Lecture Eight Mid-term reviewINST 2504INST 250.docx

Lecture Eight:
Mid-term review
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Mid-term resultsReview of mid-term answersReview of
Assignment
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http://voyant-tools.org/
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Expectations
Template – enter your text
Use as much space as you need
Question 9 – used sample outline in Lecture 6
Questions?
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Look at Lester readings online in Moodle
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Due in class March 10Be sure to keep a copy of the assignment
in your files.
It is also possible to submit your assignment online in
MoodleOr in my (physical) mailbox in the Faculty of Education
mailboxes on the downtown campus LB-5th floor.
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Multi- subjectSubject databases with thesauri
E-Journals
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Lecture Six:
Citations & Citation styles
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What is the difference between a Subject and a Multi-
disciplinary database?Where can you find databases?What are
the different periodical formats available at the Library?What
does [email protected] do?Does Google Scholar have full-text
papers?

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Cite vs citationCitation styles - APAEditing references in
RefWorksCreating an outline
Review of the Assignment
Mid-term Quiz (after Reading week) – Feb 24th
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From http://libguides.lvc.edu/paraphrase
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“Citing your references, or the sources of information that you
use in your research, is critical for a number of reasons.
strengthens the authoritativeness of your work;
shows you've incorporated other scholarly research into your
work;
gives a record of the sources you've used in your research;”
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“provides the reader with valuable information, indicating
where to go to find further information
extends professional honesty and courtesy. Writers have a
responsibility to indicate when they have used someone else's
ideas or words.”
From http://libguides.lvc.edu/citingreferences
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In-text citations
When using your own words to refer indirectly to another
author's work, you must identify the original source.
A complete reference must appear in the Reference List at the
end of your paper.
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Many choices – check with your professorRelated to the
academic discipline
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Cite - the act of acknowledging sources when you are writing
your paper
in-text citations
Citation – a reference that describes the source in your
bibliography
Citation styles – a way for formatting the parts of a reference
for the bibliography AND in-text citations
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The data elements (metadata) varies depending upon the type of
source and its format
Contains information that allows another scholar to find the
source that you used

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https://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/citations.html
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Does the Library have this style guide?
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Style rules
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http://www.roanestate.edu/owl/MLA-Format4Websites.htm
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Citations
Source of the reference
Annotation:
Notes that you have written to summarize in your own words
what is in the article that relates to your research topic
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Quotation marks
Use quotations when you wish to include the exact words from
the article.
Indicate the page that the words were taken from.
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References
Beaumier, M., & Ford, J. D. (2010). Food insecurity among
Inuit women exacerbated by socio-economic stresses and
climate change. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 101(3), 196-
201.
Data Source: Google Scholar
Annotation: This article provides the results of a study of Inuit
woman in Igloolik, Nunavut. It has a good definition of food
security in the introduction. The researchers interviewed Inuit
women and health professionals in the community to collect
information about the women’s eating habits. As part of their
daily routine, the women said that they skipped meals and ate
less food. They let their family eat first. They were also anxious
that there was less access to country food (caribou) as there was
less hunting done in the household. The researchers conclude
that “Few studies have focused on the food security of Inuit
women in Nunavut. This is one of the first studies linking
climate change and food insecurity.” (page 200)
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Why?
Journal abbreviations – check!
Record the data source – database name
Record your notes (annotation) in personal notes
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Why?
Roughly organize your thoughts to produce an outline that will
give direction to your reading and note-taking
http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/researchpaper.html
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Identify the subject (Introduction)
Explain the problem
Provide background information
Frame a thesis statementAnalyze the subject (Body)
Examine the first major issue
Examine the second major issue
Examine the third major issueDiscuss your findings
(Conclusion)
Restate your thesis and point beyond it
Interpret the findings
Provide answers, solutions or a final opinion
Lester, pages 158 - 161
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For each source that you have consulted, be sure you have all
the information necessary to cite it in your bibliography.
Accuracy at this stage will save you the trouble of having to re-
trace your steps when you are writing your final draft.
Be sure to record the page number if you copy a direct quote.
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For a book, - author(s), title, place of publication, publisher and
copyright date.
For an article from a journal - author(s), title of the article,
title of the journal, volume and issue number, date and inclusive
page numbers.
For a Web document – author(s), title, date, URL (Web address)
and date consulted.
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50 multiple choice questionsWorth 25 marksCovers the course
content to date In class on February 24thWill have entire class
time to do the quiz – there will be no lecture afterwards
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On MoodleWorth 30 marksCovers the course content to dateDue
March 10thSubmit in paper in class (preferred) or in Moodle
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Start working on the Assignment as this can help with the
studying for the mid-termReview lecture slides on
MoodleReview Lester readings (course textbook) to compliment
class lectures
No questions on the mid-term will be pulled only from Lester
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Lecture Five:
Searching for Articles
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What are LCSH?
Why should one hyperlink on the LCSH in the Library catalogue
search?
Subject vs Keyword searches

