This document discusses applying Geert Hofstede's model of national culture to analyze and localize Missouri University of Science and Technology's international student recruitment video. It first provides an overview of Hofstede's six dimensions of national culture and his definitions. It then analyzes how the original recruitment video reflects American culture based on Hofstede's model. Finally, it proposes ways to localize the video for South Korea and China by modifying elements to better align with those countries' cultural dimensions as defined by Hofstede, such as emphasizing community and long-term impact more for South Korea and collective achievements and influence for China.
Discourse Analysis article shared by Azhar Khan ..1Abdullah Saleem
This document discusses a study that analyzed six advertisements using methods of critical discourse analysis. The study aimed to investigate the intentions and techniques used by companies to influence consumers. Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model and Kress and van Leeuwen's grammar of visual design were used to analyze how power and ideology are expressed in advertisements. The results showed that private producers try to give power to viewers to persuade them to buy products, while government producers try to show their own power. Overall, advertisements generally use power and ideology to change behaviors and thoughts.
This document summarizes key concepts from critical race theory and how it can be applied in education. It outlines that critical race theory positions whiteness and white ideology as central to culture and policy, challenging claims of neutrality and equal opportunity. It also discusses how institutional and cultural biases can negatively impact students of color through hidden stereotypes, unequal treatment, and viewing their cultures as incompatible. The document proposes applying critical race theory through culturally responsive practices, high expectations for all students, and addressing inequities at both the individual and institutional level.
Business relationships cross cultural analysisshibrah76
This document summarizes a research paper that compares cultural attitudes in business relationships between Hong Kong and Portugal. The paper uses Hofstede's cultural dimensions of individualism/collectivism and power distance to compare the two regions, which Hofstede's model rates as similarly in those dimensions despite their different histories. The research found that in some cases, attitudes aligned with Hofstede's dimensions, but organizational culture in Portugal influenced attitudes more than national culture in the individualism dimension. The paper aims to understand how well Hofstede's cultural dimensions can explain business relationship attitudes in the two regions.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
Exploring cases of ethnic and racial disparities in theAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on theories of ethnicity and race and perspectives on inequalities based on ethnicity and race. It discusses three main theoretical approaches to understanding ethnicity and race: primordialist theories which see ethnic identity as fixed at birth, instrumental theories which view ethnicity as something that can be manipulated for political or economic ends, and constructivist theories which see ethnic identity as fluid and constructed in social contexts. It also examines functionalist and conflict perspectives on inequalities, with functionalism focusing on assimilation and pluralism, and conflict theory emphasizing how dominant groups use power to divide groups along racial and ethnic lines for their own benefit.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Malaysian prime minister's speech in Copenh...Roozbeh Kardooni
This paper aim to analysis environmental speech given by Malaysian PM (Najib Tun Razak) during the U.N. CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE 2009 in Copenhagen(cop15).
Discourse and Dissent in the Coverage of Hyderabad Blasts by the Leading Indi...ijtsrd
Print media is a mass media that serves as a vigilant watchdog in a society. It analyses the latest policies of the government and builds up public opinion, and works as a bridge between people and the government. Media has the power to generate a specific reaction from the public by the way a news story is portrayed. Newspapers have a significant impact on public perception of violent crime, far more than any other news source Paulsen, 2002 . During a conflict, the media plays a crucial role in shaping perception. The ways media constructs discourse vis a vis terrorist attacks needs to be recognized. “The credibility of media messages, their sources, and the messengers communicating those messages, as well as the context within which the messages are delivered, all mediate the influence of news on consumers†Baum and Groeling, 2009 . Since the terrorist attacks, in addition to involving perpetrators and victims, also involves the audience. It can be said that the way news about the attacks is covered has an influence on how the masses perceive the incident. Such attacks have become a common occurrence, however, the focus of the current study is to analyze the discourse that has been generated by the media in the coverage of the Hyderabad blasts. The study also analyses the dissent in Indian print media by analyzing the reportage of the Hyderabad blasts by the four leading Indian English newspapers. Saima Riyaz | Dr Aaliya Ahmed "Discourse and Dissent in the Coverage of Hyderabad Blasts by the Leading Indian English Dailies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21609.pdf
Pl7505 Brief intro to critical theory and critical security studiesHelenDexter
This document introduces critical security studies and two key theoretical approaches: the Welsh School and critical theory. It discusses how critical security studies takes a critical stance by questioning the assumptions of traditional security studies, such as accepting the state as the referent object and viewing war as inevitable. The Welsh School links emancipation and security, defining security as the absence of threats to freely choosing how to live, and emancipation as freeing people from constraints. Critical theory examines the social and political roots of knowledge.
Discourse Analysis article shared by Azhar Khan ..1Abdullah Saleem
This document discusses a study that analyzed six advertisements using methods of critical discourse analysis. The study aimed to investigate the intentions and techniques used by companies to influence consumers. Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model and Kress and van Leeuwen's grammar of visual design were used to analyze how power and ideology are expressed in advertisements. The results showed that private producers try to give power to viewers to persuade them to buy products, while government producers try to show their own power. Overall, advertisements generally use power and ideology to change behaviors and thoughts.
This document summarizes key concepts from critical race theory and how it can be applied in education. It outlines that critical race theory positions whiteness and white ideology as central to culture and policy, challenging claims of neutrality and equal opportunity. It also discusses how institutional and cultural biases can negatively impact students of color through hidden stereotypes, unequal treatment, and viewing their cultures as incompatible. The document proposes applying critical race theory through culturally responsive practices, high expectations for all students, and addressing inequities at both the individual and institutional level.
Business relationships cross cultural analysisshibrah76
This document summarizes a research paper that compares cultural attitudes in business relationships between Hong Kong and Portugal. The paper uses Hofstede's cultural dimensions of individualism/collectivism and power distance to compare the two regions, which Hofstede's model rates as similarly in those dimensions despite their different histories. The research found that in some cases, attitudes aligned with Hofstede's dimensions, but organizational culture in Portugal influenced attitudes more than national culture in the individualism dimension. The paper aims to understand how well Hofstede's cultural dimensions can explain business relationship attitudes in the two regions.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
Exploring cases of ethnic and racial disparities in theAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on theories of ethnicity and race and perspectives on inequalities based on ethnicity and race. It discusses three main theoretical approaches to understanding ethnicity and race: primordialist theories which see ethnic identity as fixed at birth, instrumental theories which view ethnicity as something that can be manipulated for political or economic ends, and constructivist theories which see ethnic identity as fluid and constructed in social contexts. It also examines functionalist and conflict perspectives on inequalities, with functionalism focusing on assimilation and pluralism, and conflict theory emphasizing how dominant groups use power to divide groups along racial and ethnic lines for their own benefit.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Malaysian prime minister's speech in Copenh...Roozbeh Kardooni
This paper aim to analysis environmental speech given by Malaysian PM (Najib Tun Razak) during the U.N. CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE 2009 in Copenhagen(cop15).
