Connectionist language models offer many advantages over their statistical counterparts, but they also have some drawbacks like a much more expensive computational cost. This paper describes a novel method to overcome this problem. A set of normalization values associated to the most frequent N-grams is pre-computed and the model is smoothed with lower N-gram connectionist or statistical models. The
proposed approach is favourably compared to standard connectionist language models and with statistical back-off language models.
Structured prediction or structured learning refers to supervised machine learning techniques that involve predicting structured objects, rather than single labels or real values. For example, the problem of translating a natural language sentence into a syntactic representation such as a parse tree can be seen as a structured prediction problem in which the structured output domain is the set of all possible parse trees.
SearchInFocus: Exploratory Study on Query Logs and Actionable Intelligence Marina Santini
Query logs are an important source of information to surmize users intents'. Although Karlgren (2010) points out that “There are several reasons to be cautious in drawing too far-reaching conclusions: we cannot say for sure what the users were after; [...]“, some linguistic problems could be sorted out by applying more advanced text/content analytics, such as register/sublanguage identification and terminology classification (see Friberg Heppin, 2011) . In this presentation, I will argue that query logs can be considered a digital textual genre alike emails, blogs, chats, tweets and so forth. All these genres contain unstructured information that, still today, is difficult to leverage upon satisfactorily. The hypothesis that I would like to put forward in this workshop is that query logs might be easier to exploit to extract useful information and actionable intelligence than other digital genres.
Connectionist language models offer many advantages over their statistical counterparts, but they also have some drawbacks like a much more expensive computational cost. This paper describes a novel method to overcome this problem. A set of normalization values associated to the most frequent N-grams is pre-computed and the model is smoothed with lower N-gram connectionist or statistical models. The
proposed approach is favourably compared to standard connectionist language models and with statistical back-off language models.
Structured prediction or structured learning refers to supervised machine learning techniques that involve predicting structured objects, rather than single labels or real values. For example, the problem of translating a natural language sentence into a syntactic representation such as a parse tree can be seen as a structured prediction problem in which the structured output domain is the set of all possible parse trees.
SearchInFocus: Exploratory Study on Query Logs and Actionable Intelligence Marina Santini
Query logs are an important source of information to surmize users intents'. Although Karlgren (2010) points out that “There are several reasons to be cautious in drawing too far-reaching conclusions: we cannot say for sure what the users were after; [...]“, some linguistic problems could be sorted out by applying more advanced text/content analytics, such as register/sublanguage identification and terminology classification (see Friberg Heppin, 2011) . In this presentation, I will argue that query logs can be considered a digital textual genre alike emails, blogs, chats, tweets and so forth. All these genres contain unstructured information that, still today, is difficult to leverage upon satisfactorily. The hypothesis that I would like to put forward in this workshop is that query logs might be easier to exploit to extract useful information and actionable intelligence than other digital genres.
Towards Contextualized Information: How Automatic Genre Identification Can HelpMarina Santini
Genre is one of the textual dimensions that can be used to reconstruct the communicative context needed to assess the value of information with respect to a purpose (business, learning, finding, monitoring, predicting, etc.). When we know the genre of a text, we can surmise the CONTEXT where a text has been created and for which purpose. Therefore we can more confidently decide whether a text contains the information we are looking for. For example, factual texts might have more credibility than opinionated texts. In this respect, genres such as press conferences, declarations or announcements by a White House spokesman might be more reliable than subjective genres, e.g. newspapers’ editorials or op-ed articles. On the other hand, if we want to test the pulse and explore the feelings about a product or a politician, we might give more weight to more emotional genres like blogs, forums or social networks’ microposts.
In recent years, important steps forward have been taken in Automatic Genre Identification (AGI). AGI can be defined as a meta-discipline that leverages on and spans Computational Linguistics, NLP, Corpus Linguistics, Information Retrieval, Information Extraction, Text Mining, Text Analytics, Sentiment Analysis and LIS, among others. Promising computational models have been proposed to automatically identify the genre(s) of a text, although no agreement has been reached on the definition of the concept of genre itself. AGI research has shown that genre classes such as blogs, online newspaper front pages, FAQs, DIYs can be automatically identified using a wide range of genre-revealing features -- from linguistic cues to character n-grams -- with a variety of classification algorithms.