Which search yields more precise results?
Why?
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Publications CycleLocating Periodical Articles
Searching a Subject Database[email protected]Searching Google
Scholar
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The Scholarly Publication Cycle
From
http://www.lib.unb.ca/research/success/understanding.html

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The Scholarly Publication Cycle Scholarly communication
generally flows through a publication cycle, which includes the
major publication types mentioned earlier. Typically,
information starts as a researcher’s raw data (top of diagram),
moves from being communicated informally (conferences) to
more formal reporting and publication (dissertations, journal
articles, books), and then often becomes popularized
(magazines, newspapers, websites) and generalized or
formalized (encyclopedias, textbooks). You should note,
however, that this is a simplified diagram. Information also
flows counter-clockwise, it does not always take every form
identified, and the process varies from discipline to discipline.
For example, some academic writers have never written a PhD
dissertation, while others have written many journal articles but
will never write a book, or vice versa. Yet, understanding the
general evolution of information will help you to access and
evaluate it effectively. Especially note the position of articles
and books in the process—the publication of academic journal
articles and books typically takes place only after a
considerable amount of work, and before the information
becomes a part of common and accepted knowledge.
Material that is published at regular intervals (e.g. daily,
weekly, monthly, annually)These include: Journals, magazines,
newspapers, newsletters, annual reportsMore update to date than
books

Take less time to publish and distribute
Reflect contemporary opinion or research on a topic
Reveal trends in certain subject fields
May be the only source for recent information
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Periodicals with wide circulation and broad appealWritten for
the general audiencePublished frequently (e.g. weekly or
monthly) by commercial publishersUseful for background
reading
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Industry publications
Contain news, product reviews, trends, upcoming events
Keeps professionals informed about what is happening in an
industry
The articles are reviewed by the staff/editors of the publication
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Professional or scholarly publicationsoften published by a non-
profit professional organization or academic institutionProvide
the most recent scholarship in an area or field Refereed journals
are the most reputable – peer reviewed
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Peer review
http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.ca/2012/01/radical-reform-
for-peer-review.html
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How do you know for sure if the journal is peer reviewed?
Look in Ulrich's international periodicals directory !
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The Scholarly Publication Cycle
http://www.lib.umd.edu/ues/guides/periodical-types
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Review these web pages
Periodicals located at Concordia can be found in any one of the
following four formats:
eResource
Online journal
Full-text from within a databasePrintMicrofiche or Microfilm
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INST 250/4Keyword search: sport researchLimit: Material Type
"JOURN/PER/NEWS"
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Display entry for [Electronic resource]Electronic within a full-
text database:
Provide access to the reference to the article, and the complete
text, along with graphics
Some backfiles for older issues are available
Provides a direct link to the database (e.g. Education Full-text,
ASP, JSTOR)E-Journals
Available via the web directly from the publisher
Sometimes does not match print counterpart
Back issues may be limited
Provides a direct link to the publisher’s website (e.g. SAGE
Premier, Taylor & Francis Library)
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Conduct a Journal Title search in the library catalogue to locate
the scholarly journal:
American Psychologist
What format does the Library hold for this periodical?
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Key indexing tool of periodical – journal articlesContents:
A citation and an abstract of each item
Access to non-journal material such as conference proceedings,
reports, dissertations and books
Access to non-English language material
Sometimes includes the full-text of the article!
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Subject specific
Critical to search when conducting research within a field
Examples: ERIC, Medline, Lexis/Nexis
Interdisciplinary or Multi Subject
Broad coverage of many academic disciples
Examples: Academic Search Complete, Web of Science
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Locating relevant databases
Consult your Research Guide by Subject
Database Finder
Conduct a Databases search
Accessing the databases
In the library
From home
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Review your keywords and your working bibliography
Think about the type of information you need to support your
arguments
Decide which type and kind of database(s) you need to search
Consult Research Guides --> Look for Finding journal articles –
Recommended Databases
Databases by Subject -- > Select your broad subject area
Read the information on the database. Does its coverage suit

your research topic?
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Communications Studies - film
Prepare search statement(s), because this will:
Help to logically and systematically review what it is you are
looking for
Help to plan backup strategies depending on the results
foundReview your list of keywords, synonyms and related
termsFormulate your search statement using:
Keywords: terms representing concepts of your thesis
Operators: Boolean, truncation
Nesting: Use of parentheses
Limiting commands: Date, Language, Document type etc.
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Records:
Each entry within a database represents a record
A record can represent a citation (and abstract) to a book, a
chapter in a book, an article, a conference paper etc.
Example of a record in Academic Search Complete