Discourse and Dissent in the Coverage of Hyderabad Blasts by the Leading Indi...ijtsrd
Print media is a mass media that serves as a vigilant watchdog in a society. It analyses the latest policies of the government and builds up public opinion, and works as a bridge between people and the government. Media has the power to generate a specific reaction from the public by the way a news story is portrayed. Newspapers have a significant impact on public perception of violent crime, far more than any other news source Paulsen, 2002 . During a conflict, the media plays a crucial role in shaping perception. The ways media constructs discourse vis a vis terrorist attacks needs to be recognized. “The credibility of media messages, their sources, and the messengers communicating those messages, as well as the context within which the messages are delivered, all mediate the influence of news on consumers†Baum and Groeling, 2009 . Since the terrorist attacks, in addition to involving perpetrators and victims, also involves the audience. It can be said that the way news about the attacks is covered has an influence on how the masses perceive the incident. Such attacks have become a common occurrence, however, the focus of the current study is to analyze the discourse that has been generated by the media in the coverage of the Hyderabad blasts. The study also analyses the dissent in Indian print media by analyzing the reportage of the Hyderabad blasts by the four leading Indian English newspapers. Saima Riyaz | Dr Aaliya Ahmed "Discourse and Dissent in the Coverage of Hyderabad Blasts by the Leading Indian English Dailies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21609.pdf
Pl7505 Brief intro to critical theory and critical security studiesHelenDexter
This document introduces critical security studies and two key theoretical approaches: the Welsh School and critical theory. It discusses how critical security studies takes a critical stance by questioning the assumptions of traditional security studies, such as accepting the state as the referent object and viewing war as inevitable. The Welsh School links emancipation and security, defining security as the absence of threats to freely choosing how to live, and emancipation as freeing people from constraints. Critical theory examines the social and political roots of knowledge.
Ethaline Cortelyou was a pioneering woman in the technical communication field in the 1940s-1960s. She worked on important projects like the Manhattan Project and advocated for women in STEM. She held various roles including teacher, chemist, and technical editor at organizations like the Manhattan Project, Armour Research Foundation, and Argonne National Laboratory. As a technical editor, she produced reports and manuals and helped establish technical communication as a profession during World War II and the Cold War, when women began entering STEM fields in greater numbers.
- Time: 2014
- Organization: College(undergraduate)
- Class: Cost and Benefit Analysis (Economics)
- Project description: Final class project from Cost and Benefit analysis course. This is a 10 page word document. Includes research and application on 9 steps of CBA.
The El Sistema - The program of social rescue and cultural transformationYeonKyung Lee
- Time: September 2012
- Organization: College(undergraduate)
- Class: Intro to Business Sustainability
- Project description: This was a presentation of sustainability example. I chose a topic of the El Sistema, as an example of social rescue and cultural transformation.
Inculcating science into public cultureJoel Joseph
Social media platforms have become important channels for science communication as they allow for interaction between scientists and broad audiences. Scientists are now directly engaging with the public on social media to share information. When using social media for science communication, it is important to consider the audience of each platform and set goals for engagement, sharing data, explaining science, or gaining media coverage and feedback. As traditional science news sources decline, social media will continue growing as a key way for scientists to interface with the public.
Instructional booklet on easy and effective Powerpoint designYeonKyung Lee
- Time: 2013
- Organization: College(undergraduate)
- Class: Intro to Technical Communication
- Project description: This is an instructional booklet of easy and effective design using Microsoft PowerPoint for powerful presentation. It is made in undergraduate technical communication course.
Linkedin's network effect and lock-in strategyYeonKyung Lee
This document provides demographic data on age groups and their percentage of a population. 18% of the population is aged 18-24, 31% is 25-34, 40% is 35-54, and 11% is over 55.
Proposal for writing an instructional bookletYeonKyung Lee
1. The document is a proposal from YeonKyung Lee requesting authorization to create an instructional booklet on how to design effective PowerPoint slides.
2. The proposed booklet would provide easy design methods in three categories - background, font, and content - to help students improve poorly designed slides and enhance their presentation skills.
3. The methods aim to make slides more readable and understandable through visualization techniques like customized backgrounds, appropriate font usage, and combining words with graphs and images. A timeline and the author's qualifications are also included.
Tristan Thompson has over 7 years of experience in information technology and management. He has managed networks of up to 5,500 users, troubleshooting a variety of issues. Thompson also maintained standardized desktop environments and was responsible for software configuration, security patches, and laptop management. He holds Network+ and Security+ certifications and held a secret security clearance during his time in the Army.
DieselPlus is a 100% organic and biodegradable fuel additive that improves combustion, reduces harmful emissions, and increases fuel efficiency. It starts working immediately upon adding to fuel tanks. Benefits include improved power and reliability, reduced maintenance costs, and decreased pollution. DieselPlus helps engines run cleaner with less fuel consumption and downtime, providing economic and environmental benefits.
The document appears to be a profile of someone born in 1998 named Megan who is female and a Sagittarius. It lists things she likes including books, TV shows like Sherlock and Dr. House, anime, traveling, languages, food, music genres and bands. It also lists places she has been and wants to visit, as well as things she dislikes such as certain foods, cleaning, and public speaking. Grades, college, airplanes and traveling are listed as important to her.
How to create PPT with simple design effectsYeonKyung Lee
The document does not contain any meaningful content to summarize. It consists only of blank lines and the title "PleaseRememberThis" without any further details.
This document proposes establishing a usability testing laboratory at Missouri University of Science and Technology. It would benefit students by providing hands-on experiential learning, the Technical Communication program by attracting more students and promoting growth, and Missouri S&T and local businesses by offering usability testing services. There is currently no usability lab, but growing technologies require more user testing. A lab would allow 200+ students annually to test websites, apps, and more in a professional environment. It could also generate research projects and funding for the program.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
The Walt Disney Company - company analysis on price strategyYeonKyung Lee
- Time: February 2014
- Organization: College(undergraduate)
- Class: Network Economy (Economics)
- Project description: Research on the Walt Disney Company focusing on their price strategy.