In a world where information overload is still pervasive and where technology encourages massive text production through emailing, blogging, tweeting and social network communication, it is likely that the concept of genre and AGI are useful to convert unclassified and unstructured textual data to more structured and contextualized information.
This talk presents a summary of the state-of-the-art in AGI and discusses how genre-aware applications could help extract actionable information from raw textual data.
How Emotional Are Users' Needs? Emotion in Query LogsMarina Santini
Emotional behaviour seems to be ubiquitous on the web. Predictably, social media web genres such as tweets, blog posts and blog comments show high emotional involvement. What about other genres on the web? In this talk, the focus is on the search query log genre. According to recent IR research, searchers’ behaviour is not only limited to traditional informational, navigational and transactional needs. A novel hypothesis is that the seeking behaviour is driven by emotion. But can emotion be detected by analysing the queries typed by users in a search box? In this talk, I will present the results of some experiments carried out to investigate whether it is possible to identify emotion in the query log genre, and discuss how emotion could be utilized to improve the relevance of retrieved documents in searches. These experiments are part of SearchInFocus, a study centred on search.
Lecture 3: Structuring Unstructured Texts Through Sentiment AnalysisMarina Santini
Objective of sentiment analysis: Given an opinion document d, discover all opinion quintuples (ei, aij, sijkl, hk, tl) in d. With these quintuples, unstructured data --> structured data (Bing Liu, Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining. 2012)
In this lecture we explore how big datasets can be used with the Weka workbench and what other issues are currently under discussion in the real world, for ex: big data applications, predictive linguistic analysis, new platforms and new programming languages.
inferential statistics, statistical inference, language technology, interval estimation, confidence interval, standard error, confidence level, z critical value, confidence interval for proportion, confidence interval for the mean, multiplier,
Text analytics and R - Open Question: is it a good match?Marina Santini
http://www.forum.santini.se
* The Quest: finding the optimal way to handle Big Textual Data for Information Discovery
* The Question: is R convenient for text analytics of Big TEXTUAL Data?
* Mission: identification of pros, cons, limits, benefits …
Current Status: investigation in progress…
Lecture 2: From Semantics To Semantic-Oriented ApplicationsMarina Santini
From the "Natural Language Processing" LinkedIn group:
John Kontos, Professor of Artificial Intelligence
I wonder whether translating into formal logic is nothing more than transliteration which simply isolates the part of the text that can be reasoned upon using the simple inference mechanism of formal logic. The real problem I think lies with the part of text that CANNOT be translated one the one hand and the one that changes its meaning due to civilization advances. My own proposal is to leave NL text alone and try building inference mechanisms for the UNTRANSLATED text depending on the task requirements.
All the best
John"
Lecture 01: Machine Learning for Language Technology - IntroductionMarina Santini
What Is Machine Learning? Machine learning is programming computers to optimize a performance criterion using example data or past experience. We have a model defined up to some parameters, and learning is the execution of a computer program to optimize the parameters of the model using the training data or past experience. The model may be predictive to make predictions in the future, or descriptive to gain knowledge from data, or both. Machine learning uses the theory of statistics in building mathematical models, because the core task is making inference from a sample. (Alpaydin, 2010)
In this lecture, we discuss supervised learning starting from the simplest case. We introduce the concepts of: Margin, Noise, and Bias.
The Weka workbench is a collection of state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms and data preprocessing tools. It includes virtually all the algorithms described in this book. It is designed so that you can quickly try out existing
methods on new datasets in flexible ways. It provides extensive support for the whole process of experimental data mining, including preparing the input data, evaluating learning schemes statistically, and visualizing the input data and the result of learning. As well as a wide variety of learning algorithms, it includes a wide range of preprocessing tools. This diverse and comprehensive
toolkit is accessed through a common interface so that its users can compare different methods and identify those that are most appropriate for the problem at hand. (Witten and Frank, 2005)
Lecture 02: Machine Learning for Language Technology - Decision Trees and Nea...Marina Santini
In this lecture, we talk about two different discriminative machine learning methods: decision trees and k-nearest neighbors. Decision trees are hierarchical structures.k-nearest neighbors are based on two principles: recollection and resemblance.
