Legionellosis is caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. The bacteria typically
contaminates hot water tubs, air conditioners, and mist sprayers. The bacterium grows best in
warm waters. It is small, aerobic, water borne gram negative, catalase positive bacterium.
The bacterium is an intracellular parasite. It can infect protozoa and phagocytic cells. They resist
phagolysosome formation and thus, avoid intracellular killing. They multiply inside the
phagocytic cell, especially macrophages and monocytes.
The exact mechanism and virulence factors responsible for pathogencity are not yet found.
Hence, there is no vaccine available yet against this infection.
PCR based assays are done to determine serotype, using 16S rRNA specific probes, and probes
specific for virulence assocaited genes.
Solution
Legionellosis is caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. The bacteria typically
contaminates hot water tubs, air conditioners, and mist sprayers. The bacterium grows best in
warm waters. It is small, aerobic, water borne gram negative, catalase positive bacterium.
The bacterium is an intracellular parasite. It can infect protozoa and phagocytic cells. They resist
phagolysosome formation and thus, avoid intracellular killing. They multiply inside the
phagocytic cell, especially macrophages and monocytes.
The exact mechanism and virulence factors responsible for pathogencity are not yet found.
Hence, there is no vaccine available yet against this infection.
PCR based assays are done to determine serotype, using 16S rRNA specific probes, and probes
specific for virulence assocaited genes..
Bacteriophages & Its classification, cycles, therapy, and applicationsZoqiaTariq
These slides are covering multiple aspects of Bacteriophages including History
Classification
Replication
Plaque Assay
Transduction
Phage Therapy and pahge types.
Flacherie. Flacherie (literally: "flaccidness") is a disease of silkworms, caused by silkworms eating infected or contaminated mulberry leaves. ... Bacterial pathogens contributing to infectious flaccherie are Serratia marcescens, and species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus in the form known as thatte roga.
Bacteriophages & Its classification, cycles, therapy, and applicationsZoqiaTariq
These slides are covering multiple aspects of Bacteriophages including History
Classification
Replication
Plaque Assay
Transduction
Phage Therapy and pahge types.
Flacherie. Flacherie (literally: "flaccidness") is a disease of silkworms, caused by silkworms eating infected or contaminated mulberry leaves. ... Bacterial pathogens contributing to infectious flaccherie are Serratia marcescens, and species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus in the form known as thatte roga.
Groups III (Al, Ga, In, Tl), Group IV (GE, Sn and.pdfanjalikatrust
Groups III (Al, Ga, In, Tl), Group IV (GE, Sn and Pb) ,Group V (As, Sb, Bi)) and
transision metals
Solution
Groups III (Al, Ga, In, Tl), Group IV (GE, Sn and Pb) ,Group V (As, Sb, Bi)) and
transision metals.
In the gravimetric method forthe determinationof Sulphate ion .pdfanjalikatrust
In the gravimetric method forthe determinationof Sulphate ion we can addotion of Barium
chloride.
Then the Barium ion isreacted with Sulphate ion to form awhite color barium
sulphateprecipitate .
Barium sulfate is a whitecrystalline solid with the chemical formula BaSO4.
It is insoluble in water andother traditional solvents but is soluble in concentrated
sulfuricacid.
Ba2+(from BaCl2)+SO42- BaSO4 (s)
Sulfate is determinedgravimetrically by precipitating as BaSO4 by the additonof BaCl2
solution. To ensure thatSO42- in the solution has completedprecipitated, a few drops of BaCl2
solution is added tothe clear supernatent solution. If any cloudiness appears after theaddition, th
precipitation of SO42- is noycomplete.
2) Digestion is a process in which the precipitate isheated extensively with the mother liquor for
a certain period oftime. Digestion helps in the dissolution of small crystals of theprocipitate and
formation of larger crystals. It alsoprevents the precipitation of ions (co-precipitaion) otherthan
that being precipitated
Solution
In the gravimetric method forthe determinationof Sulphate ion we can addotion of Barium
chloride.
Then the Barium ion isreacted with Sulphate ion to form awhite color barium
sulphateprecipitate .
