This document provides an overview of basic C++ programming concepts like input/output streams, libraries, variables, and escape sequences. It discusses common operations like cut, copy, paste and how to include libraries. It also covers outputting text to the console using cout and formatting with endl. Special characters can be printed using escape sequences preceded by a backslash. Proper formatting and ordering of code is emphasized.

2. Remember these they work in our editor
Operation Key Combo
Cut ctrl + x
Copy ctrl + c
Paste ctrl + v
Save ctrl + s
Undo ctrl + z

3. //first program – this is a comment
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
return 0;
}
basic application review

4. Some languages provide keywords to perform specific tasks
for, class, int
C++ uses functions and classes for just about everything
A library called The Standard Library comes with your tools
And the tools know where to find it
Libraries

5. #include<iostream>
this includes a library that allows us to use the
We use libraries all the time in programming
You will be using many at times
Operands
insertion >> and extraction << operators
cout << and cin >>
std:: cout << //allows data to be read from the stream
std::cin >> //allows data to be sent to the stream
endl is the end line command (like hitting the enter key)
We can use using namespace std; at the top of a program
This allows us not to type std:: before every cout << or cin >> statement.

6. cout <<
Output stream – anything following can be output to the screen
Text is enclosed in “ “ and is considered a literal. Numbers are
considered literals and print as they are.
Expressions are evaluated and the result printed.
cout << “hello”; displays the word hello to the screen.
cout << 2; displays the number 2 cout << “2”; will work too.
cout << 2 + 2; displays 4
cout << “2 + 2”; displays 2 + 2
cout << endl; drops to next line

7. cout << “” is an escape sequence. The compiler is looking for another character to do something at that
point. Sometimes you need to print a “” or a “ but they are part of the syntax so this allows you a way.
Example cout << “hellonworld”; displays:
hello
world
The n is for new line
Others include
Escape sequence character represented
a Alarm (Beep, Bell)
b Backspace
f Formfeed
n Newline (Line Feed)
r Carriage Return
t Horizontal Tab
v Vertical Tab
Backslash
' Single quotation mark
" Double quotation mark
? Question mark

8. Issues
endl needs to be it’s own statement ex. Can’t be cout << “Hello” cout << endl;
has to be cout << “Hello”; cout <<endl;
or cout << “Hello”;
cout << endl;
Can be cascaded on the same cout without the semi colon - Best Way!
ex. cout << “Hello” << endl; //makes it easier to follow as a programmer

9. C++ runs in sequence so we need the libraries set as below – Top – Down Design
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Notice the formatting – white space / indenting and next lines
// this will run just fine but would be a nightmare to code and read
#include <iostream> int main(){return 0;}
//this is what we need
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
return 0;
}
Don’t ask for the impossible 3/0 or “hello” + 2

10. Outputting to the screen
Remember – if you don’t tell the compiler what you want specifically you wont get it
cout << “ ******” ;
cout << “ ** “ ;
Will display ****** **
Not ******
**
cout << “******” << endl; //added the end line – also cascaded
cout <<“ ** “;
Will display ******
**
You can cascade many output statements as long as you remember the extraction operators << in between
cout << “ *******” << endl
<< “ ** “ << endl; // will work – notice new extraction operator and no ; until the end
Also remember your screen resolution my be different than the information you are compiling
Might not fir the way you want.

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