Can We Quantify Domainhood? Exploring Measures to Assess Domain-Specificity i...Marina Santini
Web corpora are a cornerstone of modern Language Technology. Corpora built from the web are convenient because their creation is fast and inexpensive. Several studies have been carried out to assess the representativeness of general-purpose web corpora by comparing them to traditional corpora. Less attention has been paid to assess the representativeness of specialized or domain-specific web corpora. In this paper, we focus on the assessment of domain representativeness of web corpora and we claim that it is possible to assess the degree of domainspecificity, or domainhood, of web corpora. We present a case study where we explore the effectiveness of different measures - namely the Mann-Withney-Wilcoxon Test, Kendall correlation coefficient, Kullback– Leibler divergence, log-likelihood and burstiness - to gauge domainhood. Our findings indicate that burstiness is the most suitable measure to single out domain-specific words from a specialized corpus and to allow for the quantification of domainhood.
Towards a Quality Assessment of Web Corpora for Language Technology ApplicationsMarina Santini
In this study, we focus on the creation and evaluation of domain-specific web corpora. To this purpose, we propose a two-step approach, namely the (1) the automatic extraction and evaluation of term seeds from personas and use cases/scenarios; (2) the creation and evaluation of domain-specific web corpora bootstrapped with term seeds automatically extracted in step 1. Results are encouraging and show that: (1) it is possible to create a fairly accurate term extractor for relatively short narratives; (2) it is straightforward to evaluate a quality such as domain-specificity of web corpora using well-established metrics.
Towards Contextualized Information: How Automatic Genre Identification Can HelpMarina Santini
Genre is one of the textual dimensions that can be used to reconstruct the communicative context needed to assess the value of information with respect to a purpose (business, learning, finding, monitoring, predicting, etc.). When we know the genre of a text, we can surmise the CONTEXT where a text has been created and for which purpose. Therefore we can more confidently decide whether a text contains the information we are looking for. For example, factual texts might have more credibility than opinionated texts. In this respect, genres such as press conferences, declarations or announcements by a White House spokesman might be more reliable than subjective genres, e.g. newspapers’ editorials or op-ed articles. On the other hand, if we want to test the pulse and explore the feelings about a product or a politician, we might give more weight to more emotional genres like blogs, forums or social networks’ microposts.
In recent years, important steps forward have been taken in Automatic Genre Identification (AGI). AGI can be defined as a meta-discipline that leverages on and spans Computational Linguistics, NLP, Corpus Linguistics, Information Retrieval, Information Extraction, Text Mining, Text Analytics, Sentiment Analysis and LIS, among others. Promising computational models have been proposed to automatically identify the genre(s) of a text, although no agreement has been reached on the definition of the concept of genre itself. AGI research has shown that genre classes such as blogs, online newspaper front pages, FAQs, DIYs can be automatically identified using a wide range of genre-revealing features -- from linguistic cues to character n-grams -- with a variety of classification algorithms.
In a world where information overload is still pervasive and where technology encourages massive text production through emailing, blogging, tweeting and social network communication, it is likely that the concept of genre and AGI are useful to convert unclassified and unstructured textual data to more structured and contextualized information.
This talk presents a summary of the state-of-the-art in AGI and discusses how genre-aware applications could help extract actionable information from raw textual data.
How Emotional Are Users' Needs? Emotion in Query LogsMarina Santini
Emotional behaviour seems to be ubiquitous on the web. Predictably, social media web genres such as tweets, blog posts and blog comments show high emotional involvement. What about other genres on the web? In this talk, the focus is on the search query log genre. According to recent IR research, searchers’ behaviour is not only limited to traditional informational, navigational and transactional needs. A novel hypothesis is that the seeking behaviour is driven by emotion. But can emotion be detected by analysing the queries typed by users in a search box? In this talk, I will present the results of some experiments carried out to investigate whether it is possible to identify emotion in the query log genre, and discuss how emotion could be utilized to improve the relevance of retrieved documents in searches. These experiments are part of SearchInFocus, a study centred on search.