Research report of the Walt Disney CompanyYeonKyung Lee
The Walt Disney Company is a diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise with five business segments. It has a vision to deliver exceptional entertainment experiences for people of all ages and interests globally. Disney operates in over 40 countries with 149,000 employees worldwide across its media networks, parks and resorts, studio entertainment, consumer products, and interactive divisions. The company pursues strategies like partnerships, creative innovation, and reaching new global markets to drive growth.
Spotify's business model and copyright infringement issueYeonKyung Lee
- Time: February 2014
- Organization: College(undergraduate)
- Class: Network Economy (Economics)
- Project description: Research on Spotify's business model and copyright infringement issue.
DieselPlus is a 100% organic and biodegradable fuel additive that improves combustion, reduces harmful emissions, and increases fuel efficiency. It starts working immediately upon adding to fuel tanks. Benefits include improved power and reliability, reduced maintenance costs, and decreased pollution. As a green product, DieselPlus is non-toxic and made from renewable sources. It cleans engines and exhaust systems while keeping fuel stable and filters clean.
Argument In Support And Against Of Hofstede WorkTodd Turner
This document provides an overview of Hofstede's seminal work describing five cultural dimensions and discusses arguments both for and against his work. It summarizes Hofstede's study using data from 116,000 IBM employees in over 50 countries to identify four main cultural dimensions. It then reviews Hofstede's five dimensions in more detail and outlines some common criticisms of his work, including that surveys may not accurately measure cultural values, his assumptions of cultural homogeneity within countries ignores variations, and that cultures are not bounded by national borders.
This document discusses cultural dimensions and how they can be used to understand differences in national cultures. It introduces Geert Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions, which identifies six dimensions for analyzing and comparing national culture: power distance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long term vs short term orientation, and indulgence vs restraint. The document provides examples of how understanding a country's scores on these dimensions can provide insights into how to address a country's cultural needs to better recruit patients internationally.
1) The document discusses selecting a theorist that best explains cultural development. It establishes criteria for the selection, including studying multiple cultures using consistent measures, validated and replicable findings, acceptance among scholars, a clear definition of culture, testable hypotheses, and a comprehensive explanatory framework.
2) The document argues that Geert Hofstede best meets the criteria. It notes he studied over 88,000 IBM employees in 71 countries, identifying stable patterns in values and beliefs across cultures. His work produced reliable measures that have been validated by other researchers.
3) Hofstede's theory includes five dimensions of culture: power distance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, uncertainty avoidance,
Ethaline Cortelyou was a pioneering woman in the technical communication field in the 1940s-1960s. She worked on important projects like the Manhattan Project and advocated for women in STEM. She held various roles including teacher, chemist, and technical editor at organizations like the Manhattan Project, Armour Research Foundation, and Argonne National Laboratory. As a technical editor, she produced reports and manuals and helped establish technical communication as a profession during World War II and the Cold War, when women began entering STEM fields in greater numbers.
- Time: 2014
- Organization: College(undergraduate)
- Class: Cost and Benefit Analysis (Economics)
- Project description: Final class project from Cost and Benefit analysis course. This is a 10 page word document. Includes research and application on 9 steps of CBA.
The El Sistema - The program of social rescue and cultural transformationYeonKyung Lee
- Time: September 2012
- Organization: College(undergraduate)
- Class: Intro to Business Sustainability
- Project description: This was a presentation of sustainability example. I chose a topic of the El Sistema, as an example of social rescue and cultural transformation.
Inculcating science into public cultureJoel Joseph
Social media platforms have become important channels for science communication as they allow for interaction between scientists and broad audiences. Scientists are now directly engaging with the public on social media to share information. When using social media for science communication, it is important to consider the audience of each platform and set goals for engagement, sharing data, explaining science, or gaining media coverage and feedback. As traditional science news sources decline, social media will continue growing as a key way for scientists to interface with the public.
Instructional booklet on easy and effective Powerpoint designYeonKyung Lee
- Time: 2013
- Organization: College(undergraduate)
- Class: Intro to Technical Communication
- Project description: This is an instructional booklet of easy and effective design using Microsoft PowerPoint for powerful presentation. It is made in undergraduate technical communication course.
Linkedin's network effect and lock-in strategyYeonKyung Lee
This document provides demographic data on age groups and their percentage of a population. 18% of the population is aged 18-24, 31% is 25-34, 40% is 35-54, and 11% is over 55.
Proposal for writing an instructional bookletYeonKyung Lee
1. The document is a proposal from YeonKyung Lee requesting authorization to create an instructional booklet on how to design effective PowerPoint slides.
2. The proposed booklet would provide easy design methods in three categories - background, font, and content - to help students improve poorly designed slides and enhance their presentation skills.
3. The methods aim to make slides more readable and understandable through visualization techniques like customized backgrounds, appropriate font usage, and combining words with graphs and images. A timeline and the author's qualifications are also included.
Tristan Thompson has over 7 years of experience in information technology and management. He has managed networks of up to 5,500 users, troubleshooting a variety of issues. Thompson also maintained standardized desktop environments and was responsible for software configuration, security patches, and laptop management. He holds Network+ and Security+ certifications and held a secret security clearance during his time in the Army.
DieselPlus is a 100% organic and biodegradable fuel additive that improves combustion, reduces harmful emissions, and increases fuel efficiency. It starts working immediately upon adding to fuel tanks. Benefits include improved power and reliability, reduced maintenance costs, and decreased pollution. DieselPlus helps engines run cleaner with less fuel consumption and downtime, providing economic and environmental benefits.
The document appears to be a profile of someone born in 1998 named Megan who is female and a Sagittarius. It lists things she likes including books, TV shows like Sherlock and Dr. House, anime, traveling, languages, food, music genres and bands. It also lists places she has been and wants to visit, as well as things she dislikes such as certain foods, cleaning, and public speaking. Grades, college, airplanes and traveling are listed as important to her.
How to create PPT with simple design effectsYeonKyung Lee
The document does not contain any meaningful content to summarize. It consists only of blank lines and the title "PleaseRememberThis" without any further details.
This document proposes establishing a usability testing laboratory at Missouri University of Science and Technology. It would benefit students by providing hands-on experiential learning, the Technical Communication program by attracting more students and promoting growth, and Missouri S&T and local businesses by offering usability testing services. There is currently no usability lab, but growing technologies require more user testing. A lab would allow 200+ students annually to test websites, apps, and more in a professional environment. It could also generate research projects and funding for the program.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
The Walt Disney Company - company analysis on price strategyYeonKyung Lee
- Time: February 2014
- Organization: College(undergraduate)
- Class: Network Economy (Economics)
- Project description: Research on the Walt Disney Company focusing on their price strategy.
