The document provides guidance on using the Harvard referencing system. It explains that referencing is important for acknowledging sources, avoiding plagiarism, and allowing readers to find the original sources. It describes how to format in-text references for quotations, paraphrases, and secondary sources. It also explains how to format a reference list, including books, articles, and websites. The key aspects covered are attribution, plagiarism avoidance, and consistent formatting of citations and references.
Lost the references you need for your research paper?
Research paper, thesis and dissertation citations becoming unmanageable?
Faculty Workshop on ENDNOTE® basic
How To Do Referencing For Econometrics PhD Research - PhdassistancePhD Assistance
The University of Chicago Press’s stylistic conventions, as outlined in Chapter 16 of the 14th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, have been adopted by the Economics Department (available in the bookstore and in the reference room of the library). This style should be followed for citations and bibliographic entries in all economic student papers and theses.
Ph.D. Assistance serves as an external mentor to brainstorm your idea and translate that into a research model. Hiring a mentor or tutor is common and therefore let your research committee know about the same. We do not offer any writing services without the involvement of the researcher.
Learn More: https://bit.ly/3wQUljN
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
An introduction to reading and writing research papers in MLA style, brought to you by the Daytona State College-University of Central Florida Writing Center
Overview for referencing in written reports, essays and as.docxjacksnathalie
Overview for referencing in written reports,
essays and assignments
College of Business
Dr Peter Chomley
The academic challenge: Understanding how
you communicate
The RMIT College of Business Guidelines are based on the Style manual for
authors, editors and printers (2002), referred to here as Style manual (2002)
which is published on behalf of the Commonwealth of Australia, and is the
Commonwealth Government’s preferred style. The Style manual (2002) can be
used to provide guidance on areas which are not covered in the RMIT Business
document, but if there is any inconsistency you should follow the RMIT
Business document.
RMIT University 2018 College of Business v.4 2010 2
What is referencing?
• Referencing means acknowledging someone else’s work or ideas. It is
sometimes called ‘citing’ or ‘documenting’ another person’s work.
• Referencing is a basic University requirement.
• It is mandatory for all students to cite or acknowledge information that has
come from other sources.
• Without appropriate referencing students are in effect ‘stealing’ the work of
others - this is tantamount to academic fraud.
There are consequences if students fail to reference their assignments. These
may include:
• Reduction in marks for assessment tasks.
• Failure in a course of study.
• Expulsion from a program.
Note: The Harvard system has many variations. You must use this version
known as the AGPS style.
3RMIT University 2018
When do I reference?
You reference whenever you have used a piece of information that comes from
• Text books
• Journals
• Published papers, (e.g. conference or working paper)
• Newspapers
• Websites
• TV/Radio interviews
• Personal communication
• Others
You must cite the origins of the information you are using, whether you have
copied the words directly or whether you have paraphrased.
• If in doubt----REFERENCE!
4RMIT University 2018
Referencing
Whenever you rely on someone else’s work you must acknowledge that by
providing details of the source.
In this system, each reference is indicated in two areas of your work:
• in the text (in-text citation) by using the name of the author(s) and the date of
publication of the work.
• In the reference list, where the full details of each reference, including the title
and publishing details are given
In-text citations
There are two ways of referencing in-text:
• Paraphrasing - ideas of the author(s) are expressed in your own words.
• Direct quotes
5RMIT University 2018
How to reference in-text
There are two options for in-text referencing
• Adding the citation at the end of the sentence.
• Using the author’s name as part of your sentence.
• When paraphrasing include the author’s name and date of publication.
e.g.
– Lack of variability in a product is an important measure of its quality
(Shannon 2003).
OR
– Shannon (2003) describes the role of statistics in minimising product
variability.
6RM.
Online Library Training Module 1 Library Service.docxhopeaustin33688
Online Library Training Module
1
Library Services for Online Students
http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus
Guide to Referencing and developing a Bibliography
Important Note for Law Students: Whilst these referencing pages will be useful for most
students, Law students should note they are specifically required to use the OSCOLA
referencing guidelines (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities), please see our
OSCOLA guide for detailed guidelines and examples
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdf
Also see these online guides to the OSCOLA referencing format
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.html#oscola
Also see our pages on Refworks and other citation software for managing your references
and developing your Bibliography.
