau protein.
The Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease
Most often, AD is diagnosed in people over the age of 65, but early-onset Alzheimer’s can occur much earlier. There are four stages of Alzheimer’s Disease.
When to start, switch or add in alzheimers disease memantine
The sign wasn’t placed there by a higher power, as the document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It outlines the stages and symptoms of Alzheimer's, risk factors that increase the chances of developing the disease, and potential preventative measures and treatments. The disease results from changes in the brain like the formation of plaques and tangles that are thought to disrupt communication between neurons.
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1. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills.
2. Risk factors include age over 65, family history, gender, lifestyle, education levels, and certain genetic mutations.
3. Symptoms include memory loss, problems with language, poor judgment, and changes in mood and personality. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through medical exams, tests, and brain imaging. While there is no cure, lifestyle changes and certain drugs may help reduce risks.
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2. Risk factors include age over 65, family history, gender, lifestyle, education levels, and certain genetic mutations.
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- Symptoms start with mild memory loss but progress to include problems with thinking, reasoning, language and perception as brain regions are damaged.
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- Brain tumors can be benign or cancerous and cause symptoms depending on the affected brain lobe. Treatment involves surgery, radiotherapy, and sometimes chemotherapy.
- Parkinson's disease results from cell death in the substantia nigra and involves motor and psychiatric symptoms. Treatment begins with L-DOPA but other therapies may be needed as the disease progresses.
- Seizures are generalized or partial and have several subtypes. They result from imbalances in brain cell excitation and inhibition.
- Alzheimer's disease causes progressive brain cell death and shrinkage. It involves memory loss and other cognitive declines. Risk increases with age and plaques and tangles
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ALZHEIMERS DISEASE.pptx
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative
brain disorder of unknown etiology which
is the most common form of dementia, that
usually starts in late middle age or in old
age, results in progressive memory loss,
impaired thinking, disorientation, and
changes in personality and mood. There is
degeneration of brain neurons especially in
the cerebral cortex and presence of
neurofibrillary tangles and plaques
containing beta-amyloid cells
The disease was first described
by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German
physician, in 1906. Alzheimer had a
patient named Auguste D, in her
fifties who suffered from what
seemed to be a mental illness. But
when she died in 1906, an autopsy
revealed dense deposits, now called
neuritic plaques, outside and around
the nerve cells in her brain. Inside
the cells were twisted strands of
fiber, or neurofibrillary tangles.
Since Dr. Alois Alzheimer's was the
first person who discovered the
disease, AD was named after him.
Chapter 7 (revised)
The document summarizes key aspects of neurocognitive disorders as outlined in Chapter 7. It describes three main groups - delirium, major or minor neurocognitive disorders (dementia), and amnestic disorders. Delirium is a temporary state of confusion that can have various causes and usually resolves quickly if the underlying cause is treated. Dementia involves a gradual loss of cognitive abilities that impairs daily life; it has various causes like Alzheimer's disease or vascular issues. Assessment and management aim to address any underlying causes or provide support, as the condition is often not reversible.
Alzheimers 101for families
This document provides information about Alzheimer's disease and dementia. It discusses key facts such as prevalence, causes, stages of Alzheimer's, and effects on the brain. Alzheimer's is the most common cause of irreversible dementia. It progresses through early, middle, and late stages as brain cells deteriorate. Providing a predictable routine, adapted activities, and positive communication can help reduce fear and confusion for those with Alzheimer's or dementia.
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This document discusses values and asks the reader to identify their top five values. It defines values as things that are important in how one lives and works. It then asks the reader to answer yes or no about lying to a friend and discusses scenarios where a friend shares a secret or about accepting refugees in Australia. Readers are asked to identify the values underlying the different choices and are then prompted to write down and explain their own top five values to a partner.
Strenghts defining moments
This document discusses personal development and defining moments. It includes challenges like pushups and an exercise where participants share defining moments in their lives when they overcame challenges through their strengths. Participants are asked to identify their own strengths and how they can practice using them more every day. They are also asked to imagine what their future would look like if they used their strengths at 100% daily.
Purpose
This document discusses finding one's purpose in life. It provides quotes about how the most important days are when you are born and when you discover your purpose. It encourages spending time writing about what you would do if you couldn't fail, and reflecting on what is deeply important like what kind of person you want to be. The document prompts reflecting on lists of dreams and goals, and what might stop us from believing these things are possible, like being outside our comfort zone, other people, or self doubt. It suggests collecting visual items that reflect one's purpose or passion.