Research report of the Walt Disney CompanyYeonKyung Lee
The Walt Disney Company is a diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise with five business segments. It has a vision to deliver exceptional entertainment experiences for people of all ages and interests globally. Disney operates in over 40 countries with 149,000 employees worldwide across its media networks, parks and resorts, studio entertainment, consumer products, and interactive divisions. The company pursues strategies like partnerships, creative innovation, and reaching new global markets to drive growth.
Spotify's business model and copyright infringement issueYeonKyung Lee
- Time: February 2014
- Organization: College(undergraduate)
- Class: Network Economy (Economics)
- Project description: Research on Spotify's business model and copyright infringement issue.
DieselPlus is a 100% organic and biodegradable fuel additive that improves combustion, reduces harmful emissions, and increases fuel efficiency. It starts working immediately upon adding to fuel tanks. Benefits include improved power and reliability, reduced maintenance costs, and decreased pollution. As a green product, DieselPlus is non-toxic and made from renewable sources. It cleans engines and exhaust systems while keeping fuel stable and filters clean.
Argument In Support And Against Of Hofstede WorkTodd Turner
This document provides an overview of Hofstede's seminal work describing five cultural dimensions and discusses arguments both for and against his work. It summarizes Hofstede's study using data from 116,000 IBM employees in over 50 countries to identify four main cultural dimensions. It then reviews Hofstede's five dimensions in more detail and outlines some common criticisms of his work, including that surveys may not accurately measure cultural values, his assumptions of cultural homogeneity within countries ignores variations, and that cultures are not bounded by national borders.
This document discusses cultural dimensions and how they can be used to understand differences in national cultures. It introduces Geert Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions, which identifies six dimensions for analyzing and comparing national culture: power distance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long term vs short term orientation, and indulgence vs restraint. The document provides examples of how understanding a country's scores on these dimensions can provide insights into how to address a country's cultural needs to better recruit patients internationally.
1) The document discusses selecting a theorist that best explains cultural development. It establishes criteria for the selection, including studying multiple cultures using consistent measures, validated and replicable findings, acceptance among scholars, a clear definition of culture, testable hypotheses, and a comprehensive explanatory framework.
2) The document argues that Geert Hofstede best meets the criteria. It notes he studied over 88,000 IBM employees in 71 countries, identifying stable patterns in values and beliefs across cultures. His work produced reliable measures that have been validated by other researchers.
3) Hofstede's theory includes five dimensions of culture: power distance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, uncertainty avoidance,
Key Terms & Concepts
Culture
Cultural paradigms:
Ethnocentrism
Polycentrism
Geocentrism
Cultural Dimensions
Communications
Cross-cultural/language barriers
Verbal Communication
Language�
Jargon and Slang�
Acronyms�
Humor�
Vocabulary and Grammar�
Non-verbal communication
High-context vs. Low-context cultures
Religion
Christianity
Judaism
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
Confucianism
Shinto
Ethics
Business ethics
Socially responsible corporations
Corruption
Transparency International (TI)
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
Values and Attitudes
Variances in attitudes
Concept of time
Dealing with change
Role of gender
Social status
Business Manners and Customs
Social Structures
Social Institutions: Traditional & Non-traditional
Social Groups: Primary & Secondary
Status: Ascribed & Achieved
Geert Hofstede: Dimensions of Culture
Power Distance Index (PDI)
Individualism vs. Collectivism (IDV)
Masculinity vs. Femininity (MAS)
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI)
Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Normative orientation (LTO)
Indulgence vs. Restraint (IND)
Fons Trompenaars: Seven Dimensions of Culture Model
Universalism vs. Particularism
Individualism vs. Communitarianism
Specific vs. Diffuse
Neutral vs. Emotional
Achievement vs. Ascription
Sequential time vs. Synchronous Time
Internal direction vs. Outer Direction
Robert J. House: The Globe Study
Cross-Cultural Analysis Models
The study of culture and personality, which many experts consider a subset of
anthropology and psychology during the first half of the twentieth century,
concentrates on traditional and preliterate societies. Conclusions drawn from
cultural studies come from psychoanalysis.42 From 1967 to 1973, Geert Hofstede
applied the subset of cultural dimensions to the field of business management. He
segregated them into independent areas to be further divided in order to get a more
precise understanding.43 Not long after Hofstede began his work, Fons
Trompenaars, expanded on Hofstede’s research and developed another framework
for understanding the different dimensions of culture. In 1993, Robert House
began a project, later called the GLOBE study, that expanded upon both
Hofstede’s and Trompenaars’ work.
Through their employment in large multinational corporations, both Hofstede and
Trompenaars conducted research that would lead each man to draw his own
conclusions about the theories of cultural dimensions. Each postulated theories
based on the research of a somewhat captive audience: the employees of the
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multinational companies. Years of research led both men to their respected cultural
guidelines.
Geert Hofstede developed four initial theories and later added a fifth and sixth.
Hofstede’s understanding of different cultures led to the understanding that both
national cultures and organizational cultures simultaneously occur within the same
society. National cultures can be studied by ...
This document summarizes a thesis defense that examines measuring organizational subcultures using Hofstede's model of national culture dimensions. The study applies Hofstede's Value Survey Model to measure the cultural dimensions of different directorates within a large joint military command (USJFCOM) to test if the directorates have distinct subcultures. The methodology involves surveying employees across three large USJFCOM directorates and comparing the dimension scores between directorates and to national scores. The implications are that validating Hofstede's model at the organizational level could provide a standardized way to measure and understand culture across different levels of analysis.
The main purpose of this study was to cross-validate Hofstede's classi®cation of national
cultures. An additional aim was to investigate the relationship between culture as perceived
and culture as desired. Over 800 advanced students of economics, business administration and
management from 10 countries participated in the study. They gave free descriptions of an
organization they knew well and they rated their native companies on Hofstede's dimensions
of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity. In addition, they
indicated how they would like their native companies to be on the same dimensions. Both the
data concerning the free descriptions and the data concerning the ratings of native companies
show considerable support for Hofstede's four dimensions. Remarkably, there was hardly a
relation between culture as perceived and culture as desired. The latter ®nding has important
implications for the interpretation of the literature on national cultures.
The document discusses a literature review on Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory and its implications for staffing globally at a multinational company (MNC). It summarizes Hofstede's six cultural dimensions: power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and provides country scores. It also discusses the significance of cultural awareness training when sending employees to countries with different cultures, like Bangladesh, USA, and UK, to increase understanding and effectiveness.