What is referencing?
It is very important that whenever you find a reference you immediately make a note of all
the relevant bibliographical (author, title etc) details. It can be very difficult to retrace the
details later and you will need the information to cite the references at the end of your
assignment or dissertation.
When you write your assignment or dissertation you are required to refer to the work of other
authors. Each time you do so, it is necessary to identify their work by making reference to it -
both in the text of your assignment (called 'in-text' referencing) and in a list at the end of your
assignment (called a 'Reference List'). This practice of acknowledging authors is known as
'referencing'.
References must be provided whenever you use someone else's opinions, theories, data or
organisation of material. You need to reference information from books, articles, videos, web
sites, images, computers and any other print or electronic sources. A reference is required if
you:
• paraphrase (use someone else's ideas in your own words)
• summarise (use a brief account of someone else's ideas)
• quote (use someone else's exact words)
• copy (use someone else's figures, tables or structure)
http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus�
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdf�
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdf�
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.html#oscola�
Online Library Training Module
2
References enhance your writing and assist your reader by:
• showing the breadth of your research
• strengthening your academic argument
• showing the reader the source of your information
• allowing the reader to consult your sources independently
• allowing the reader to verify your data
Always remember to use referencing because if you use someone else's work and don't
reference it correctly, it is plagiarism, which is a serious offence of academic misconduct.
Please also see our Web pages on Plagiarism and how to avoid it.
Note on use of encyclopedias (Wikipedia etc.)
The Board of Stud.
Lost the references you need for your research paper?
Research paper, thesis and dissertation citations becoming unmanageable?
Faculty Workshop on ENDNOTE® basic
How To Do Referencing For Econometrics PhD Research - PhdassistancePhD Assistance
The University of Chicago Press’s stylistic conventions, as outlined in Chapter 16 of the 14th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, have been adopted by the Economics Department (available in the bookstore and in the reference room of the library). This style should be followed for citations and bibliographic entries in all economic student papers and theses.
Ph.D. Assistance serves as an external mentor to brainstorm your idea and translate that into a research model. Hiring a mentor or tutor is common and therefore let your research committee know about the same. We do not offer any writing services without the involvement of the researcher.
Learn More: https://bit.ly/3wQUljN
Contact Us:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/
UK NO: +44–1143520021
India No: +91–4448137070
WhatsApp No: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
An introduction to reading and writing research papers in MLA style, brought to you by the Daytona State College-University of Central Florida Writing Center
Overview for referencing in written reports, essays and as.docxjacksnathalie
Overview for referencing in written reports,
essays and assignments
College of Business
Dr Peter Chomley
The academic challenge: Understanding how
you communicate
The RMIT College of Business Guidelines are based on the Style manual for
authors, editors and printers (2002), referred to here as Style manual (2002)
which is published on behalf of the Commonwealth of Australia, and is the
Commonwealth Government’s preferred style. The Style manual (2002) can be
used to provide guidance on areas which are not covered in the RMIT Business
document, but if there is any inconsistency you should follow the RMIT
Business document.
RMIT University 2018 College of Business v.4 2010 2
What is referencing?
• Referencing means acknowledging someone else’s work or ideas. It is
sometimes called ‘citing’ or ‘documenting’ another person’s work.
• Referencing is a basic University requirement.
• It is mandatory for all students to cite or acknowledge information that has
come from other sources.
• Without appropriate referencing students are in effect ‘stealing’ the work of
others - this is tantamount to academic fraud.
There are consequences if students fail to reference their assignments. These
may include:
• Reduction in marks for assessment tasks.
• Failure in a course of study.
• Expulsion from a program.
Note: The Harvard system has many variations. You must use this version
known as the AGPS style.
3RMIT University 2018
When do I reference?
You reference whenever you have used a piece of information that comes from
• Text books
• Journals
• Published papers, (e.g. conference or working paper)
• Newspapers
• Websites
• TV/Radio interviews
• Personal communication
• Others
You must cite the origins of the information you are using, whether you have
copied the words directly or whether you have paraphrased.