Labeling
This document discusses labels and stereotypes. It defines a label as anything used to refer to a person or group, and a stereotype as a classification that assumes everyone in a group is the same based on limited understanding. It gives the example stereotype of Goths being labeled as wearing black clothes and makeup, being depressed, and disliked by society. The document goes on to describe an exercise where students attach labels to their foreheads and interact as if at a party to experience how it feels to be wrongly labeled or stereotyped. It prompts reflecting on whether students experience wrongful labels and listing positive qualities that reflect who they are.
Lesson 2 judgement of flavours
Flavour is a perceptual experience that results from a combination of taste and other sensations, while taste is the sense that distinguishes between sweet, sour, salty, and bitter qualities of substances in the mouth. The perception of flavour is influenced by numerous factors, including expectations based on prior ideas of how foods should taste (perceptual set), colour intensity, and texture. Texture contributes to flavour through the surface area of food that comes into contact with taste receptors - drinking carrot juice provides an immediate blast of flavour compared to eating a chunk of carrot, as the juice allows for maximum contact with receptors.
Lesson 1 visual illusion
The document discusses two common visual illusions: the Muller-Lyer illusion and the Ames room illusion. It provides learning objectives about explaining how these illusions distort visual perception. For the Muller-Lyer illusion, it evaluates biological, psychological, and social explanations, including that we evolved to perceive in 3D rather than 2D, and that our experiences of architecture can influence our perceptions. The Ames room illusion makes objects appear to change in size due to variations in perceived distance within a specially constructed room.
Lesson 6 influences on tate perception
Santa drank some beer from the fridge but immediately spit it out. Using his knowledge of the three stages of gustatory sensation, he was able to recognize that the beer had gone bad. The three stages are:
1. Reception - Molecules in the bad beer stimulated Santa's taste buds when dissolved by saliva.
2. Transduction - The receptor cells on Santa's taste buds converted the chemical energy into nerve impulses.
3. Transmission - The nerve impulses were sent to Santa's brain via electrochemical messages from the taste buds.
Lesson 5 taste perception - mouth to brain
Taste perception involves stimulus reception by taste receptors in taste buds located on papillae in the tongue. This stimulation is transduced by gustatory neurons into neural signals that travel to the primary gustatory cortex in the brain for perception of the five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
Perceptual constancy and set
Camouflage is most effective when the appearance of an object, or figure, blends in with the characteristics of the background, or ground. A tiger's bright orange stripes strongly contrast with a grey urban landscape, making it easily visible, whereas in a jungle setting its camouflage allows it to blend in among the yellows, oranges, and browns of the vegetation. Perceptual constancy refers to perceiving an object as remaining the same despite changes to the image on the retina, while perceptual set is a predisposition to perceive something based on expectations.
Gestalt rules 20016
This document discusses several visual perception principles: figure-ground, which distinguishes figures from backgrounds based on detail; similarity, which groups similar elements; closure, which fills in missing parts of figures; and proximity, which groups objects that are physically close together. These principles are rules that the human visual system automatically applies to help organize and interpret visual stimuli in a consistent way.
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This document provides an overview of physiological and psychological responses to stress. It discusses key concepts such as the definitions of stress, stressors, and the stress response. The stress response can be mild, acute, or chronic. There are also physiological (bodily) and psychological changes that occur when confronted by a stressor, such as increased arousal. Two models of stress are described: the Yerkes-Dodson curve and Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, which outlines three stages of the stress response - alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.
Gestalt rules
Visual perception principles are rules that help organize and interpret visual stimuli in a consistent way. These innate rules include figure-ground, which distinguishes figures from backgrounds based on detail; similarity, which groups similar elements; closure, which fills in missing parts of figures; and proximity, which groups objects that are physically close together.
Depth cues
Binocular depth cues use both eyes to perceive depth and include retinal disparity and convergence. Retinal disparity occurs because each eye sees a slightly different image based on their positions, and convergence is the inward turning of the eyes to focus on closer objects. Monocular cues use a single eye and include linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative size, and height in the visual field. A study by Turnbull found that the BaMbuti pygmies he observed did not use relative size well because their environment did not require that skill, showing that depth perception is learned rather than innate.