1) Culture can be defined in many ways and encompasses both material and non-material aspects of a society. Non-material aspects include symbols, language, values, and norms that are learned and shared.
2) Globalization has increased connections between countries and the spread of ideas and business practices worldwide. Understanding different cultural values and effective cross-cultural communication is important for international business.
3) Hofstede studied IBM employees around the world and identified five cultural dimensions, including power distance, that influence mental programming and societal norms around equality and power structures.
2
Probation and Punishment
1. As explained in the text, Islam was founded by the prophet Mohammed. After his death in 632, a split occurred in Islam creating two groups who became known as Shi’ites and Sunnis. Assess the importance of the split in Islam to both the war on terrorism and the war in Iraq. Provide a rationale for your response.
2. Analyze the fundamental differences between Shi’ites and Sunnis in relation to the war on terrorism. Hypothesize one (1) way in which the analysis of such differences and the information that it yields is useful relative to the current situation in Iraq. Provide a rationale for your response.
3. Per the text, the militant version of Islam first began in the 11th century and has continued to develop in modern times. Determine whether or not you believe that the three (3) individuals most recognized as founding this militant philosophy influenced Osama Bin Laden’s decisions and / or his role in terrorism. Provide support for your rationale.
4. Examine the seminal contributions that each of the three (3) individuals from the first part of this discussion have afforded to the militant Islamic philosophy. Choose the one (1) contributor that you believe has had the most influence on current Islamic Jihadists. Defend your choice, and explain the key reasons why the person you chose was the most influential.
5. Describe the precautionary measures taken by airlines to prepare for probable issues before they arise.
Course name: Cross Cultural Management
Assignment 1
Module 1 - The Importance of Cross Cultural Management
Objectives
The aim of this assignment is to provide learners with an opportunity to reflect, in their own words, on the insight of three ongoing extensive initiatives seeking to help us improve our understanding of managing across cultures.
Instructor Comments
A little bit of travel opens up the mind to new possibilities as well as the importance of understanding foreign cultures. In North America, our business system accentuates the formal contractual nature of relationships. We often shop for price and/or quality with little thought given as to who produces an item or who provides particular services. Practices in other national cultures can be different. In many instances, a purchase is made or a relationship developed because of a friendship or family relationship. Deals are sealed by a handshake, not the ink of a pen. Understanding the cultural subtleties surrounding practices can make or break a business deal unbeknownst to the deal-makers.
Geert Hofstede is probably the best known researcher of national cultures as they relate to business practices. His insights obtained from a 1970's study of 100,000 IBM employees around the world serve as the benchmark for this important area of understanding. Fons Trom ...
This document discusses cultural understanding and frameworks for analyzing culture, focusing on Geert Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions. It summarizes Hofstede's five dimensions of culture - power distance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term vs short-term orientation. It also outlines advantages and limitations of Hofstede's framework, noting it provides a standardized way to compare cultures but may overgeneralize or not account for internal diversity within countries. The conclusion is that culture is a complex, dynamic concept that influences behaviors and there is no single model that fully explains cultural differences.
Assessment details The details of each assessment component are .docxgalerussel59292
Assessment details
The details of each assessment component are set out below. Each assessment will be marked according to the general criteria for assessment as prescribed by the university grading system and the specific criteria set out in the Cover and Assessment Sheets that are available in the Appendices of this booklet and in the Assignment Tool in the online unit.
In your assessments, make sure that you correctly cite all references.
Present a 1500-word persuasive essay for a selected national health priority area.
MUST THINGS TO COVER
Ottawa charter ( Focus on those things on page 2 ! and ignore page 1 )
Link
livelighter.com (health-professionals/for-ur-practice) to Ottawa charter
Choose one of these theories:
· Erikson’s psychological stages and Seligman- positive psychology (these two theories must go together)
· McNaught’s framework of well-being
· Constructivist
Present a persuasive essay for a selected (evidence based) national health priority area “Why is your topic a national health priority area and how is this being addressed?’
Choose a country and a disease that many people of the country have.
Description of Task
Research a national health priority area that and present an argument with supporting literature that this is a valid and credible health priority for a specific country or region. You need to justify why this has been classified as a health priority area and argue a case for being an area of focus for health promotion.
Your essay should address the following requirements:
• Define the health priority and state why it is a priority. Include information on what it is and whom it affects.
• In your priority areas, show evidence of credible and current research data to illustrate that this is a valid argument.
• Which specific target groups are impacted e.g. youth (12–18 years), young adults (18– 30 years) or seniors (60+)
• Illustrate the positioning of the priority within frameworks of wellbeing.
• How are fundamentals of health promotion addressing this area of concern? Discuss in relation to action and strategies of health promotion. Are there any gaps?
• Reference in text (APA) format and include reference list as per APA format
* Academy of Managemenf Executive, 2004, Vol. 18. No. 1
An interview with
Geert Hofstede
Interview by Michael H. Hoppe
Geert Hofstede received an M.Sc. in mechanical engineering from Delft Technical
University in 1953 and earned his Ph.D. in social psychology, cum laude, from Groningen
University in 1967. He worked for six years for IBM Europe where he founded and
managed the Personnel Research Department. He first entered academics in 1971 virhen
he assumed a visiting lecturer position at IMD in Lausanne, Switzerland. Subsequently
Professor Hofstede held faculty positions at the European Institute for Advanced Studies
in Management in Brussels and at INSEAD in Fontainebleau, France. In 1980 he returned
to industry as a director of human resources of Fasson Europe in L.
1. The document discusses criticisms of Hofstede's model for analyzing cultural dimensions. While Hofstede's work in the 1980s was groundbreaking, some scholars argue it has limitations.
2. Major criticisms include that Hofstede's research was based on data from only one company, used few dimensions that may not fully capture culture, and the cultural assessments may not apply equally across all groups within a nation.
3. The document also reviews alternative approaches and dimensions proposed by other researchers to analyze national culture, as Hofstede's work is seen as too simplistic by some or outdated given changing globalization trends over time.
Dimensionalizing Cultures_ The Hofstede Model in Context.pdfRobertDelia3
This document discusses Geert Hofstede's model of six dimensions of national culture: Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Femininity, Long/Short Term Orientation, and Indulgence/Restraint. It describes how the model was developed based on factor analysis of a large IBM employee survey across over 50 countries. The dimensions identified common problems faced by employees in different societies. The model has been validated through correlations with over 400 other cross-cultural studies and remains relevant for describing enduring differences between national cultures.
