The document outlines bioenergetics, the study of energy in living systems, emphasizing the importance of kinetic and potential energy. It differentiates between endergonic reactions, such as photosynthesis, and exergonic reactions, such as cellular respiration, as key processes in metabolism. It also explains the role of ATP as an energy carrier in cells, detailing its structure, production, and the principles of coupled reactions involving hydrolysis and dehydration.

1. 1
BIOENERGETICS
BIOENERGETICS

2. 2
What is Bioenergetics?
The study of
energy
energy in living
living
systems
systems
(environments)
and the
organisms
organisms
(plants and
animals) that
utilize them

3. 3
Energy
 Required by
all organisms
 May be
Kinetic or
Potential
energy

4. 4
Kinetic Energy
 Energy of
Motion
 Heat and
light energy
are
examples

5. 5
Potential Energy
 Energy
Energy of
of
position
position
 Includes
Includes
energy
energy
stored in
stored in
chemical
chemical
bonds
bonds

6. 6
Two Types of
Energy Reactions

7. 7
Endergonic Reactions
 Chemical reaction
Chemical reaction that
requires a net input of
energy
energy.
 Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
SUN
photons
photons
Light
Energy
(glucose)
(glucose)

8. 8
Exergonic Reactions
 Chemical reactions
Chemical reactions that
releases energy
releases energy
 Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP
(glucose)
(glucose)
Energy
Energy

9. 9
Metabolic Reactions
of Cells

10. 10
What is Metabolism?
 The sum total
sum total
of the
chemical
chemical
activities
activities of
all cells
cells.

11. 11
Two Types of Metabolism
 Anabolic
Anabolic
Pathways
Pathways
 Catabolic
Catabolic
Pathways
Pathways

12. 12
Anabolic Pathway
Anabolic Pathway
 Metabolic reactions,
Metabolic reactions, which
consume energy
consume energy (endergonic),
(endergonic), to
build
build complicated molecules from
simpler compounds.
 Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
SUN
light
light
energy
energy
(glucose)
(glucose)

13. 13
Catabolic Pathway
Catabolic Pathway
 Metabolic reactions
Metabolic reactions which release
release
energy
energy (exergonic)
(exergonic) by breaking
breaking
down
down complex molecules in simpler
compounds
 Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
(glucose)
(glucose)
energy

14. 14
Cellular Energy -
Cellular Energy -
ATP
ATP
Copyright Cmassengale

15. 15
ATP
ATP
 Components:
Components:
1. adenine: nitrogenous base
1. adenine: nitrogenous base
2. ribose:
2. ribose: five carbon sugar
five carbon sugar
3.phosphate group: chain of 3
3.phosphate group: chain of 3
ribose
ribose
adenine
adenine
P P P
phosphate group
phosphate group

16. 16
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine Triphosphate
 Three
Three
phosphate
phosphate
groups-
groups-(two
(two
with high
with high
energy bonds
energy bonds
 Last phosphate
Last phosphate
group (PO
group (PO4
4)
)
contains the
contains the
MOST energy
MOST energy

17. 17
Breaking the Bonds of ATP
Breaking the Bonds of ATP
 Process is called
phosphorylation
phosphorylation
 Occurs continually
in cells
 Enzyme ATP-ase
ATP-ase
can weaken & break
last PO
last PO4
4 bond
bond
releasing energy &
free PO4

18. 18
How does ATP work ?
How does ATP work ?
 Organisms use enzymes
enzymes to
break down energy-rich
energy-rich
glucose
glucose to release its
potential energy
 This energy is trapped and
stored in the form of
adenosine triphosphate(ATP)
adenosine triphosphate(ATP)

19. 19
How Much ATP Do Cells Use?
How Much ATP Do Cells Use?
 It is estimated
that each cell
each cell
will generate
and consume
approximately
10,000,000
10,000,000
molecules of
molecules of
ATP
ATP per second
per second

20. 20
Coupled Reaction - ATP
Coupled Reaction - ATP
 The exergonic
exergonic
hydrolysis
hydrolysis of ATP
ATP
is coupled with the
endergonic
endergonic
dehydration
dehydration
process
process by
transferring
transferring a
phosphate group
phosphate group to
another molecule.
H
H2
2O
O
H
H2
2O
O

21. 21
Hydrolysis of
Hydrolysis of ATP
ATP
ATP + H2O  ADP + P (exergonic)
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
(add water)
(add water)
P P P
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P P P
+
+
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

22. 22
Hyrolysis is Exergonic
Hyrolysis is Exergonic
Energy
Energy
Used
Used
by
by
Cells
Cells

23. 23
Dehydration of
Dehydration of ATP
ATP
ADP +
ADP + P
P 
 ATP
ATP +
+ H
H2
2O
O (endergonic
(endergonic)
P P P
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P P P
+
+
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Dehydration
Dehydration
(Remove H
(Remove H2
2O
O

24. 24
Dehydration is Endergonic
Dehydration is Endergonic
Energy
Energy
is
is
restored
restored
in
in
Chemical
Chemical
Bonds
Bonds