Lecture 6 dyeing of cotton with vat and sulphur dyes
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The document discusses the dyeing of cotton with vat dyes. It describes the general properties of vat dyes, including being insoluble in water and requiring reduction to a water-soluble form prior to dyeing. The document outlines the four main steps of vat dyeing cotton: reduction of the dye, dyeing the cotton, oxidizing the dye inside the fiber, and soaping for brightness and fastness. It also discusses exhaust dyeing and semi-continuous/continuous vat dyeing methods.
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Lecture 6 b dyeing cotton with sulphur dyes
Sulfur dyes are prepared by reacting phenols, amines, or nitro compounds with sulfur and caustic soda under heat. They contain sulfur-sulfur bonds that make them insoluble in water but soluble in the presence of sodium sulfide and soda ash. Sulfur dyes are cheap and easy to apply to cotton, with good wet and light fastness. However, the exact chemical structures of sulfur dyes are unknown and they have poor fastness to chlorine.
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This document summarizes the key properties and processes involved in dyeing cotton with vat dyes. Vat dyes are insoluble in water but can be converted to a water-soluble form through a process called vatting, which involves reducing the dye and forming a salt. The water-soluble form dyes cotton fibers, and is then re-oxidized inside the fibers. The dyeing process involves steps of reduction, dyeing, oxidation, and soaping to achieve bright shades and fastness properties.
Lecture 6 dyeing of cotton with vat and sulphur dyes
The document discusses the dyeing of cotton with vat dyes. It describes the general properties of vat dyes, including being insoluble in water and requiring reduction to a water-soluble form prior to dyeing. The document outlines the four main steps of vat dyeing cotton: reduction of the insoluble dye to soluble form, dyeing the cotton, oxidizing the dye inside the fiber, and soaping for brightness and fastness. It provides details on exhaust and continuous/semi-continuous dyeing methods.
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Sulfur dyes are prepared by reacting phenols, amines, or nitro compounds with sulfur and caustic soda under heat. They contain sulfur-sulfur bonds that make them insoluble in water but soluble in the presence of sodium sulfide and soda ash. Sulfur dyes are cheap and easy to apply to cotton, with good wet and light fastness. However, the exact chemical structures of sulfur dyes are unknown and they have poor fastness to chlorine.
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This document summarizes the key properties and processes involved in dyeing cotton with vat dyes. Vat dyes are insoluble in water but can be converted to a water-soluble form through a process called vatting, which involves reducing the dye and forming a salt. The water-soluble form dyes cotton fibers, and is then re-oxidized inside the fibers. The dyeing process involves steps of reduction, dyeing, oxidation, and soaping to achieve bright shades and fastness properties.
Lecture 6 dyeing of cotton with vat and sulphur dyes
The document discusses the dyeing of cotton with vat dyes. It describes the general properties of vat dyes, including being insoluble in water and requiring reduction to a water-soluble form prior to dyeing. The document outlines the four main steps of vat dyeing cotton: reduction of the insoluble dye to soluble form, dyeing the cotton, oxidizing the dye inside the fiber, and soaping for brightness and fastness. It provides details on exhaust and continuous/semi-continuous dyeing methods.
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The document discusses various methods for dyeing polyester fibers, including:
1) Batch dyeing without carriers involves dyeing at a boil without additives to help penetration.
2) Carrier dyeing uses compounds to swell the fibers and allow deeper dye penetration.
3) High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) dyeing penetrates dye rapidly at over 120°C without carriers.
4) Continuous thermosol dyeing involves padding, drying, and fixing dye within fibers at 190-220°C.
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The document discusses the process of tannery industry and waste generation points. It describes the various stages of hide/skin preparation including soaking, liming, unhairing, splitting, and deliming. The tanning and crusting stages chemically treat the hide to make it stable and flexible. Surface coatings may be applied for finishing. Maximum waste is generated during soaking, unhairing, fleshing, splitting, trimming, bleaching, and bating. The waste water characteristics are provided and treatment schemes discussed including activated sludge and trickling filters. New innovative technologies can more effectively and efficiently treat tannery effluent with lower costs.
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Dyeing of cotton with vat dyes
This document summarizes the key properties and processes involved in dyeing cotton with vat dyes. Vat dyes are insoluble in water but can be converted to a water-soluble form through a process called vatting, which involves reducing the dye and forming a salt. Cotton is dyed by first converting the vat dye to its soluble form, dyeing the cotton, then reoxidizing the dye inside the fiber. The document outlines the chemical classes of vat dyes and the steps involved in vat dyeing cotton fabric using exhaust or continuous methods.