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Review the parts of this record – Export to RefWorks
Search Academic Search Premier using your keywords
Export a record to your RefWorks account
Create a folder for your research topic
Add the record to the folder
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXJojwIkxaY
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Add the PDF of journal article into RefWorks
Download and save the article PDF
Use Attachment in RefWorks to add the PDF
Paper clip will appear!
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OpenURL link resolverDecodes the URL to link as close as
possible to the online full text of the journal articleEach library
configures the OpenURL server to match their journal
subscriptionsThe link appears in databases to help you locate
the journal article
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“Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that
indexes the full text of scholarly literature across an array of
publishing formats and disciplines. Released in beta in
November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-
reviewed online journals of Europe and America's largest
scholarly publishers, plus scholarly books and other non-peer
reviewed journals.”
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_scholar
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_scholar
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http://0-scholar.google.ca.mercury.concordia.ca/
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Search Google Scholar using your keywords.
Export a record to your RefWorks account.
Add the record to the folder.
Locate fulltext using Findit @ Concordia
Download the article and attach it to your record in RefWorks
Enter the Data Source
i.e. Google Scholar
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Publications CycleLocating Periodical Articles
Searching a Subject Database[email protected]Searching Google
Scholar
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Lecture Four:
Steps 3 and 4
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Does one look for facts, or opinions, or both when conducting a
literature search?
What is the difference between primary and secondary sources
of information?
What Boolean operator may be used to increase search results?
Why does one need to use brackets when using multiple
operators in a keyword search statement?
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Library of Congress Subject HeadingsConducting a Subject
search on CLUES
Using Subject Headings
Searching for Reference Books: Bibliographies Searching Other
Sources for BooksStep 4: The Working Bibliography
Creating your own library of references in RefWorks
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Standard list of subject headings used in most North American
academic library catalogues
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Main Reading Room in the Thomas Jefferson Building in
Washington, D.C.
LCSH - abbreviation
Definition: Controlled vocabulary

Usually, at least three LCSH terms are added to each library
catalogue record, describing the main subjects covered in the
work.
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“A collection of concepts or words arranged according to sense;
also (U.S.) a dictionary of synonyms and antonyms.”
OR
“A classified list of terms, esp. key-words, in a particular field,
for use in indexing and information retrieval.”
From Oxford English Dictionary Online
http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/200648?redirectedFrom=thesau
rus#eid
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Topical
Limits the concept expressed by the main heading to a subtopic
Example: Literacy –- Government Policy
Form
Indicates the form of the material and is added at end
Example: Literacy -- Encyclopedias
Chronological
Limits a heading to a particular time period
Example: Canada -- History -- 1945
Geographic
Limits a heading to a geographic location
Example: Literacy –- England –- History –- To 1500
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http://authorities.loc.gov/
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Search inuit
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Subject headings will be the same for all university & college
library cataloguesMay suggest other subject headings that may

be relevant – EXPLORE
Disadvantages: Some headings may be too recent to be listed, or
they may not be specific enough for your topic.
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Cannabis evolution and ethnobotany
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Browse the results of your Keyword search, looking in the
Subject Heading field of relevant records.
Click on the LCSH to search for other records in the catalogue
that have been assigned this heading.
Alternatively, enter the LSCH terms into the advanced search
option on CLUES.
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Allows you to browse the subject index
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Use Advanced search optionAllows a building block approach
whereby a subject search can be combined with a keyword
search.Use Limit options to narrow results
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Perform a Keyword search on your two main concepts.
Browse through the results looking for relevant hits
Then scan the Subject Heading field to look for a relevant
subject heading that describes your topic.
Explore the subject heading links.
Browse through your results.
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A list of works on a specific subject or research topic
Listed at the end of a research paper, encyclopedia article,
book, scholarly article or thesis
Also published in book form:
Lists works (articles, books, dissertations, reports etc.) on a
specific subject
Provides the groundwork for researchers
Sometimes located in the Library’s reference collection
Annotated bibliographies provide evaluative summaries for each
entry
Web sites: a list of hypertext links surrounding a common
subject or theme
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Bibliographies are useful when conducting research as they
provide the groundwork for research on a specific subject or

topic. Watch for currency, however.
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How many bibliographies are there in the Concordia Library?
What is the Subject heading that should be used to search for
this type of book?
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Conduct a Subject search using your keywords and Bibliography
in the subject heading.
Now try Encyclopedias
Now try Dictionaries
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Subject search
Matches on the subject heading field only