Barium sulfate is a whitecrystalline solid with the chemical formula BaSO4.
It is insoluble in water andother traditional solvents but is soluble in concentrated
sulfuricacid.
Ba2+(from BaCl2)+SO42- BaSO4 (s)
Sulfate is determinedgravimetrically by precipitating as BaSO4 by the additonof BaCl2
solution. To ensure thatSO42- in the solution has completedprecipitated, a few drops of BaCl2
solution is added tothe clear supernatent solution. If any cloudiness appears after theaddition, th
precipitation of SO42- is noycomplete.
2) Digestion is a process in which the precipitate isheated extensively with the mother liquor for
a certain period oftime. Digestion helps in the dissolution of small crystals of theprocipitate and
formation of larger crystals. It alsoprevents the precipitation of ions (co-precipitaion) otherthan
that being precipitated.
Ecell= Eocell + 0.059n (Log(k)) using this equa.pdfanjalikatrust
Ecell= Eocell + 0.059/n (Log(k)) using this equation and the value given Ecell =
1.5 Eocell= 0.77 n=3 gives k = 1.0 x 10^37 hence ans.= 1.0 x 10^37
Solution
Ecell= Eocell + 0.059/n (Log(k)) using this equation and the value given Ecell =
1.5 Eocell= 0.77 n=3 gives k = 1.0 x 10^37 hence ans.= 1.0 x 10^37.
The DNA replication occurs through the coordinated sequences of init.pdfanjalikatrust
The DNA replication occurs through the coordinated sequences of initiation , elongation and
termination, each step being catalyzed by specific enzymes. The process occurs at particular
points, forming \'replication bubbles.\'
During the initiation phase, the replication is initiated at particular points called \"origins\". The
replication bubble starts with the enzyme helicase which breaks the hydrogen bonds between the
parental strands. The initiator proteins bind to the sites rich in \"AT\" bases. ( A T base pairs
have two hydrogen bonds and hence easy to break ). Once the sequence is located, the initiator
protein assembles other proteins and form the pre-replication complex, unzipping the double
stranded DNA.
During the elongation phase, the enzyme primase add RNA primer to the template strand. The
leading starnd which receives one RNA primer is continuosly extended by the DNA polymerase
enzyme. The lagging strand which receives several RNA primers, is discontinuosly extended
forming Okazaki fragments. The enzyme RNase removes the primer fragments and a low
processivity DNA polymerase fill those gaps. The single nick on the leading strand and several
nicks on the lagging strand gets filled up by the activity of DNAligase enzyme .
As the replication proceeds, the DNA strands unwind forming a replication fork, with two
branching prongs each made up of single stranded DNA, which serve as the template for the new
DNA.DNA is always synthesised in the 5\' to 3 \' direction, the new nucleotides are added to the
3\' end of the growing strand. In the replication fork structure , the leading and the lagging strand
templates are oriented in the opposite directions. The leading strand is synthesised in the same
direction of the progressing replication fork, whereas the lagging strand is synthesised in the
opposite direction. Because of this reverse orientaion of the lagging strand, its replication is
complicated and the DNA polymerase lags behind the other strand.
During the termination phase, in eukaryotes with linear DNA, the terminal end or the telomere
region, is attached with telomerase enzyme, which catalyses the DNA synthesis using its own
RNA template.
Solution
The DNA replication occurs through the coordinated sequences of initiation , elongation and
termination, each step being catalyzed by specific enzymes. The process occurs at particular
points, forming \'replication bubbles.\'
During the initiation phase, the replication is initiated at particular points called \"origins\". The
replication bubble starts with the enzyme helicase which breaks the hydrogen bonds between the
parental strands. The initiator proteins bind to the sites rich in \"AT\" bases. ( A T base pairs
have two hydrogen bonds and hence easy to break ). Once the sequence is located, the initiator
protein assembles other proteins and form the pre-replication complex, unzipping the double
stranded DNA.
During the elongation phase, the enzyme primase add RNA primer to the tem.