• If in doubt----REFERENCE!
4RMIT University 2018
Referencing
Whenever you rely on someone else’s work you must acknowledge that by
providing details of the source.
In this system, each reference is indicated in two areas of your work:
• in the text (in-text citation) by using the name of the author(s) and the date of
publication of the work.
• In the reference list, where the full details of each reference, including the title
and publishing details are given
In-text citations
There are two ways of referencing in-text:
• Paraphrasing - ideas of the author(s) are expressed in your own words.
• Direct quotes
5RMIT University 2018
How to reference in-text
There are two options for in-text referencing
• Adding the citation at the end of the sentence.
• Using the author’s name as part of your sentence.
• When paraphrasing include the author’s name and date of publication.
e.g.
– Lack of variability in a product is an important measure of its quality
(Shannon 2003).
OR
– Shannon (2003) describes the role of statistics in minimising product
variability.
6RM.
Online Library Training Module 1 Library Service.docxhopeaustin33688
Online Library Training Module
1
Library Services for Online Students
http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus
Guide to Referencing and developing a Bibliography
Important Note for Law Students: Whilst these referencing pages will be useful for most
students, Law students should note they are specifically required to use the OSCOLA
referencing guidelines (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities), please see our
OSCOLA guide for detailed guidelines and examples
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdf
Also see these online guides to the OSCOLA referencing format
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.html#oscola
Also see our pages on Refworks and other citation software for managing your references
and developing your Bibliography.
What is referencing?
It is very important that whenever you find a reference you immediately make a note of all
the relevant bibliographical (author, title etc) details. It can be very difficult to retrace the
details later and you will need the information to cite the references at the end of your
assignment or dissertation.
When you write your assignment or dissertation you are required to refer to the work of other
authors. Each time you do so, it is necessary to identify their work by making reference to it -
both in the text of your assignment (called 'in-text' referencing) and in a list at the end of your
assignment (called a 'Reference List'). This practice of acknowledging authors is known as
'referencing'.
References must be provided whenever you use someone else's opinions, theories, data or
organisation of material. You need to reference information from books, articles, videos, web
sites, images, computers and any other print or electronic sources. A reference is required if
you:
• paraphrase (use someone else's ideas in your own words)
• summarise (use a brief account of someone else's ideas)
• quote (use someone else's exact words)
• copy (use someone else's figures, tables or structure)
http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus�
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdf�
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdf�
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.html#oscola�
Online Library Training Module
2
References enhance your writing and assist your reader by:
• showing the breadth of your research
• strengthening your academic argument
• showing the reader the source of your information
• allowing the reader to consult your sources independently
• allowing the reader to verify your data
Always remember to use referencing because if you use someone else's work and don't
reference it correctly, it is plagiarism, which is a serious offence of academic misconduct.
Please also see our Web pages on Plagiarism and how to avoid it.
Note on use of encyclopedias (Wikipedia etc.)
The Board of Stud.
Assignment # 3 ·OverviewYour company has had embedde.docxjane3dyson92312
Assignment # 3
·
Overview
Your company has had embedded HR generalists in business units for the past several years. Over that time, it has become more costly and more difficult to maintain standards, and is a frustration for business units to have that budget “hit.” The leadership has decided to move to a more centralized model of delivering HR services and has asked you to evaluate that proposition and begin establishing a project team to initiate the needed changes. The project team is selected, and you must now provide general direction.
Instructions
Write a 5–6 page paper in which you:
Review and define the five steps of strategic planning depicted in Exhibit 2-1 in the textbook on page 34. Based on the information, provide a statement of overall importance of these steps to your project team.
Develop a vision and mission statement for the project team specific to the current project. Hint: It is highly recommended to follow the guidance offered in the textbook about vision and mission statements.
Explain to the project team what a project charter is and why it is used. Then, review Exhibit 3.3 in the textbook and select any three charter elements you feel are more important and explain why.
Provide a statement of emphasis to your project team based on the information you provided in the previous three sections above. The goal is to ensure your team understands the importance of the information.