Exploring culture theory GLOBE, Hofstede, and TrompenaarsLisa Parrott
Looking at the pros and cons of three major culture theories today - GLOBE, Hofstede and Trompenaars. This paper also looks at the impact culture has on military transition.
Geert Hofstede conducted a large study of how workplace values are influenced by culture. He identified six dimensions of national culture: power distance, individualism vs collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity vs femininity, long-term vs short-term orientation, and indulgence vs restraint. Hofstede administered surveys to IBM employees in over 50 countries between 1967-1973 to develop scores for each country on these six dimensions. The dimensions provide a framework for understanding differences in national cultures and how they relate to values and behaviors.
Cultural differences in organisations ppt MBABabasab Patil
This document discusses cultural differences in organizations based on various studies and research. It summarizes key theories on organizational culture like McGregor's Theory X and Y, Hofstede's study identifying dimensions of individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity/femininity. Other research highlighted includes differences between high and low context cultures, and how organizational culture is influenced by societal culture and leaders play a role in shaping culture. Studies found culture affects variables like employee performance, communication styles, and that organizations inherit cultural traits from the societies employees come from.
Dimensionalizing cultures the hofstede model in contextThanh Thanh
This document summarizes Geert Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions and how it was developed based on prior conceptual work. It discusses how earlier researchers proposed dimensions to classify cultures but had weaknesses in clearly defining levels of analysis. Hofstede's model improved on this by focusing only on national cultures and empirically identifying dimensions. It describes some of the dimensions proposed by earlier researchers that influenced Hofstede, such as individualism-collectivism and power distance. Hofstede's study validated three dimensions identified in an earlier review as being consistently identified in studies of national character: relation to authority, conception of self, and ways of dealing with primary dilemmas.
This document discusses organizational development in a global context. It summarizes Geert Hofstede's seminal research identifying five key dimensions of national culture that impact management practices: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, and long-term/short-term orientation. It explores how each of these cultural dimensions affects the practice of organizational development. The document emphasizes that OD practitioners must be sensitive to cultural differences and not assume OD approaches developed in Western cultures will be equally effective in all contexts. Local cultural values must be understood and respected.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
1. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 1
Hofstede’s Theory of National Culture
and Its Application to Missouri University of Science and Technology’s
Recruitment Video for International Students
YeonKyung Lee
TEC COM 6450
2. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 2
Abstract
In today’s globalized world, it is important for organizations to practice intercultural
communication. Understanding intercultural communication theories would provide a great
guide to technical communicators and organizations to practice intercultural application on their
products and services. This paper will explore one of the famous intercultural theories, Geert
Hofstede’s culture as ‘Software of the Mind’ and its six dimensions. Also, the paper will apply
Hofstede's theory on Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T)’s
recruitment video. The paper will explain the background of the video and demonstrate
intercultural application to two different countries, South Korea and China, based on Hofstede’s
theory. Finally, this paper will present difficulties and limitations in the application of Hostsede’s
theory as a static culture approach.
3. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 3
Hofstede’s Definition of Culture as ‘Software of the Mind’
Hofstede defines culture as ‘software of the mind’. People have changes in how they use
the language, how they act, and what they eat as they grow up and get affected by interaction
with society and surrounding environment. Thus, people's surrounding environment affects their
behavior, thought, and value. Hofstede calls culture as ‘mental programs’, or, ‘software of the
mind’ (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2004, p. 3).
Also, he believes culture emerges from patterns that differentiate one group from others.
He defines culture as “The collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members
of one group or category of people from others” (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2004, p. 4).
National Culture
In his use of the term ‘national culture’, ‘national’ stands for the nation system which is a
political division of the world. Hofstede mentions that nations are different from societies, which
are naturally and historically developed groups (Hofstedd & Hofstede, 2004, p. 18). His theory
of six dimensions of culture is focused on national culture rather than organizational or
occupational culture.
Hofstede’s Theory and Technical Communication
Hofstede’s theory of cultural dimensions could be used as a guide in intercultural
technical communication work environment. It may also raise technical communicators'
awareness on cultural differences. In his research, Hofstede performed the survey among 50
countries and listed each country’s index in his book Cultures and Organizations. Technical
4. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 4
communicators may use the theory as a guide when they localize information products like
websites, videos, and Smartphone applications. Hofstede's theory would also help understand the
context of different cultures. Understanding context would benefit technical communicators
when they work with people from different cultures or localize information products for different
nations.
Hofstede’s Model of Culture
Theory Development
Hofstede used survey data to draw his theory of national culture. He announced the
founding in his book Culture’s Consequences in 1980. His survey was conducted on 66 different
countries' IBM employees. Hofstede later analyzed the survey data to find out which value is
considered more important than others within each nation. After he figured out important value
within the nation, he compared them with other nation's value to find a pattern. His six
dimensions are the analyzed result of the pattern.
His survey was focused on measuring values rather than practices. He mentioned that
values are “the stable element in culture” (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2004, p. 21). He pictured
culture in four different layers: Symbols, Heroes, Rituals, and Values. Four different layers are
presented as practices for observers, and values are “broad tendencies to prefer certain states of
affairs over others” (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2004, p. 8). He believed that value is the deepest layer
and the core of the culture.
5. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 5
Dimension 1: Power Distance
Hofstede’s first theory is drawn from the Power Distance Index. He measured a degree of
inequality in each nation by asking questions about how people would react to inequality within
the organization. In countries with a high power distance, employees often are afraid of their
boss and hesitate to speak out their opinion to their boss. Also, employees tend to be dependent
on their boss and don’t have complaints about nation’s hierarchy. Most Asian countries and
eastern European countries scored high in the power distance index. On the other hand, in
countries with a low power distance, a relationship between the boss and employees are
interdependent. Employees are not afraid of expressing their opinion. Also, the emotional
distance between them is close. The United States, Great Britain, Austria, Germany, and Israel
have low power distance.
Dimension 2: Individualism vs. Collectivism
For a next dimension, Hofstede measured the degree of individualism in each nation.
Employees were asked whether they value their personal time, challenge, and freedom over
training, physical conditions, and use of skills (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2004, p. 76). Counties with
high individualism index expect to look after themselves. On the other hand, countries with low
individualism index show collective tendency. For example, people are loyal to groups for a
lifetime they belong to, such as family, religion, or organization. The United States, Australia,
Great Britain, and Canada tend to have individualistic aspect while Korea, Taiwan, Thailand,
Africa, and Singapore have a collective aspect in their culture.
6. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 6
Dimension 3: Masculinity vs. Femininity
Hofstede’s third theory of masculinity versus femininity was drawn from a survey asking
masculine and feminine poles. The masculine pole includes earnings, recognition, advancement,
and challenge. On the other hand, the feminine pole includes a relationship with a manager,
cooperation, living area, and employment security (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2004, p. 119). People
in the feminine society tend to cooperate, care about others, and value quality of life. Also, their
“emotional gender roles overlap” (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2004, p. 120). Countries like
Netherland, Thailand, and Scandinavian countries are feminine oriented. On the other hand,
masculine society values material success and “emotional gender roles are clearly distinct”
(Hofstede & Hofstede, 2004, p. 120). People in the masculine society value personal
achievements rather than society’s unity. The roles between genders are non-equally distributed.
Germany, Japan, Colombia, Australia, and Switzerland have masculine tendency in their society.
Dimension 4: Uncertainty Avoidance
The next dimension measured is (in)tolerance of ambiguity. The uncertainty avoidance
index is used to measure the fourth dimension. Countries with a high index score have a higher
level of anxiety and stress over uncertainty. Countries that avoid uncertainty include Greece,
Portugal, Japan, and Uruguay. The society with a tendency of uncertainty avoidance tends to
have many rules to make people feel safer and more stable. On the other hand, societies with the
lower index score comparably tolerate uncertainty. Examples of uncertainty tolerance countries
are Singapore, Sweden, Hong Kong, and Great Britain.
7. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 7
Dimension 5: Long-Term vs. Short-Term
The fifth dimension of his theory was later established from the Chinese Value Survey
(CVS). The survey conducted in China showed correlated results for existing four dimensions,
but it raised a new dimension related to an influence of Confucianism. In Long-term oriented
society including Eastern Asian countries and the Netherland, society’s virtues are oriented
toward future. They believe good and evil can be changed. They also adapt to changes depending
on circumstances. On the other hand, a short-term oriented society like the Philippines, Pakistan,
the U.S., and African countries, focuses more on the past and present. They value national pride
and respect tradition. People in short-term society have a tendency to believe fixed norm and
stubborn attitude with changes around them.
Dimension 6: Indulgence vs. Restraint
Hofstede’s sixth dimension is relatively new. It is based on Michael Minkov’s analysis of
the World Values Survey that was conducted in 93 countries. In Indulgence societies, natural
human drives that are related to enjoying life or having fun are tolerated. Restraint societies
suppress and regulate those drives. Countries with a tendency of high indulgence value leisure
and sport as a part of their lives than restrained countries.
Limitation of Hofstede’s Theory
Hofstede's theory has been criticized by scholars over time. For example, the scholar
McSweeney (2002) points out the limited scale and narrowness of Hofstede’s research method.
He argued Hofstede's survey did not yield adequate samples. Because the number of IBM
employees vary in countries, the number of respondents in each country were different. The
8. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 8
average number of respondents was 50, but some countries had lower or an extremely small
number of respondents. McSweeney (2002) questioned the legitimacy of Hofstede's theory that
has the limited scale in his research.
Another problem of his survey is the “narrowness of the population survey”
(McSweeney, B., 2002, p. 94). It's hard to tell whether IBM employees represent the country
since they are educated people in the same organization. People in the same organization mostly
have similar value or are trained to seek IBM's unified organizational value.
Application of Hofstede’s Theory
The following section will demonstrate the application of Hofstede's theory in
information product localization. Localization means a change, development, or adaptation of
product or document to meet target audience’s need which could vary in different cultures. The
concept of localization would be confused with a term globalization, which means a design or
interface that help localization comparably easy (“Localization vs. Internalization”, n. d.). Also,
among various types of the information product including website, video, and Smartphone
application, this paper will implement Hofstede's theory on the recruitment video of Missouri
S&T.
Background of Selecting Missouri S&T’s Recruitment Video as a Subject
Currently, a public video welcoming Vietnamese students is on Missouri S&T Youtube
channel. The original video can be found at https://youtu.be/DlOAPqsElno. The Department of
Communication and International and Cultural Affairs have worked on developing this video to
promote Missouri S&T to international students. I was partially engaged in the project when I
was working for International and Cultural Affairs. The video was finalized in four different
9. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 9
versions: the United States, China, South Korea, and Vietnam. However, only translations were
made and the main part of the video remained same. Each video started with a added video clip
of Chinese, South Korean, or Vietnam student explaining why he/she joined Missouri S&T.
When I was assigned to translate the video into Korean, I realized that the video is very different
from South Korean university’s promotional videos. I thought fundamental changes were
needed, but it was too late to change the whole structure of the video. I believe this would be a
great opportunity to localize the video within the theoretical structure. The video’s content,
presentation, and subtitle will be examined and localized into two different countries: China and
South Korea.
Structure of the Video and Represented Theory of Hofstede’s in the United States’
Perspective
The video starts with an introduction saying that Missouri S&T can bring success to the
students. It spends a long time to explain different design teams on campus and their
achievements. After that, it shows various research areas of the university, mentions several
successful figures of our alumni, introduces international students on campus, and explains
COER’s service including a career fair. The image and video clips in the video mostly
demonstrate the campus environment and students in classrooms or a research fields. The most
used words are success, future, and leader. The video emphasizes the research and career
perspective of the university. Several scenes from the video reflect Hofstede’s theory. First,
according to Hofstede, the emotional distance between people is closer in the United States
(Hofstede & Hofstede, 2004, p. 45). Most class scenes show a casual atmosphere with laughing
students and closer physical space between students and a professor. It demonstrates the United
10. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 10
State’s low power distance. Also, a stress on the research perspective of the university and
student’s future success could be related with short-term orientation.
Application for South Korea
In Hofstede’s research, Korea showed a high degree of collectivism and long-term orientation.
Korea is characterized by high power distance, uncertainty avoidance, femininity, and restraint,
whereas the U.S. is characterized by low power distance, masculinity, low uncertainty
avoidance, and indulgence (See Figure 1).