Suppose there exists a function called Insert designed to insert a v.pdfanjalikatrust
Suppose there exists a function called Insert designed to insert a value into a sorted sequence at
the beginning of an array. It operates by beginning at the end of the sequence and shifting each
element one place to the right until a suitable position is found for the new element. The function
has the side effect of overwriting the value stored immediately after the sorted sequence in the
array.
To perform an insertion sort, begin at the left-most element of the array and invoke Insert to
insert each element encountered into its correct position. The ordered sequence into which the
element is inserted is stored at the beginning of the array in the set of indices already examined.
Each insertion overwrites a single value: the value being inserted.
1)The best case input is an array that is already sorted. In this case insertion sort has a linear
running time (i.e., ?(n)). During each iteration, the first remaining element of the input is only
compared with the right-most element of the sorted subsection of the array.
2)The simplest worst case input is an array sorted in reverse order. The set of all worst case
inputs consists of all arrays where each element is the smallest or second-smallest of the
elements before it. In these cases every iteration of the inner loop will scan and shift the entire
sorted subsection of the array before inserting the next element. This gives insertion sort a
quadratic running time (i.e., O(n2)).
Solution
Suppose there exists a function called Insert designed to insert a value into a sorted sequence at
the beginning of an array. It operates by beginning at the end of the sequence and shifting each
element one place to the right until a suitable position is found for the new element. The function
has the side effect of overwriting the value stored immediately after the sorted sequence in the
array.
To perform an insertion sort, begin at the left-most element of the array and invoke Insert to
insert each element encountered into its correct position. The ordered sequence into which the
element is inserted is stored at the beginning of the array in the set of indices already examined.
Each insertion overwrites a single value: the value being inserted.
1)The best case input is an array that is already sorted. In this case insertion sort has a linear
running time (i.e., ?(n)). During each iteration, the first remaining element of the input is only
compared with the right-most element of the sorted subsection of the array.
2)The simplest worst case input is an array sorted in reverse order. The set of all worst case
inputs consists of all arrays where each element is the smallest or second-smallest of the
elements before it. In these cases every iteration of the inner loop will scan and shift the entire
sorted subsection of the array before inserting the next element. This gives insertion sort a
quadratic running time (i.e., O(n2))..
Rules-based accounting is basically a list of detailed rules that mu.pdfanjalikatrust
Rules-based accounting is basically a list of detailed rules that must be followed when preparing
financial statements. Many accountants favor the prospect of using rules-based standards,
because in the absence of rules they could be brought to court if their judgments of the financial
statements were incorrect. When there are strict rules that need to be followed, the possibility of
lawsuits is diminished. Having a set of rules can increase accuracy and reduce the ambiguity that
can trigger aggressive reporting decisions by management. The complexity of rules, however,
can cause unnecessary complexity in the preparation of financial statements.
Principles-based accounting such as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) is used as
a conceptual basis for accountants. A simple set of key objectives are set out to ensure good
reporting. Common examples are provided as guidance and explain the objectives. Although
some rules are unavoidable, the guidelines or rules set are not meant to be used for every
situation. The fundamental advantage of principles-based accounting is that its broad guidelines
can be practical for a variety of circumstances. Precise requirements can sometimes compel
managers to manipulate the statements to fit what is compulsory. The problem with principles-
based guidelines is that lack of guidelines can produce unreliable and inconsistent information
that makes it difficult to compare one organization to another.
When contemplating which accounting method is best, it must be made certain that the
information provided in the financial statements is relevant, reliable and comparable across
reporting periods and entities. Increased discussion has pushed accountants towards principle-
based accounting, but it is recognized that the method needs to be modified to make it more
effective and efficient.
Assessing the materiality of the errors, direction provided by the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC)
One rule of thumb in particular suggests that the misstatement or omission of an item that falls
under a 5% threshold is not material in the absence of particularly egregious circumstances, such
as self-dealing or misappropriation by senior management. The staff reminds registrants and the
auditors of their financial statements that exclusive reliance on this or any percentage or
numerical threshold has no basis in the accounting literature or the law.