From the eye to the brain
After light is absorbed by photoreceptors in the retina, sensory information is converted into action potentials that are transmitted along the optic nerve. This transmission sends the sensory information to relevant areas of the brain for perception, where the visual information is processed and interpreted. The retina plays a key role in this process by receiving and absorbing light, and processing images before the information is sent to the brain.
Sensation and perception
Sensation involves detecting and responding to sensory information through sensory receptors. Perception is the process of assigning meaning to incoming sensory information. Sensory receptors have receptive fields, which are the areas they can detect stimuli. Reception detects sensory information, which is then converted into neural signals via transduction. Transmission carries these signals along neural pathways to the brain for interpretation, where meaning is derived. While these processes are rapid, we are only consciously aware when a stimulus is ambiguous. Sensation is the detection of sensory information, while perception gives meaning to those detections.
Lesson 3 attachment and emotional development
This document discusses attachment and emotional development in infants. It explains that attachment refers to the emotional bond between an infant and caregiver. It describes John Bowlby's theory that infants have an innate drive to form attachments, which improves survival and provides a foundation for healthy emotional development. The document also discusses factors like genetics, temperament, and early life experiences that can influence the type of attachment formed, noting that secure attachments are most likely when caregivers are sensitively responsive to infants' signals.
Lesson 2 sensitive and critical periods
Sensitive periods are times when an individual is more responsive to environmental experiences or learning, while critical periods are specific times when lack of certain stimuli can harm development. Both refer to windows in psychological growth when outside influences have heightened impact.
Lesson 1 life span development
Psychologists refer to development as changes that occur over time in areas such as physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development. Development progresses sequentially from simple to complex behaviors, with each new behavior building on those achieved previously. Individual differences in development are influenced by both heredity (genes) and environment. Maturation refers to orderly genetic changes in the nervous system that must occur for certain behaviors or mental processes to develop, according to the principle of readiness.
Brain function – the evidence from brain damage
This document discusses language centers in the brain. It describes Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere, which is involved in speech production. Damage to Broca's area results in Broca's aphasia, characterized by difficulty producing speech with short, simple sentences. It also describes Wernicke's area, located in the left temporal lobe, which is involved in speech comprehension. Damage to Wernicke's area causes Wernicke's aphasia, with difficulty comprehending speech and producing nonsensical sentences. The right hemisphere can be involved in emotional language and music when the left hemisphere is damaged.
Lesson 1 plasticity
The brain has the ability to change its structure and function through experience, such as the development of myelin, the formation of new connections between neurons, and synaptic pruning. The frontal lobe is an area of the brain that exhibits plasticity. Brain plasticity has implications for learning, memory, development, and recovery from injury.
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Lesson 4 dementia and alzheimer's disease 2015
- 1. Lesson 4: Dementia and Alzheimers Disease
- 2. Large group of neurodegenerative diseases that cause a decline in mental functioning. Dementia Dementia develops progressively with loss of memory an initial onset symptom
- 3. • The most common form of dementia • Accounts for 50 – 70% of dementia • Neurodegenerative disease that causes wide spread cell death • Causes decline in all aspects of cognitive function • Post-mortems reveal deposits of plaque along the damaged synapses • These plaques and tangles effect neural transmission Alzheimer’s Disease
- 4. • 100,000 Australians effected • 1 in 25 over 60 • 1 in 8 over 80 • No simple diagnostic test – really only know for sure when post-mortem conducted • Symptoms are different for each person further complicating diagnosis Alzheimer’s Disease
- 6. Typical memory loss includes • Events • Words and names • Written and verbal directions • Stories, TV, Movies, Books • Semantic memory decline • Procedural memories Personality changes can also occur.......... Alzheimer’s Disease - symptoms
- 7. • Show high levels of the protein • Highly toxic – causes cell death • Causes the development of the plaques and tangles • Brains also have a massive lack of acetylcholine (an important neurotransmitter) Alzheimer’s Disease – Post-mortem Why are you in my brain amy loid??? She likes to play twister and tangle things up. Doesn’t brush her teeth and leaves Plaque everywhere! She drinks all the acetylcholine mouthwash
- 8. Alzheimer’s Disease - a race to the cure