Go to the
Strayer University Online Library
to locate at least three quality academic (peer-reviewed) resources for this assignment.
This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). For assistance and information, please refer to the Strayer Writing Standards link in the left-hand menu of your course.
The specific course learning outcome associated with this assignment is:
Create an overview of project planning, a project vision and mission statement, a project charter, and a statement of emphasis.
· By submitting this paper, you agree: (1) that you are submitting your paper to be used and stored as part of the SafeAssign™ services in accordance with the
Blackboard Privacy Policy
; (2) that your institution may use your paper in accordance with your institution's policies; and (3) that your use of SafeAssign will be without recourse against Blackboard Inc. and its affiliates.
·
Institution Release Statement
Writing Assignments Strayer University uses several different types of writing assignments. The Strayer University Student Writing Standards are designed to allow flexibility in formatting your assignment and giving credit to your sources. This section covers specific areas to help you properly format and develop your assignments. Note: The specific format guidelines override guidelines in the General Standards section.
Paper and Essay Specific Format Guidelines
PowerPoint or Slideshow Specific Format Guidelines
Use double.
Referencing an Article - Its styles and type.pptxPhD Assistance
A reference typically contains the names and initials of the authors, the title of the piece, the name of the journal, the volume and issue, the date, the page numbers, and the DOI.
For #Enquiry:
Website: https://www.phdassistance.com/blog/referencing-an-article-its-styles-and-types/
India: +91 91769 66446
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Rubric Decision Making Processes Rubric Decision Making Pro.docxtoddr4
Rubric
Decision Making Processes Rubric Decision Making Processes Rubric Criteria Ratings Pts This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Described processes and lessons learned during the team project 20.0 to >17.0 pts Excellent Reflection contains rich description with clear and appropriate examples. Demonstrates high-level thinking and reflection. 17.0 to >15.0 pts Good Reflection contains clearly described processes, substantiated with examples. Demonstrates some level of reflection. 15.0 to >0 pts Fair Reflection briefly described processes and lessons, with some examples. 20.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Described steps used for making sound decisions 10.0 to >8.0 pts Excellent Met all requirements. Rich description with clear organization. 8.0 to >6.0 pts Good Met all requirements. Clear descriptions and organization. 6.0 to >0 pts Fair Met most requirements. Brief descriptions with some organization. 10.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Described lessons implemented to make the team more productive 10.0 to >8.0 pts Excellent Met all requirements. Rich description with clear organization. Reflection is thorough and demonstrates high-level meta-cognition. 8.0 to >6.0 pts Good Met all requirements. Clear descriptions and organization. Reflection is in-depth and demonstrates some level of meta-cognition. 6.0 to >0 pts Fair Met most requirements. Brief descriptions with some organization. Reflection demonstrates low level meta-cognition. 10.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Format 10.0 to >8.0 pts Excellent Submission meets the length requirements as specified within the assignment. Shows clear organization of content; appropriate and consistent use of titles and headers. 8.0 to >6.0 pts Good The submission is slightly outside page length requirements as specified within the assignment expectations. Shows organization of content; consistent use of titles and headers. 6.0 to >0 pts Fair The submission is not consistent with the page length requirement as specified within the assignment expectations. Shows some organization of content; inconsistent use of titles and headers. 10.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Writing Mechanics 18.0 to >16.0 pts Excellent The submission contains very few or no grammatical, punctuation, syntax, and verb-tense agreement errors. 16.0 to >14.0 pts Good The submission contains some grammatical, punctuation, syntax, and verb-tense agreement errors..
Page 1 of 25 This brief guide is primarily for s.docxkarlhennesey
Page 1 of 25
This brief guide is primarily for students doing assignments at Curtin University; not for those using the APA 6th style for
publishing. If you are publishing in the APA 6th style, please consult the APA publication manual:
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
It is important that you check the assignment guide of your department or school as some details, such as punctuation,
may vary from guidelines provided in this guide. You may be penalised for not conforming to your School’s requirements.
All referencing queries should be addressed to the appropriate lecturer or supervisor.