Requires the use of the authorized LCSH term
Is a more precise way of searching
Keyword search
Scans the title, notes, contents, series, technical notes and
subject heading fields
Uses natural language in the form of keywords
More flexible way of searching
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Concordia provides access to a growing collection of books
available in electronic form.
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CLUES homepage –
http://library.concordia.ca/research/internet/otherlibraries.html

When performing a Subject search, use the same subject
headings
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Allows you to borrow books from other universities in Quebec
and Canada.Obtain a CREPUQ card at the Circulation desk.
http://library.concordia.ca/services/circulation/crepuq.html
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Using Inter-library loans
Access Colombo: http://library.concordia.ca/research/ill/
Use when McGill and other local universities do not have an
item InterLibrary Loan=ILL
Requires a barcode and PIN

View video:
http://library.concordia.ca/help/fyiflix/colombo/colombo.html
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Consult CLUES for material directly related to your research
topic
Compare Keyword vs Subject strategies
Number of books retrieved will depend on topic – Limit by date
Consider searching other Library catalogues
Use inter-library loans for material located outside of Concordia
Obtain a CREPUQ card to use to borrow from Quebec
University Libraries
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When browsing through the results of your searches, click on
the title of potentially relevant items and;
Scan the bibliographic information for each potentially relevant
item. Look at the date, the publisher and the description field.
Click on More inside to learn more about the author of the book
or to read a book review.
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Select your topic
Develop a preliminary thesis
Conduct a literature search
Create a working bibliography
Evaluate sources
Write the final thesis
Prepare the paper & bibliography
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A preliminary list of sources on your thesis statement
The list will change as sources are added and deleted during the
literature searchArrange alphabetically by authorDo not include
tools that were used to locate a source ( e.g. CLUES)Should be
created in RefWorks
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Available to all Concordia studentsUsed to compile, manage
and store citations for your working bibliography
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Ability to receive references directly from your database
searchCan manually add records – e.g. for websitesCan sort,
search, edit (add notes)Attach PDFs to referenceFormats
references according to citation styleCreates bibliography for
you!
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RefWorks
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Marked items from CLUES can be exported to your RefWorks
database
Review and edit entries within RefWorks to ensure information
is complete and accurate
Has the correct Ref Type been selected (e.g. is a book entry
using the Book Ref Type)?
Has information been transferred into the correct field?
Have you manually entered the Source that was used to locate
the item (i.e. CLUES), the date you retrieved it, and your
personal notes?
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Information to be documented will vary based on the type of
reference.
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Step 3 – Library catalogue
Conducting a subject search
Locating bibliographies and other reference materialStep 4 -
Working bibliographies
Use RefWorks to store, manage and output citations
Watch accuracy and completeness of information
Output to Word and edit document before printingNext week:

Locating periodical articles
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Lecture Three: Step 3 - The Literature Search
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How does the formulation of the research topic help you in your
research?What are some strategies to help you discover a
topic?Why does one write up a preliminary thesis and
outline?How does a thesis differ from a research topic?
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A declarationA statement that will control the paper’s
directionA sentence that will confine the paper’s content.A
thesis statement will propose a conclusion
The author will defend/ try to convince the reader/ argue the
thesis statement in the paper.
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Keywords are words or phrases
Discrimination against young women in the classroom, known
as ‘shortchanging” harms the women academically, socially and
psychologically.
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Early intervention programs aimed at improving the literacy in
children at risk of failure will lead to societal benefits.
early literacy beginning reading
programs intervention

