Guest seminar at ITS on 14 May 2014 - delivered Dr Dick de Waard, Associate Professor at the Department of Psychology, University of Groningen. http://www.rug.nl/staff/d.de.waard/

1. 15-5-2014 | 1
Dick de Waard
Traffic psychology
(Neuropsychology)
University of Groningen
Bicycle research in the Netherlands:
from infrastructure to impairment

2. 2

3. 3

4. Accidents
› Proportion of cyclists involved increases
› 25 % of the fatalities, trend:
Swov, 2011 Fatalities/km driven (index = 2000)
4

5. Accidents
› Proportion of cyclists involved increases
› > 50% of the seriously injured, trend:
Swov, 2011 Seriously injured/km driven index: year 2000= 1
5

6. Series of studies
› 1. Infrastructure
6

7. 2. Divided attention
7

8. 3. DrinkCycling
8

9. 9
Infrastructure

10. 10
Visibility of bicycle
infrastructure

11. 11

12. Experiment
12

13. 13
Closed track
experiment
Jolien!
(my daughter)

14. Results (just the bollard)
› Liked best:
› No bollards at all!!
else
14

15. What are we forgiving ?
› What have we done wrong??
› Sustainable Safety:
• Humans make errors - system’s view:
infrastructure should be such that imperfect
behaviour does not lead to accidents immediately
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Towards a “forgiving”
cycle path

16. What has changed ?
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17. | 17| 17
Many

18. We make errors and get off the road
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19. Really ….off the road
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Lovely obstacles

21. We hit bollards
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22. We hit the curb
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23. We have problems with balance
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24. Infrastructure
Guidance Space for correction Objects

25. Project (3 years)
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› Mobile camera study
› Fixed camera studies
› Questionnaire studies
› Experimental research and
subj. evaluation
› Police records

26. “Naturalistic cycling” for us:
› Participants
• Target group 50+ (65+)
• European city bike
• Electrical bike
• Control group 25-45 years
• European city bike
› No fixed route
› No fixed time
› Just everyday cycling
26

27. use eBike: Source: VeiligheidNL
27
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
elektrische fietser
overige fietser

28. Cycling with a camera
28

29. 29
Pink!!

30. 30
Synchronisation

31. 31

32. Contour +2
› Wide angle ( 170°)
› Battery: about 2 hours
› Memory; 12 hours
› GPS fix < 1 minute
› € 400 / camera
› Sync OK
› Export (GPS) data
32

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34. 34

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50+ Control Total
N 30 9 39
Av. age 64.0 31.6 56.5
Gender 17M / 13F 3M / 6F 20M / 19F

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› Analyses
• Spotting ‘typical’ behaviour (examples)
• Behaviour over situations;
• Types of cyclepaths
• Measures
• Speed
• Lateral position
• SDLP

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Every second GPS co-ordinates Speed (m/s) Speed (km/h)

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Results
Videos
 Swerving
 Shoulder
 Companion
 Remarkable

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Results
Videos
› Not shocking
› However:
• conflicts with curb and objects rare,
• soft shoulder
• swerving
• cycling with a companion
GPS analyses & cycling behaviour quantified

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GPS analyses & cycling behaviour quantified

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Experience
› Camera easy to
attach & operate. None lost!!
› Control group more
Commuters, leisure time
other bike/no use of bike

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Potential application in project
› Delineation with vibration
› Gradual level transition to shoulder
› illusions

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48. 2. Dual task performance
› Mobile phone
• Calling
• Texting
• Use of Smartphone-Touchscreen!
› Listening to music
48

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Google Streetview

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Illegal?

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€ 25
€ 10

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…in the Netherlands it’s no problem!