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The document discusses developments in eco-friendly finishes for cotton fabrics and garments. It describes how conventional cotton cultivation uses chemicals that pollute water, and introduces organic cotton cultivation methods. It also discusses naturally colored cotton cultivation to eliminate dyeing pollution. Various eco-friendly functional finishes are explained, including wrinkle-free finishes using polycarboxylic acids or silicone softeners instead of formaldehyde-based chemicals. The document provides details on application methods and quality control for eco-friendly finishes.
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Waste min
The document discusses various waste minimization techniques used in the textile industry, including case studies. It describes optimizing processes like dyeing to reduce water and chemical usage. Specific examples include using low-salt reactive dyes that reduce salt loads in effluent and substituting chemicals like acetic acid with less polluting alternatives. An effluent treatment plant case study showed implementing these techniques helped meet pollution control standards.
Waste min
The document discusses various waste minimization techniques used in the textile industry, including process optimizations, chemical substitutions, and effluent treatment. Specific examples include replacing starch with PVA in sizing, using low-salt reactive dyes, lowering liquor ratios in dyeing, and treating effluent with screening, equalization, coagulation, sedimentation, and activated sludge processes. A case study describes measures taken at a textile mill in India that reduced total effluent volume by 25,000 liters per day and pollution load by 40-45% through various waste reduction efforts.
Waste min
The document discusses various waste minimization techniques used in the textile industry, including process optimizations, chemical substitutions, and effluent treatment. Specific examples include replacing starch with PVA in sizing, using low-salt reactive dyes, lowering liquor ratios in dyeing, and treating effluent with screening, equalization, coagulation, sedimentation, and activated sludge processes. A case study describes measures taken at a textile mill in India that reduced total effluent volume by 25,000 liters per day and pollution load by 40-45% through various waste reduction efforts.
Waste min
The document discusses various waste minimization techniques used in the textile industry, including process optimizations, chemical substitutions, and effluent treatment. Specific examples include replacing starch with PVA in sizing, using low-salt reactive dyes, lowering liquor ratios in dyeing, and treating effluent with screening, equalization, coagulation, sedimentation, and activated sludge processes to reduce COD and BOD loads by 40-45%.
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Cleaner producton technologies (modified)
The document discusses various cleaner production technologies that can make textile chemical processing more environmentally friendly. It covers eco-friendly approaches to fiber cultivation, dyeing, finishing, and identifying eco-friendly textiles. Some key points include using bifunctional reactive dyes for lower color in effluent, iron complexes or glucose as alternatives to hydrosulphite in vat dyeing, and bio-finishing of denim which is now well-established.
Cleaner producton technologies (modified)
The document discusses various cleaner production technologies that can make textile chemical processing more environmentally friendly. It covers eco-friendly fibers, dyes, reducing agents, cross-linking agents, and finishing techniques that reduce water usage, chemicals, and pollution in textile manufacturing. Alternative processes that are safer for workers and avoid the use of hazardous chemicals like formaldehyde and sodium hydrosulphite are emphasized.
Lecture 5 dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes
The document discusses the discovery and development of reactive dyes for dyeing cotton fabrics. Reactive dyes were discovered in 1956 and allow for covalent bonding between dye molecules and cellulose fibers. They are classified as mono-functional or bi-functional depending on whether they contain one or two reactive groups. Common reactive groups include dichlorotriazine, monochlorotriazine, and vinyl sulphone. The document also describes different dyeing methods for reactive dyes such as batch, pad-batch, pad-dry, and pad-dry-bake and provides statistics on global cotton dyeing with reactive dyes.
Lecture 5 dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes
The document discusses the discovery and development of reactive dyes for dyeing cotton fabrics. Reactive dyes were discovered in 1956 and allow for covalent bonding between dye molecules and cellulose fibers. They are classified as mono-functional or bi-functional depending on whether they contain one or two reactive groups. Common reactive groups include dichlorotriazine, monochlorotriazine, and vinyl sulphone. The document also describes different dyeing methods for reactive dyes such as batch, pad-batch, pad-dry, and pad-dry-bake and provides statistics on global cotton dyeing with reactive dyes.