Figure 1. South Korea’s cultural index scores in comparison to the United State. Reprinted from The
Hofstede Center, n.d., Retrieved September 15, 2015 from http://geert-hofstede.com/south-korea.html
For Korea’s recruitment video, the original video should reflect a collective aspect of
Missouri S&T. The original video mostly presents how Missouri S&T will lead students to a
successful life. Rather, it needs to show what it means to join Missouri S&T. Explaining
11. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 11
different disciplines that Missouri S&T has or presenting the university as a community would
also be great way to emphasize collective characteristic. The original video only emphasizes
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) field of study. According to
Hofstede, in a collective country, people are always integrated into groups that affect their entire
life (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2004, p. 76). Thus, it should not only emphasize short-term success
but also present how Missouri S&T alumni are coping in the society. Also, in the collective
society, “diplomas provide entry to higher-status groups” (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2004, p.
104). The video may show how alumni are influencing the society with respect to social status.
Also, Korea has a very strong tendency toward long-term orientation. Korea has been
affected from Confucian value historically. In long-term oriented society, people value thrives
for a good education. Korea values higher education and considers the ranking of universities to
be important. The original video states that “Missouri S&T is one of the highest-ranked science
and engineering universities in the United States”(Missouri SandT, 2015). Instead, the actual
number of the ranking or high school student’s effort may be presented to show how hard it is to
be a part of Missouri S&T. At the same time, too much stress in Confucian value in the video
may abuse Hofstede’s theory. Confucian value emphasizes women’s role as a mother and
member of the family. It is true that modern Korean society still is affected by Confucian value,
but the society is recognizing an importance of women’s role in the society. Thus, female
students and alumni who are projected in the original should remain in the video for Korea.
Finally, other aspect that could be considered is the femininity of Korean society. The
original video is oriented to a material success. It presents a list of Missouri S&T’s strengths,
which are design teams, research facility, and COER’s service. According to Hofstede, in
feminine society, people work in order to live and want to have more leisure time over work.
12. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 12
Korean society is stressed from competition at school and work. It may be helpful to add the
extracurricular aspects of the university such as sports teams and clubs.
Application for China
The most distinctive difference between China and the United States are individualism
vs. collectivism and long- vs. short- term orientation. China has a strong tendency of collectivism
and long-term orientation. Also, China has stronger power distance, uncertainty tolerance, and
restraint. There is not much difference in masculinity between China and the United States.
Figure 2. China’s cultural index scores in comparison to the United State. Reprinted from The Hofstede
Center, n. d., Retrieved September 15, 2015 from http://geert-hofstede.com/china.html
First, to reflect China’s collective aspect, the video may stress Missouri S&T alumni’s
influence to the society. The original video is focused on how Missouri S&T would help
student’s individual success. In Tsinghua University’s promotion video, for example, alumni’s
13. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 13
significant role in politics, economy, and science is emphasized and mentioned over and over.
Also, the original video presents alumni’s success as “Our graduates developed the first trans-
Atlantic voice transmission, revolutionized weather forecasting, worked as astronauts, developed
a process to speed DNA sequencing, and developed the first hand-held GPS unit” (Missouri
SandT, 2015). Rather, it could focus on what changes they brought to the society and how
important those were to improve the world, rather than listing their works.
Second, to accomodate long-term orientation in China, the original video may be adjust
the “invest” aspect of education at Missouri S&T. China is the top country that ranking in long-
term orientation. They thrive for future benefit. The video could directly mention the word invest
or present future benefits that students would get after graduation.
Lastly, China has stronger power distance than in the United States. One of the ways that
could be used is to stress faculty member’s authority. The original video simply states, “You will
study under faculty who are leaders in their fields. They have made significant discoveries,
including finding a way to cure liver cancer with tiny glass balls.”(Missouri SandT, 2015)
Rather, it could emphasize faculty member’s contribution to the society and their standing in
academic fields. Hofstede mentions that “In the large-power distance situation, the parent-child
inequality is perpetuated by a teacher-student inequality that caters to the need for dependence
well established in the student’s mind” (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2004, p. 53). In countries with
higher power distance like China, students not only respect teachers but also follow them as
mentors. It is important to show how important faculty members are as a member of the society.
Students want to study under the teacher whom they can look up to.
Limitation of Hostede’s Theory on Localization as Heuristic View of Culture
Some of the applications are not strictly followed by Hofstede’s theory, based on my
14. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 14
understanding of Korean and Chinese culture. Hofstede’s theory views culture as static. The
static view of culture is useful to understand a big picture of different cultures. However, due to
development in technology, the world is changing rapidly. There are more and more people who
travel and have contact with different cultures. It is important to understand that application of
Hofstede’s theory may not be a perfect guide without understanding the background of his
research.
Fundamentally, the view of static culture is that people “have” a culture and their
behavior is dominated by the culture. Also, it believes that people within the same culture
understand and communicate better with each other. On the other hand, the dynamic approach to
culture is comparably new. It focuses on ambiguous and uncertain aspects of the culture. It also
values individual’s unique characteristics that can’t be explained by a national culture. Scholars
supporting the dynamic approach criticize the static approach for framing culture’s complexity
and diversity. In particular, they believe that the static approach is not suitable for a modern
society where cultures are merging and changing rapidly. They value individual differences that
are hidden in a large group of the culture and argue that culture should be accepted as it is with
an open end.
Conclusion
Despite criticisms on his theory, it seems Hofstede’s theory could be useful to a technical
communicator. The theory should be first understood by technical communicator before it is
abused. After understanding the background, the survey method, and the limitation of Hofstede’s
study, the technical communicator can be given autonomy to decide. Hofstede also
acknowledged that the survey results are not absolute, but rather relative (Hofstede & Hofstede,
15. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 15
2004, p. 42). He also mentions that the same score on an index among nations doesn’t mean that
their culture are homogeneous (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2004, p. 44). As long as a technical
communicator doesn’t frame his/her thought into the stereotype, the theory could still be useful
in professional practices.
16. HOFSTEDE’S THEORY OF NATIONAL CULTURE AND ITS 16
References
Hofstede, G., & Hofstede, G. (2004). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (Rev.
and expanded 2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mcsweeney, B. (2002). Hofstede's Model of National Cultural Differences and their
Consequences: A Triumph of Faith - a Failure of Analysis. Human Relations, 89-118.
Ishida, W3C, Miller, Boeing. (2005). Localization vs. Internationalization. Retrieved September
11, 2015 from http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-i18n
Missouri SandT. (2015, July 9). Missouri S&T welcomes Vietnamese students. Retrieved
September 9, 2015, from https://youtu.be/DlOAPqsElno
Ping, D. (2011, Apr 23). Tsinghua University Publicity Film. Retrieved September 9, 2015, from
https://youtu.be/HCQKZaNwMjM
Itim international. (n.d.) The Hofstede Center. Retrieved September 7, 2015 from
http://geert-hofstede.com/national-culture.html