Lecture 3: Structuring Unstructured Texts Through Sentiment AnalysisMarina Santini
Objective of sentiment analysis: Given an opinion document d, discover all opinion quintuples (ei, aij, sijkl, hk, tl) in d. With these quintuples, unstructured data --> structured data (Bing Liu, Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining. 2012)
In this lecture we explore how big datasets can be used with the Weka workbench and what other issues are currently under discussion in the real world, for ex: big data applications, predictive linguistic analysis, new platforms and new programming languages.
inferential statistics, statistical inference, language technology, interval estimation, confidence interval, standard error, confidence level, z critical value, confidence interval for proportion, confidence interval for the mean, multiplier,
Text analytics and R - Open Question: is it a good match?Marina Santini
http://www.forum.santini.se
* The Quest: finding the optimal way to handle Big Textual Data for Information Discovery
* The Question: is R convenient for text analytics of Big TEXTUAL Data?
* Mission: identification of pros, cons, limits, benefits …
Current Status: investigation in progress…
Lecture 2: From Semantics To Semantic-Oriented ApplicationsMarina Santini
From the "Natural Language Processing" LinkedIn group:
John Kontos, Professor of Artificial Intelligence
I wonder whether translating into formal logic is nothing more than transliteration which simply isolates the part of the text that can be reasoned upon using the simple inference mechanism of formal logic. The real problem I think lies with the part of text that CANNOT be translated one the one hand and the one that changes its meaning due to civilization advances. My own proposal is to leave NL text alone and try building inference mechanisms for the UNTRANSLATED text depending on the task requirements.
All the best
John"
Lecture 01: Machine Learning for Language Technology - IntroductionMarina Santini
What Is Machine Learning? Machine learning is programming computers to optimize a performance criterion using example data or past experience. We have a model defined up to some parameters, and learning is the execution of a computer program to optimize the parameters of the model using the training data or past experience. The model may be predictive to make predictions in the future, or descriptive to gain knowledge from data, or both. Machine learning uses the theory of statistics in building mathematical models, because the core task is making inference from a sample. (Alpaydin, 2010)
In this lecture, we discuss supervised learning starting from the simplest case. We introduce the concepts of: Margin, Noise, and Bias.
The Weka workbench is a collection of state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms and data preprocessing tools. It includes virtually all the algorithms described in this book. It is designed so that you can quickly try out existing
methods on new datasets in flexible ways. It provides extensive support for the whole process of experimental data mining, including preparing the input data, evaluating learning schemes statistically, and visualizing the input data and the result of learning. As well as a wide variety of learning algorithms, it includes a wide range of preprocessing tools. This diverse and comprehensive
toolkit is accessed through a common interface so that its users can compare different methods and identify those that are most appropriate for the problem at hand. (Witten and Frank, 2005)
Lecture 02: Machine Learning for Language Technology - Decision Trees and Nea...Marina Santini
In this lecture, we talk about two different discriminative machine learning methods: decision trees and k-nearest neighbors. Decision trees are hierarchical structures.k-nearest neighbors are based on two principles: recollection and resemblance.
Can We Quantify Domainhood? Exploring Measures to Assess Domain-Specificity i...Marina Santini
Web corpora are a cornerstone of modern Language Technology. Corpora built from the web are convenient because their creation is fast and inexpensive. Several studies have been carried out to assess the representativeness of general-purpose web corpora by comparing them to traditional corpora. Less attention has been paid to assess the representativeness of specialized or domain-specific web corpora. In this paper, we focus on the assessment of domain representativeness of web corpora and we claim that it is possible to assess the degree of domainspecificity, or domainhood, of web corpora. We present a case study where we explore the effectiveness of different measures - namely the Mann-Withney-Wilcoxon Test, Kendall correlation coefficient, Kullback– Leibler divergence, log-likelihood and burstiness - to gauge domainhood. Our findings indicate that burstiness is the most suitable measure to single out domain-specific words from a specialized corpus and to allow for the quantification of domainhood.