Lecture 5 dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes
The document discusses the discovery and development of reactive dyes for dyeing cotton fabrics. Reactive dyes were discovered in 1956 and chemically bond to cellulose fibers. They are classified as mono-functional or bi-functional depending on whether they have one or two reactive groups. Common reactive groups include dichlorotriazine, monochlorotriazine, and vinyl sulphone. Reactive dyes are applied to cotton via batch or continuous dyeing methods like pad-batch, pad-dry, and pad-dry-bake. These dyes now account for around half of global cotton dyeing.
Lecture 5 dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes
The document discusses the discovery and development of reactive dyes for dyeing cotton fabrics. Reactive dyes were discovered in 1956 and allow for covalent bonding between dye molecules and cellulose fibers. They are classified as mono-functional or bi-functional depending on whether they contain one or two reactive groups. Common reactive groups include dichlorotriazine, monochlorotriazine, and vinyl sulphone. The document also describes different dyeing methods for reactive dyes such as batch, pad-batch, pad-dry, and pad-dry-bake and provides statistics on global cotton dyeing with reactive dyes.
Lecture 5 dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes
The document discusses the discovery and development of reactive dyes for dyeing cotton fabrics. Reactive dyes were discovered in 1956 and allow for covalent bonding between dye molecules and cellulose fibers. They are classified as mono-functional or bi-functional depending on whether they contain one or two reactive groups. Common reactive groups include dichlorotriazine, monochlorotriazine, and vinyl sulphone. The document also describes different dyeing methods for reactive dyes such as batch, pad-batch, pad-dry, and pad-dry-bake and provides statistics on global cotton dyeing with reactive dyes.
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3. digital printing technologies
The document discusses various digital printing technologies, focusing on inkjet printing methods. It describes two main inkjet technologies: continuous inkjet (CIJ) and drop on demand (DOD). CIJ uses a continuous stream of ink broken into droplets through pressure, while DOD only deposits ink droplets when needed in response to digital signals. Common DOD methods are thermal bubble jet and piezoelectric, while CIJ includes single and multiple jet systems using deflection plates or air jets. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of each technology.
4. essential elements for inkjet printing
This document discusses the essential elements required for inkjet printing of textiles. It outlines the necessary hardware including computers, software, printers, and fabric pre-treatment machines. It also discusses ink requirements including formulations for different fiber types and extended color gamuts. Finally, it addresses challenges in commercializing the technology such as printing speeds and the need for post-treatments, while envisioning future possibilities like mass customization and integration with other technologies.
Dyeing of pet wool blends
This document discusses methods for high temperature dyeing of wool-polyester blends to minimize damage to the wool. It recommends using formaldehyde or similar agents to protect the wool at temperatures up to 120°C. Specific dyeing times and temperatures are provided for different levels of wool protection. One-bath and two-bath dyeing methods are described that allow deep shades while reducing staining of the wool component. Considerations for dye selection, recipes, and procedures are provided to optimize results while minimizing wool degradation.
Dyeing of polyester
The document discusses various methods for dyeing polyester fibers, including:
1) Batch dyeing without carriers involves dyeing at a boil without additives to help penetration.
2) Carrier dyeing uses compounds to swell the fibers and allow deeper dye penetration.
3) High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) dyeing penetrates dye rapidly at 120-130°C without carriers.
4) Continuous thermosol dyeing involves padding, drying, and fixing dye within fibers at 190-220°C.
3. digital printing technologies
The document discusses various digital printing technologies, focusing on inkjet printing methods. It describes two main inkjet technologies: continuous inkjet (CIJ) and drop-on-demand (DOD). CIJ uses a continuous stream of ink broken into droplets through pressure, while DOD only deposits ink droplets when needed in response to digital signals. Common DOD methods are thermal bubble jet and piezoelectric, with the latter providing higher resolution and suitability for wider ranges of inks. The technologies each have advantages and limitations for different applications like textile printing.
93, 94 introduction to digital printing
This document compares and contrasts analog and digital printing technologies. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each, such as analog printing being better for mass production while digital is more suitable for variable, personalized, or short print runs. The document also examines factors to consider when choosing a printing method like image quality, production speed, and cost. Additionally, it describes how some systems combine analog and digital to leverage the strengths of both.
4. essential elements for inkjet printing
This document discusses the essential elements required for inkjet printing of textiles. It outlines the necessary hardware including computers, software, printers, and fabric pre-treatment machines. It also discusses ink requirements including formulations for different fiber types and extended color gamuts. Finally, it addresses challenges in commercializing the technology such as printing speeds and the future potential of digital printing for mass customization and integrated production systems.