The materiality of the errors, direction provided by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) provides that
what would be material to the reasonable investor when making an investment decision in the
company’s securities. Usually, this is 5 percent of the company’s pre-tax net income, but may be
different when the company has losses or low profit levels; both quantitative and qualitative
aspects must be considered. It is preferable if the external auditor agrees with management’s
determination of materiality, so early discussions should be held. The external auditor may
indicate th.
Condensation of steam, because its just a phase.pdfanjalikatrust
Condensation of steam, because it\'s just a phase change of water.Phase changes are
physical properties not chemical.
Solution
Condensation of steam, because it\'s just a phase change of water.Phase changes are
physical properties not chemical..
Please rate - ThanksD) The beta-anomer of the furanose form of a.pdfanjalikatrust
Please rate - Thanks
D) The beta-anomer of the furanose form of an ketohexose.
On the right, the CH2OH is pointing down, that\'s beta.
Five membered ring with CH2OH at both right and left -> furanose
ketohexose forms this type of five-membered group.
Solution
Please rate - Thanks
D) The beta-anomer of the furanose form of an ketohexose.
On the right, the CH2OH is pointing down, that\'s beta.
Five membered ring with CH2OH at both right and left -> furanose
ketohexose forms this type of five-membered group..
B. Alcohols are capable of acting as acids as a.pdfanjalikatrust
B. Alcohols are capable of acting as acids as alcohols are acidic in nature
Solution
B. Alcohols are capable of acting as acids as alcohols are acidic in nature.
It is extreme important for a firm to able to meet its obligation as.pdfanjalikatrust
It is extreme important for a firm to able to meet its obligation as they become due. liquidity ratio
measures the ability of the firm to meet its current obligations(liabilities).A firm should ensure
that it does not suffer from lack of liquidity and also that it does not have excess liquidity. The
higher the ratio, the more liquid the company is. Low values indicate that a firm may have
difficulty meeting obligations.
All other things being equal, In general point of view a high liquid ratio to be better than a low
liquid ratio, because a high liquid ratio means that the company is more likely to meet its
liabilities which are due .
In general, low or decreasing ratios generally suggest that a company is over-leveraged,
struggling to maintain or grow sales, paying bills too quickly or collecting receivables too
slowly. On the other hand, a high or increasing ratio generally indicates that a company is
experiencing solid top-line growth, quickly converting receivables into cash, and easily able to
cover its financial obligations. Such companies often have faster inventory turnover and cash
conversion cycles.
Since the circumstances for every business and industry are different, making it difficult to create
a universal benchmark for healthy liquidity ratios. The best practice for investors, lenders and
managers is to consider liquidity ratios of successful competitors and historical trends.
In general terms the current ratio of 2 to 1 is considered satisfactory
and quick ratio of1 to 1 is considered to represent a satisfactory current financial condition. It is
possible to have higher values of current and quick ratio but the higher value of these ratio
indicates that that the business managers is unable to find investment opportunities .A higher
degree of liquidity is also bad as idle asset earns nothing, the firms fund will be unnecessary tied
up in current asset.
Solution
It is extreme important for a firm to able to meet its obligation as they become due. liquidity ratio
measures the ability of the firm to meet its current obligations(liabilities).A firm should ensure
that it does not suffer from lack of liquidity and also that it does not have excess liquidity. The
higher the ratio, the more liquid the company is. Low values indicate that a firm may have
difficulty meeting obligations.
All other things being equal, In general point of view a high liquid ratio to be better than a low
liquid ratio, because a high liquid ratio means that the company is more likely to meet its
liabilities which are due .
In general, low or decreasing ratios generally suggest that a company is over-leveraged,
struggling to maintain or grow sales, paying bills too quickly or collecting receivables too
slowly. On the other hand, a high or increasing ratio generally indicates that a company is
experiencing solid top-line growth, quickly converting receivables into cash, and easily able to
cover its financial obligations. Such companies often have faster invento.
This is a decomposition reaction. Notes (1)combu.pdfanjalikatrust
This is a decomposition reaction. Notes: (1)combustion: things react with oxygen,
therefore they get oxidized. e.g. burning fuels, where hydrocarbons react with oxygen to form
oxides (water and carbon dioxide). (2)decomposition: only one reactant to the left , but more
than one species form on the right. Obviously this reaction is decomposition. (3)synthesis: the
reverse of decomposition. Several reactants react to form one product. (4)water forming: water
must forms on the right side. e.g. Burn hydrogen in oxygen to get water.