at risk potential drop outs
benefits impact, advantages
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Be as specific as possible to describe the concepts in your thesis
Word endings
adolescents or adolescenceVariant spellings
behavior or behaviourAvoid using words that have
multiple meanings (homographs)
primary
present
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Step 3: The Literature search
Facts vs Opinions
Locating scholarly information
Types of sources
Primary vs secondary sourcesLibrary’s Online
CatalogueSearching CLUES
Known item search
Keyword search
Boolean operators and Wildcards
Limits
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Select your topic
Evaluate sources
Write the final thesis
Prepare the paper & bibliography
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Sources
Library catalogue
Indexes & abstracts
Web sources
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Multi-stepped and lengthy phase of research processFocus will
be on the use of database-driven retrieval tools:
Library catalogues
Subject-specific, multi-disciplinary, and specialized databases
Web-based search engines
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Research papers contain both facts and opinions taken from
outside sourcesFact
Denotes something that exists
Can be verified or proven
Example: Number of children who are reading below grade level
by the age of eightOpinion
Is an idea about a fact or another opinion
Is an interpretation, a deduction, or a supposition
Example: Reasons why children are reading below grade level
A fact can be confirmed, whereas an opinion
can be explained or defended but not proven
definitively.
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Locating scholarly information
Primary vs Secondary SourcesEvaluating the information
Documentation
Currency
Review
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A document or object that was created as the original original
words of its creator/author
ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (excerpts or translations acceptable):
Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film
footage, autobiographies, official records, journals
CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art,
photographs
RELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing,
buildings
Can quote more extensively from primary sources as they will
have direct relevance to paper
http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/education/008-3010-e.html
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The Diary of Anne Frank - Experiences of a Jewish family
during WWII The Constitution of Canada - Canadian
History Pottery - Native American history Watercolour painting
of Montreal – Canadian Art History
A journal article reporting NEW research or findings
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Secondary sources
Works about someone or about their accomplishments or
findings
Discusses the primary sources
An interpretation, evaluation or analysis
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A journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews previous
findings A textbook An analysis of poetryA biography
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“Doing research is all about trust. If you trust the person who
created a secondary source, then there isn't a problem about
using it. However, if you don't trust that person, if you think
their version is a exaggerated or biased, or if you want to see
the original evidence for yourself, then you have to go to the
primary sources. “
From http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/education/008-3010-
e.html
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Newspaper
Blog post
Census data
Weather report
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What is in CLUES?
Books
Journals (Periodicals)
Video
Music
Reserve items
Theses
Special collections
Eresources – ebooks & ejournals
Indexes & abstracts
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CLUES contains links to full-text purchased by the Library for
Concordia students and faculty.

The first place to start your research!
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Preselected fields
Author

Title
Journal Title
Subject Heading
Call Number
Video Search
Advanced keyword
Author/Title
Government Document Number
ISBN/ISSN/Music Number
Other Number (OCLC)
Special Collections
Databases Search (Name & Subject)
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Known item search, use:
Search Options (with tips)
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Boolean Operators
Three operators that are used to logically combine keywords
within a search statement
AND OR NOT
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AND
Used between terms expressing dissimilar concepts
BOTH terms must appear in results
Example: Literacy AND elementary
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Literacy
(1426 recs)
Elementary
(4442 recs)
Total retrieved: 180 records
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OR
Used between terms expressing a similar concept
EITHER term must appear in results
Example: Literacy OR Reading

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Literacy
(1426 recs)
Reading
(5686 recs)
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NOT
Used to eliminate unwanted terms from search results
NOTed term(s) must not appear in the results
CLUES uses “AND NOT”
Example: Literacy NOT adult
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Literacy (1426 recs)
Adult
(2604 recs)
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Using our keywords for the two main concepts…
Early literacy beginning reading
programs intervention

…we can design the following search statement:
(early literacy OR beginning reading) AND (programs OR
intervention)
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Phrase Searching
Use quotes around two or more words
Terms will appear side by side in the order specified
Example: “food security”
Wildcards Words may be right-hand truncated using an asterisk
('*') in place of other characters. The '*' wildcard may also be
embedded in a search string. You may use '?' to replace a single
character anywhere within a word.
Examples : environment* polic*, wom?n
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Limiting fields
Those fields that contain information common to many records
Restrict search results by certain limits
Examples: Language, Date, Material type
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Arrange your concepts into a logically correct search statement:
(Inuit OR Eskimo) AND (Food or nutrition) AND Canad*
Use: Advanced Keyword
Look at the record to find your keywords – what colour are
they?
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Arrange your keywords into a logically correct search
statement:

Use: Advanced Keyword
Look at the record to find your keywords – what colour are
they?
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Beginning the literature search
Form judgments about the type and quality of information that
is to be retrieved
Scan material to learn about purpose, scope, relevant ideas etc.
Takes notes on discoveriesCLUES
Fields in CLUES records
Keyword searches on CLUES
Use of advanced commands in Keyword search
Next week: Searching Subject headings
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Lecture Two:
Steps 1& 2

