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Introduction to Computing Fundamentals
- 2. When do you use a computer? • Word Processing • Web Surfing • Instant Messaging/Email • Music downloads/Games • Air traffic control • Car diagnostics • Climate control
- 3. Why do you use a computer? • Word Processing – Improved communication • Web Surfing – Knowledge acquisition • Instant Messaging/Email – Community • Music downloads/Games – Entertainment
- 4. What do you need in a computer? • Word Processing – WYSIWYG – Attached to printer/Email • Web Surfing – Network connection • Instant Messaging/Email – Network connection • Music downloads/Games – Network connection – Disk space – CD/ROM ?RW
- 5. When do you use a computer? • Air traffic control • Car diagnostics • Climate control
- 6. What is a computer? • Processor brains • Memory scratch paper • Disk long term memory • I/O communication (senses) • Software reconfigurability
- 7. What makes a computer special? • Most complex object made by humans • Communication mechanism • Reconfigurability • Moore’s Law
- 8. The pieces • How are computers built? • How are computers programmed? • How are computers networked?
- 9. Buying a machine • An ad for a computer
- 10. What’s in a Machine • Processor (Pentium III 850 MHz) • RAM (128 MB of SDRAM expand to 512 MB) • Disk (20 GB) • CD ROM/ CD RW/DVD/… • 15" XGA TFT Display (1024x768 res.) • 3.5" 1.44MB Floppy Disk Drive • S3 Savage IX 128-bit AGP 2x graphics – 8MB memory, 3D Hardware acceleration, composite TV-Out support, … • 16-bit Soundblaster Compatible Sound
- 11. What’s in a Machine (cont) • 2 Type-I or Type-II slots or 1 Type-III slot • 2 USB Ports • Built-in 56Kbps V.90 Data/fax modem • Built-in 10/100 Ethernet Adapter • Also – universal AC adapter, – built-in Lithium-Ion battery, – Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition, – Encarta World Encyclopedia online version…
- 13. Building an application • Word (is a part of the Office application) • Runs on Windows (an operating system) • Runs on Pentium (a computer) • Enhanced by connections to monitor, printer, network • Uses random access memory (RAM) to work on document, disk (non-volatile) memory to store in • Need a CD-ROM to install application
- 14. More for Less --Moore’s Law • 1981 when I came to Princeton – CS department machine • $150,000 (now < $1,000) • 700 Khz chip (now 1 GHz) • 1 MB memory (now 128MB) • 80 MB disk (now 40 GB) • CD-ROM not yet invented (1983), CD-R (1989) • Minimal Internet connection • Communication 9600 bps (now 10 Mbps)
- 15. Moore’s Law 2 • $150,000 (now < $1,000) – Factor 0f 150 • 700 Khz chip (now 1 GHz) – Factor of 1500 • 1 MB memory (now 128MB) – Factor of 128 • 80 MB disk (now 40 GB) – Factor of 500 • Communication 9600 bps (now 10 Mbps) – Factor of 1000
- 16. What about COS 111? • COS 111 is intended for students from the humanities and social sciences who want a one-course introduction to computers and computer science. Emphasis is on understanding how computers really work, starting with a single switch, and showing step by step how to use just that one kind of part to build the most interesting human- made machine. Also addressed are essential limitations of the computer, such as undecidability, as well as future prospects for artificial intelligence and on-line access to the world's knowledge. The laboratory is complementary to the classroom work and explores a broad spectrum of modern applications.
- 17. What does this mean? • Building a computer • Using a computer • Networking the computer • Understanding the limitations of the computer • Social Issues • Applications
- 18. What does this mean? • Building a computer • Using a computer • Networking the computer • Understanding the limitations of the computer • Societal Issues • Applications
- 19. Building a computer • Start with simplest part – switch • Build logic gates – AND/OR – Use to solve logic problems • Build memory • Build processing power – Arithmetic Unit • Build simple programming language
- 20. What does this mean? • Building a computer • Using a computer • Networking the computer • Understanding the limitations of the computer • Societal Issues • Applications
- 21. Using a computer • How to represent data • How to manipulate data • How to manage information • Start with 2 applications – Picture processing on the computer – Sound processing on the computer
- 22. What does this mean? • Building a computer • Using a computer • Networking the computer • Understanding the limitations of the computer • Societal Issues • Applications
- 23. Networking the computer • How do computers communicate – Protocols TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, … • The InterNet – What it is and where it came from – How it transports email and displays web pages • Differing network connections – Client/server vs. peer-to-peer – How networks facilitate music sharing
- 24. What does this mean? • Building a computer • Using a computer • Networking the computer • Understanding the limitations of the computer • Societal Issues • Applications
- 25. Understanding the limitations of the computer • Algorithms for solving simple problems • Harder problem – Problems unlikely to be solved in our lifetime – Problems unlikely to be solved in millennia • Undecidable problems – Problems that provably can never be solved
- 26. What does this mean? • Building a computer • Using a computer • Networking the computer • Understanding the limitations of the computer • Societal Issues • Applications
- 27. Societal Issues • Digital rights management – Old ideas of copyright law do not work – When is sharing legal? • Privacy – Systems are not secure – How much information should be public • Safe communication – Should you send your credit card over the internet?