Solution
This is a decomposition reaction. Notes: (1)combustion: things react with oxygen,
therefore they get oxidized. e.g. burning fuels, where hydrocarbons react with oxygen to form
oxides (water and carbon dioxide). (2)decomposition: only one reactant to the left , but more
than one species form on the right. Obviously this reaction is decomposition. (3)synthesis: the
reverse of decomposition. Several reactants react to form one product. (4)water forming: water
must forms on the right side. e.g. Burn hydrogen in oxygen to get water..
Graphite is carbon in the form of hexagonal crystalline layers, in w.pdfanjalikatrust
Graphite is carbon in the form of hexagonal crystalline layers, in which covalent bonding exists
between atoms in the layers, and the (parallel) layers are bonded by van der Waals forces, thus
leading to highly anisotropic properties.
Solution
Graphite is carbon in the form of hexagonal crystalline layers, in which covalent bonding exists
between atoms in the layers, and the (parallel) layers are bonded by van der Waals forces, thus
leading to highly anisotropic properties..
During fermentation, when O2 is not present, NAD+ is regenerated fro.pdfanjalikatrust
During fermentation, when O2 is not present, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by transferring
electrons to organic molecules. In this process, pyruvate is converted into organic molecules like
lactate, ethanol.
Solution
During fermentation, when O2 is not present, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by transferring
electrons to organic molecules. In this process, pyruvate is converted into organic molecules like
lactate, ethanol..
Ellipse locus of points which moves such that sum of the distances.pdfanjalikatrust
Ellipse : locus of points which moves such that sum of the distances from two fixed point is
constant.
Hyperbola : locus of points which moves such that differences of the distances from two fixed
point is constant.
Ellipse : two focci, two axis ,major and minor, closed and bounded region ,four vertices and
centre
Hyperbola : two focci, two axis ,transverse and conjugate , un bounded region ,two vertices and
centre.
Ellipse : eccentricty less than one.
Hyperbola : eccentricity more than one.
Solution
Ellipse : locus of points which moves such that sum of the distances from two fixed point is
constant.
Hyperbola : locus of points which moves such that differences of the distances from two fixed
point is constant.
Ellipse : two focci, two axis ,major and minor, closed and bounded region ,four vertices and
centre
Hyperbola : two focci, two axis ,transverse and conjugate , un bounded region ,two vertices and
centre.
Ellipse : eccentricty less than one.
Hyperbola : eccentricity more than one..
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Legionellosis is caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. The.pdf
1. Legionellosis is caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. The bacteria typically
contaminates hot water tubs, air conditioners, and mist sprayers. The bacterium grows best in
warm waters. It is small, aerobic, water borne gram negative, catalase positive bacterium.
The bacterium is an intracellular parasite. It can infect protozoa and phagocytic cells. They resist
phagolysosome formation and thus, avoid intracellular killing. They multiply inside the
phagocytic cell, especially macrophages and monocytes.
The exact mechanism and virulence factors responsible for pathogencity are not yet found.
Hence, there is no vaccine available yet against this infection.
PCR based assays are done to determine serotype, using 16S rRNA specific probes, and probes
specific for virulence assocaited genes.
Solution
Legionellosis is caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. The bacteria typically
contaminates hot water tubs, air conditioners, and mist sprayers. The bacterium grows best in
warm waters. It is small, aerobic, water borne gram negative, catalase positive bacterium.
The bacterium is an intracellular parasite. It can infect protozoa and phagocytic cells. They resist
phagolysosome formation and thus, avoid intracellular killing. They multiply inside the
phagocytic cell, especially macrophages and monocytes.
The exact mechanism and virulence factors responsible for pathogencity are not yet found.
Hence, there is no vaccine available yet against this infection.
PCR based assays are done to determine serotype, using 16S rRNA specific probes, and probes
specific for virulence assocaited genes.