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In the Webster or Vanier library, how is material arranged on
the shelves (classified)?
What is meant by the “scattering of books”?
What does the Library’s online catalogue contain?
What is a periodical?
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Select your topic
Evaluate sources
Write final thesis
Prepare paper & bibliography
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Step One: Selection of a research topic
Use clustering
Prepare a journal
Perform background reading
Reference material: Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Handbooks
Using Research Guides
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Step Two: Developing a preliminary thesis
Purpose of the thesis
How to write up a thesis
Determining the key concepts
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Are these topics suitable for a research paper?
Childhood memories
Serial killers
Solar powered windmills
Working mothers
(Hint: How to relate personal ideas to a scholarly problem?)
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In every discipline there is specialized language, acronyms and
approaches to questions.
Word clouds: American Enthnologist
http://www.americanethnologist.org/word-clouds-2013-
february/
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february/
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february/
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Eskimo
Inuit
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A term used to describe a limited examination of an idea,
categorized by subject.
It must examine a specific issueIt must address a knowledgeable
reader and carry that reader to another level of knowledgeIt
must have a serious purpose
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A topic should have a built-in issue so that the researcher can
interpret the issue and cite the opinions of outside sources.
Diabetes (personal health issue)

Can diabetes be controlled or self-regulated by an
individual: can diet alone control blood sugar levels?
(scholarly topic)
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Think about your prior knowledge of the topic
Combine personal interest with an aspect of academic study
Consider social issues of personal relevance
Match personal interests with scientific subjects
(Lester, 12)
Use clustering - Similar to brainstorming
Cluster ideas (or sub-topics) around the central topic
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How can teachers improve the early literacy skills of children?
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Early Literacy
Intervention
Uses of ICT
Role of
preschool
At risk
students
Home
environment
Benefits
Teaching
Curriculum
Societal
Economic
Educational
Teacher

training
Commercial
programs
Research-based
programs
Impact of
illiteracy
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Think about what you don’t know about your topic
Perform background reading
Consult research guides on the Library’s web page
Consult appropriate reference sources
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Keep a journal
Jot down steps taken in preliminary investigations

Look for keywords and concepts
Look for hierarchy of major and minor issues
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It should:Be narrow enough to be developed fullyRequire
researchBe a topic that you can consider objectivelyBe a topic
that you are curious about but not thoroughly familiar with.
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How would an explanation of this topic serve your reader?How

could you analyze an aspect of this topic?How might you
employ this topic for arguing an issue?
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Brainstorm to develop a research question based on one of the
following:
Fishing on Lake Ontario
Using technology in the classroom
Christmas shopping
Urban beehives
Cree families in Quebec
Goal: Turn one of these general subjects into a research topic
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Consulted for specific informationSome contain the needed
information (e.g. dictionaries, encyclopedias,
handbook)…..While others refer the user to where the
information can be found (e.g. indices and bibliographies)Two
types:
General: broad in scope and not limited to a subject area
Subject: devoted to a specific field such as psychology or
educationConsult the Introduction to learn how the work is

organized.
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Every field has their own Useful because they provide:
An overview of a topic, including definition, description,
background, and references
A “summary” treatment of the different aspects of a subject - a
good source to begin investigating your topic
Instant details (e.g. names of key people)
Articles written by experts in the field
Suggested Readings (bibliography)
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Every field has their own dictionaryIntroduces researchers to
the terminology used in a specific fieldUseful as they;
Help to clarify the meaning of field-specific terminology found
in your readings
Introduce you to related terms or synonyms that may be used
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Compiled by liaison librariansList of reference sources
published within a specific field and available at Concordia
Includes call numbersAccessible via library home page
http://library.concordia.ca/
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cationaltechnology.pdf
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A statement that expresses the proposition or theory to be
proved or maintained by evidence of researchIt expands your
topic into a scholarly proposalIt controls your researchIt
controls your paper’s direction and content
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Topic: Technology integration in schools
Question: What is the impact of technology on learning?
Statement: Used effectively, technology can have a positive
impact on student learning.
Could this research topic be made more specific?
Propose an alternative thesis!
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Topic: How can teachers improve the early literacy skills of
children?
Answer your question:
Early intervention programs will improve the literacy skills of
young children (Why do we care?)
Preliminary thesis: Early intervention programs aimed at
improving the literacy skills in young children will lead to
societal benefits.
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Early intervention programs aimed at improving the literacy
skills in young children will lead to societal benefits.literacy:
reading young children: elementary
students, primary students programs:
interventionbenefits impact, advantages
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Formal outlines
Written prior to writing the paper
Shows how the paper supports the thesis statement
Used as a means to check the paper’s organization and emphasis
Two types: Topic and Sentence
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Informal (or Preliminary) outlines
Used for one’s own needs
Usually performed before and during the literature search
Key ideas that develop your thesis
(May be written in the form of list of questions about the topic
that reflects what you need to know to explain/support your
position)
Should be modified throughout the process
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Thesis: Early intervention programs aimed at improving the
literacy skills of young children will lead to societal
benefits.How have the Illiteracy rates in Canadian schools
increased?Are there studies on literacy programs for beginning
readers?What types of programs are available?
Success For All
Reading RecoveryWhat is the impact of improving literacy
rates?
Academic achievement
Lower drop out rate
Less dependence on social assistance
Lower unemployment
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Thesis: Canada should increase efforts to slow the destruction
of the ozone layer.
Present state of the ozone layerElements that lead to destruction
of the ozoneCurrent Canadian laws related to ozone
By Industry
PenaltiesExamples of stronger legislation in place in other
countries
US
Europe
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Selection and development of Research Topic
Clustering
Background reading
JournalPreparation of a Preliminary Thesis
Selection of your key conceptsPreparation of a Preliminary
Outline
PurposeNext week: Step 3 - Conducting the Literature Search
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“I hear and I forget,
I see and I believe,
I do and I understand.”
Source?
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Lecture One: Introduction to the Research Process
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Sharon Rankin
Sharon Rankin
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IntroductionReview of Course OutlineUsing MoodleConnecting
to the wireless networkDefining Information LiteracyThe
Research Process - overviewConcordia Libraries
LC call numbers – shelf marks
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Become more information literate
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Learn about a variety of information sources
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http://www.lib.vt.edu/help/research/info-sources.html
http://www.lib.vt.edu/help/research/info-sources.html