55. 27-10-2009 | 55
Divided attention

56. Use of mobile phone
› Effects: handheld, handsfree

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Differences
• 2 vs 4 wheels (control, stability)
• Auditory information
• Speed

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Ministy of Transport
› Prevalence

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Observations
› Calling: 2.2%
› Texting: 0.6 %
› Music: 7.7 %
› Talking: 2.3 %
› Just cycling: 86.6 %
› diffent: 0.5 %
> 2000 cyclists observed
(video)
Anno 2008

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2008 vs 2013
› Calling: 2.2% 0.7%
› Texting*: 0.6 % 2.3%
In 2008 2138 cyclists
In 2013 7102 cyclists
observed

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Three experiments

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1e: Calling, texting, music
› Control 2, two hands on handlebar
› Control 1, one hand
› Calling (easy task) [+2: 2,4,6,8,….]
› Calling (demanding task) [-7: 846, 839, 832,…]
› Send text message [lang zal ze leven…]
› MP3, listening to music

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Measurements
› Speed

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Measurements
› Speed
› Positition in cycle lane
› Swerving

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Measurements
› Speed
› Positition in cycle lane
› Swerving
› Mental Effort Rating

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Zijlstra, 1993

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Measurements
› Speed
› Positition in cycle lane
› Swerving
› Mental Effort Rating
› Peripheral detection

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Speed
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Controle (2) Controle (1) Eenvoudige
beltaak
Moeilijke
beltaak
Sms MP3Control (2) Control (1) Phone Phone Phone MP3
Easy Difficult Texting

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Position cyclepath (“strip”)
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5
Controle (2)
Controle (1)
Eenvoudige beltaak
Moeilijke beltaak
Sms
MP3
MP3
Texting
Phone, difficult
Phone, easy
Control (1)
Control (2)

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Swerving: no. strip changes
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Controle (2) Controle (1) Eenvoudige
beltaak
Moeilijke
beltaak
Sms MP3Control (2) Control (1) Phone Phone Phone MP3
Easy Difficult Texting

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Mental Effort rating (RSME)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Controle (2) Controle (1) Eenvoudige
beltaak
Moeilijke
beltaak
Sms MP3Control (2) Control (1) Phone Phone Phone MP3
Easy Difficult Texting

76. dd-mm-jj | 76
Peripheral detection
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
controle
(2)
controle
(1)
eenvoudige
beltaak
moeilijke
beltaak
sms mp3
0
1
2
Control (2) Control (1) Phone Phone Phone MP3
Easy Difficult Texting

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Calling & texting
• Slower speed
• Detection
• Lateral position & control
• Increased mental effort
• Largest effect: texting

78. Study 2: Music & Handsfree calling
78

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Conditions
› Two Control conditions (1, 2 hands)
› Two Phone conditions; handheld and handsfree
demanding task [-7: 834,…]
› Music conditions: …

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Music conditions
› M1 one earbud (left ear)
› M2N two earbuds – normal
› M2V two earbuds – high volume 89 dB
› M2T two earbuds – high tempo 180 bpm
› M2IE two earbuds – in-ear
› Normal = 74 dB, 120 bpm (beats/minute)

81. 81
Speed

82. 82
Mental Effort rating

83. 83

84. 84
17 participants missed this signal!!

85. 85

86. Study 3: Touchscreens, Gaming and more…
86

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Conditions
› Control-conditions
› Phone, handheld (HH)
› Cycle companion, task (CC)
› Texting conditions: …

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Texting conditions
› TC Texting, conventional phone
› TT Texting, touchscreen phone
› TTM Texting, touchscreen phone + Music
› GT Gaming

89. 15-5-2014 | 89Speed
Secondary tasks

90. 15-5-2014 | 90
Lane position
(distance to curb)
Right Left

91. 15-5-2014 | 91Swerving

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94. Music and calling
› Large effect for calling (speed, periphery)
› Larger effect for texting (speed, lat. pos., periphery)
› Even larger effect for texting on a touch screen phone
› Advantage Handsfree calling limited (speed, RT)
› (German law)
› In-earbuds = literally earplugs
94

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96. Drunk driving vs. drunk riding
| 9615-5-2014

97. 97

98. 12 students
Dräger Alcotest
7510
98

99. Groningen
› No closing time
› Student population
› Population: 200 000
› (students: 50 000 -25%)
› N= 427
The Hague
› Most pubs close 2 a.m.
› Limited no. students
› Population: 510 000
› (students: 28 000 – 5%)
› N = 259
99
> Weekend vs Thursday
> From 5 p.m. to 8 a.m.
> (25% refused)

100. 15-5-2014 | 100
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 1:00 3:00 5:00 7:00
% BAC > 0.0
% BAC ≥ 0.5

101. 15-5-2014 | 101
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00 01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00
BAC‰
(start)time
Average BAC

102. | 102
Thanks for listening
d.de.waard@rug.nl