Towards a Quality Assessment of Web Corpora for Language Technology ApplicationsMarina Santini
In this study, we focus on the creation and evaluation of domain-specific web corpora. To this purpose, we propose a two-step approach, namely the (1) the automatic extraction and evaluation of term seeds from personas and use cases/scenarios; (2) the creation and evaluation of domain-specific web corpora bootstrapped with term seeds automatically extracted in step 1. Results are encouraging and show that: (1) it is possible to create a fairly accurate term extractor for relatively short narratives; (2) it is straightforward to evaluate a quality such as domain-specificity of web corpora using well-established metrics.
A Web Corpus for eCare: Collection, Lay Annotation and Learning -First Results-Marina Santini
In this study, we put forward two claims: 1) it is possible to design a dynamic and extensible corpus without running the risk of getting into scalability problems; 2) it is possible to devise noise-resistant Language Technology applications without affecting performance. To support our claims, we describe the design, construction and limitations of a very specialized medical web corpus, called eCare_Sv_01, and we present two experiments on lay-specialized text classification. eCare_Sv_01 is a small corpus of web documents written in Swedish. The corpus contains documents about chronic diseases. The sublanguage used in each document has been labelled as "lay" or "specialized" by a lay annotator. The corpus is designed as a flexible text resource, where additional medical documents will be appended over time. Experiments show that the layspecialized labels assigned by the lay annotator are reliably learned by standard classifiers. More specifically, Experiment 1 shows that scalability is not an issue when increasing the size of the datasets to be learned from 156 up to 801 documents. Experiment 2 shows that lay-specialized labels can be learned regardless of the large amount of disturbing factors, such as machine translated documents or low-quality texts, which are numerous in the corpus.
An Exploratory Study on Genre Classification using Readability FeaturesMarina Santini
We present a preliminary study that explores whether text features used for readability assessment are reliable genre-revealing features. We empirically explore the difference between genre and domain. We carry out two sets of experiments with both supervised and unsupervised methods. Findings on the Swedish national corpus (the SUC) show that readability cues are good indicators of genre variation.
folksonomy, social tagging, tag clouds, automatic folksonomy construction, word clouds, wordle,context-preserving word cloud visualisation, CPEWCV, seam carving, inflate and push, star forest, cycle cover, quantitative metrics, realized adjacencies, distortion, area utilization, compactness, aspect ratio, running time, semantics in language technology
Information Extraction, Named Entity Recognition, NER, text analytics, text mining, e-discovery, unstructured data, structured data, calendaring, standard evaluation per entity, standard evaluation per token, sequence classifier, sequence labeling, word shapes, semantic analysis in language technology
word sense disambiguation, wsd, thesaurus-based methods, dictionary-based methods, supervised methods, lesk algorithm, michael lesk, simplified lesk, corpus lesk, graph-based methods, word similarity, word relatedness, path-based similarity, information content, surprisal, resnik method, lin method, elesk, extended lesk, semcor, collocational features, bag-of-words features, the window, lexical semantics, computational semantics, semantic analysis in language technology.
Lecture 4 Decision Trees (2): Entropy, Information Gain, Gain RatioMarina Santini
attribute selection, constructing decision trees, decision trees, divide and conquer, entropy, gain ratio, information gain, machine leaning, pruning, rules, suprisal
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
Lecture11 logistic regression
1. Machine
Learning
for
Language
Technology
Lecture
11:
Logis.c
Regression
Marina
San.ni
Department
of
Linguis.cs
and
Philology
Uppsala
University,
Uppsala,
Sweden
Autumn
2014
Acknowledgement:
Thanks
to
Prof.
Joakim
Nivre
for
course
design
and
materials
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. ”Our
Linear”
Classifiers
and
their
Induc.ve
biases
(or…
how
to
find
the
weights)
• Perceptron
(online):
minimizes
error
in
the
training
set
• SVMs
(batch):
minimizes
error
in
the
training
set
and
maximizes
margin
• MIRA
(online):
minimizes
error
in
the
training
set
and
maximizes
margin
• Logis.c
Regression
(batch):
maximizes
the
likelihood
of
the
training
data