Understand the research process
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http://biblio.laurentian.ca/research/pages/choosing-topic-1
Learn how to use information sources to information about your
topic
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Learn how to search more effectively
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Learn how to evaluate sources based on established criteria
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Strategies for organizing the information you have selected as
relevant
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Organize sources into a bibliography
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Prepare an outline of your research paper, using a writing style
appropriate to academic writing
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Objectives
Evaluation (Grades)
Assignment
Mid-term
Research paper
Class participation
Communicating with me
Office Hours
Course text
Lecture slides
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Connect to MyConcordia
Weekly schedule
Due dates
Assignment
Mid-term - in class
Research paper
Academic integrity
Plagiarism

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Web course software
Uses:
to submit assignments
to email me
copies of lecture slides
Interesting links
How to connect
Netname and password
MyConcordia portal
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From Home
http://library.concordia.ca/research/databases/anydomain.html

VPN: http://www.concordia.ca/iits/services/vpn/
Finding computers on campus
CU labs
http://iits.concordia.ca/services/labs_equipment/index.shtml
Wireless laptops – Library loan
http://library.concordia.ca/services/computers/laptops
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The set of abilities requiring individuals to "recognize when
information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate,
and use effectively the needed information.” (American Library
Association)
Considered essential lifelong learning skills.
http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/informationliteracycompetenc
y
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“Information literate people will demonstrate an awareness of
how they gather, use, manage, synthesise and create information
and data in an ethical manner and will have the information
skills to do so effectively.”
http://www.informationliteracy.org.uk/information-literacy-
definitions/
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Webster and Vanier
First Floor: Circulation, Reference, Gov. Docs, Workstations
Second Floor: Periodicals and Media Centre (non-print)
Third floor: Stacks
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A General Works
B Philosophy, Religion
C History

D History, Topography (except America)
E America (general), United States (general)
F United States (local), America (except the United States)
G Geography, Anthropology
H Social Sciences (general), Statistics, Economics, Sociology
J Political Science
K Law
L Education
M Music
N Fine Arts
P Language and Literature
Q Science
R Medicine
S Agriculture
T Technology
U Military Science
V Naval Science
Z Bibliography,
Library Science
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21 main divisions
21 main divisions
*
Main categories are subdivided by a second capital letter:
L Education
LA History of Education
LB Theory and Practice of Education
LC Special Aspects of Education
LD Individual Institutions-US

LE Individual Institutions-America (except US)
LF Individual Institutions-Europe
LG Individual Institutions-Asia, Africa, Australia, New
Zealand, Pacific Is.
LH College and school magazines and papers
LJ Student Fraternities and Societies
LT Textbooks
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Further subdivided by numbers 1 to 9999 to which decimals
may be added. Some subdivisions for LC are the following:
65-245 Social aspects of education
68-70 Demographic aspects
71-120.4 Education and the state
129-139 Compulsory education
149-161 Literacy
251-951 Moral and religious education
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Cutter numbers are then assigned:

LC149.7 G63
G63 (Author’s name starts with a G)
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Books about Information Literacy may be found in several

different classes:
LB1028 Theory & practice of education-
Teaching
LC149 Social aspects of education-Literacy
P96 Communication-Mass media
TK5105 Telecommunication
Z 711.2 Library Science. Public services
ZA3075 Information resources
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“I hear and I forget,
I see and I believe,
I do and I understand.”
Where does this come from?
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Select a topic
Evaluate selected sources
Write a final thesis
Prepare a paper & bibliography
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Overview of library organization
LC Call numbers
To Do’s
Test your wireless connection
Connect to Moodle to display course info
Explore the Library web site
Consult the course textbook for next week’s readings
Next week
Step 1 – Selecting a topic
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Assignment for LIB 250: Starting the Research Process
(Please do not write in the shaded boxes, they will be used for
grading your assignment.)
Name:
Student ID:
Question 1: Selecting and Developing a Topic
My academic discipline is:

My subject is:
This cluster diagram represents my subject and subtopics.
<Add cluster diagram here>
My Research Topic is:
Question 1
/2
Subject placed in the centre of the cluster. Subject is linked to
relevant sub-topics.
/1
Research Topic is clearly stated and appropriate.
/1Question 2: Background Reading Sources
I have selected this research guide as background reading for
my topic:
Explain why this research guide is relevant to your research
topic:
This is the URL for the research guide:
I have selected this subject encyclopaedia as background
reading for my topic:
This article contains information of interest. The title of the
article is:
Question 2 – Background Reading Sources
/3
Title of guide and explanation for its use was stated.
/1
The guide’s URL was given.
/1
An appropriate article was selected.
/1Question 3: Determining your Keywords
I have selected these keywords to describe my research topic.
A.
Keywords

B.
Synonym(s) (if appropriate)
1. ______________________________
1 __________________________________
2. ______________________________
2 __________________________________
3. ______________________________
3 __________________________________
Question 3: Keywords and Synonyms
/2
Keywords are provided for at least two concepts. Keywords are
relevant to topic.
/2Question 4: Keyword Searching in CLUES
Write out your final keyword search strategy that produced the
most promising results.
Number of search results found.
Date the search was done.
Relevant LC Subject heading(s) found.
Choose TWO of the most interesting records and record
bibliographic information for these choices in your working
bibliography. For each resource you have selected, write an
annotation describing the key concepts that relate to your
preliminary thesis. (The answers to this question will be entered
in Question 8.)
Question 4: Keyword Searching in CLUES

/2
Correct keywords (including synonyms), logic, and use of
commands (i.e. truncation, phrase searching)
/1
Appropriate Subject heading(s) marked down
/1Question 5: Subject Headings Search in CLUES
Write out your final subject headings search that produced the
in Question 8.)
Question 5: Subject Headings Search in CLUES
/1
LC Subject Headings, logic, and use of commands.
/1Question 6: Searching a Subject database
Select a subject database and explain why it is relevant for your
research topic.
in Question 8.)
Question 6: Searching a Subject database

/2
Name of database stated and reason stated.
/1
Correct use of keywords (including synonyms), logic, and
commands (i.e. truncation, phrase searching)
/1Question 7:
Searching Google Scholar
Write out your final keyword search strategy that produced the
in Question 8.)
Question 7: Searching Google Scholar
/1
Correct use of keywords & number of items retrieved stated
/1Question 8:
Working Bibliography
RefWorks must be used to compose your working bibliography
in APA 6th citation style. The working bibliography should
contain EIGHT entries.
<Add working bibliography here>
Under each reference in the bibliography, add the source of the
citation and your annotation.
Question 8: Working Bibliography – EIGHT records from
Questions 4 to7
/12
Complete and correct bibliographic information entered for
EIGHT entries

/4
Annotations: Extracts of text, key concepts or ideas listed show
that the student has read and understood the article and are
linked to topic i.e., at least 2 main points are stated – if extracts
are included, quotations are used.
/8Question 9:
Preliminary Thesis and Outline
State your preliminary thesis.
Write a preliminary outline for your research paper. The outline
must have three sections: an introduction, a body and a
conclusion. Each of these sections should include two ideas to
be discussed. The outline should contain full sentences.
Question 9: Preliminary Thesis and Outline
/4
Thesis is relevant to research question and is grammatically
correct. Thesis has potential for research.
/1
Sections completed and minor ideas included
/3
Presentation and Completeness
/1
All steps and questions were completed and all requested
information was included. Assignment was well organized and
easy to follow
/1
General Comments
/30
<Insert cluster diagram>

2
INST 250 - Assignment Template
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