Digital printing asian dyer extended version)
Digital printing offers several advantages over conventional analog printing methods for textiles. It allows for mass customization and quick turnaround due to minimal press setup times. Digital printing can change color schemes or designs in real time during production. It also produces less waste and has a lower environmental impact than screen printing. However, digital printing has lower throughput than analog methods and higher costs for long runs. It also requires specially coated substrates and has limitations in ink color options and opacity.
Dyeing of pet wool blends
This document discusses methods for high temperature dyeing of wool-polyester blends to minimize damage to the wool. It recommends using formaldehyde or similar agents to protect the wool at temperatures up to 120°C. Specific dyeing times and temperatures are provided for different levels of wool protection. One-bath and two-bath dyeing methods are described that allow deep shades while reducing staining of the wool component. Post-treatment and troubleshooting steps are also outlined.
Dyeing of polyamide fibres
This document discusses the dyeing of polyamide fibers like wool, silk, and nylon. It explains the dyeing mechanisms and how the structure of polyamide fibers allows them to be dyed using different dye classes like acid dyes, chrome dyes, and reactive dyes depending on the desired properties like colorfastness. Factors like pH, temperature, and use of leveling agents affect dye uptake and uniformity. Different types of acid dyes provide varying colorfastness and are suitable for different applications depending on those properties.
Indroduction to printing
The document discusses different types of textile printing methods. It begins by distinguishing between dyeing and printing, noting that dyeing results in uniform coloration while printing applies color locally in designs. It then covers various printing styles like direct, resist, and discharge printing. The document concludes by describing common printing methods such as block, stencil, roller, screen, and digital printing.
General composition of print paste
The document summarizes the general composition and essential qualities of print pastes used in textile printing. Print pastes typically contain dyestuffs, thickeners, solvents, humectants, oxidizing agents, and defoaming agents. Thickeners are important for ensuring the print paste sinks into the fabric quickly and adheres properly after printing and drying. Other components like hydroscopic agents and pH controllers help facilitate dye fixation during steam treatment. Proper selection and balance of ingredients is necessary for achieving high quality, well-defined prints on fabrics.
Pigment printing
There are key differences between dye and pigment printing. Pigments have no affinity for fibers and are insoluble in water, requiring a binder to fix them onto fibers. Dyes have affinity for fibers and are water soluble. Pigment printing uses a binder that is an aqueous emulsion copolymer which polymerizes during curing to form a strong film embedding the pigment and adhering it to the fiber. Suitable thickeners for pigment printing are emulsion or synthetic thickeners which do not interact negatively with the binder. Emulsion thickeners are prepared using oil, water, emulsifiers and other agents, while synthetic thickeners are high molecular weight copolymers that thicken when
Indroduction to printing
The document discusses different types of textile printing methods. It distinguishes between dyeing and printing, noting that dyeing results in uniform coloration while printing applies color locally in designs. Printing uses an aqueous medium of high viscosity to prevent color from spreading. Common printing methods described include block, stencil, roller, screen, and digital printing. Resist and discharge styles of printing are also outlined.
Manual screen printing
Roller printing was invented by James Bell of Scotland in 1783. It was the first machine used for textile printing and remained popular for over 200 years until the 1960s. The roller printing machine used engraved rollers to transfer designs onto fabric passing between multiple rollers. It could print 1 to 12 colors at speeds of 70-80 meters per minute. The popularity of roller printing declined after the invention of rotary screen printing in 1960, which allowed for faster, multi-color printing and is now obsolete.
M anual screen printing
Manual screen printing is a modified version of stencil printing that was developed in England in the 1830s-1840s and became popular in India in the 1920s. It remains most commonly used by small-scale printers. The process involves stretching a bolting cloth screen fabric tightly over a frame, coating it with a photosensitive emulsion, exposing the screen to a color-separated design to insolubilize the emulsion, and washing away the unexposed emulsion to create stencil openings. The screen is then ready to use to force ink through the stencil openings and transfer the design to fabric by moving a squeegee over the screen surface.
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- 1. DYEING OF COTTTON WITH VAT DYES R.B.CHAVAN Department of Textile Technology Indian Institute of Technology Hauz-Khas, New Delhi 110016 E-mail rbchavan@hotmail.com
- 4. REDUCTION OF VAT DYE