Guide Contents:
Using this guide
About APA referencing
In-text citations explained
Quoting (less than 40 words)
Quoting (more than 40 words)
Paraphrasing
Multiple sources for the same
information
Multiple works by the same
author(s)
Different authors, same
surname
Authors citing other authors
Author variations
No author
1 – 2 authors
3 – 5 authors
6 – 7 authors
8 or more authors
Corporate authors
Reference components
Tables and figures (including
images) – see the separate APA
6th Referencing Tables and
Figures guide
Page
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
Reference list examples
Journal & news articles
Journal article
Journal article – Advance
online publication
Journal article – supplement
Newspaper or Magazine
article
Press release
Cochrane systematic
review
Health Resources
AMH
Martindale
MIMS drug database
UpToDate
Books
Book
eBook
Chapter in an edited print
book
Chapter in an edited eBook
Conference paper
Thesis
Book review
Dictionary or Encyclopedia
Page
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
Reference list examples
Internet and Social media
Webpage
Entire website
Wikipedia
Blog post and comment
Video on the Internet (e.g.
YouTube)
Lecture
Podcast
Facebook
Instagram
Twitter
Nongovernment report
Government sources
Government report
Australian Bureau of Statistics
Act of Parliament
Case
Creative works
DVD and Film
TV programs
Other sources
Standard
Brochure, fact sheet or
pamphlet
Personal communication
Dataset
Page
17
17
18
1 ...
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Referencing using Harvard referencing
system
• Why do we do it?
• How do we do it?
• In text references
• List of references
• NB ‘Referencing’ is sometimes known as
‘Citation’
2
3. The tradition of scholarship
• Our own ideas are all based on the thoughts of others
• Scholarly thought builds progressively on the work of
respected writers and researchers by carrying out further
research and analysis
• Sources of ideas are always acknowledged
3
4. 4
Five main reasons for providing references:
• Acknowledging the person whose idea or words
have been used or referred to.
• Make it clear that the author is not trying to
pretend somebody else's work as his/her own.
('plagiarising' someone else's work.)
• Helps readdress to find the original texts or
webpages to read themselves.
• Author can easily check something later if
necessary.
• Thoroughness in referencing suggests that
author has been thorough in checking his/her
facts
5. 5
When do you need to give a reference ?
• the source of a particular theory, argument or
viewpoint
• specific information, such as statistics,
examples, or case studies
• direct quotations (reproducing the writer's exact
words)
• texts and electronic information which you
paraphrase rather than quote.
6. 6
How do I reference?
• You MUST attribute all sources to the original author eg ideas,
data, figures, tables, methods,
• Use the Harvard referencing system
(Author Date method)
Note, there are other systems used by some books.
While at Greenwich you must use Harvard
• If you don’t reference, you may be accused of PLAGIARISM
You will go before a plagiarism panel
You may fail the course and have to pay to do it again next
year
7. 7
Using sources
Sources of data, ideas and theories are the basis of your
evidence. You may use them in a variety of ways:
• Quote - using the exact words of the author
• Paraphrase - using your own words to express the
author’s ideas
• Summarise - listing the key ideas from the author’s
work
• Comment - giving your own thoughts on what the
author has said
8. 8
Before you write ……..
• You must READ
• Re-read lecture notes (to focus on topic)
• Read books on reading lists (selectively - use index)
• Look on library shelves for other relevant books
• Use electronic databases to search for articles, reports,
statistics
• Use the WWW (but don’t depend on it)
• Always keep notes on what you read
• Make sure you write down the references
9. 9
The information usually provided includes
• the name and initials of the author(s)
• the title, in full
• the year of publication
• for journal articles, the name of the journal and the
number of the volume
• the edition, if relevant
• the location of the publisher
• the name of publisher
• relevant page numbers
• for electronic materials, the webpage address
10. 10
Types of references
References – sometimes called ‘Citations’ they occur in
different forms
•In-text references (quotations; paraphrasing;
summarising)
Placed within the main body of your writing
•Secondary references
Used where one author has quoted another author
•List of References
Full details of all sources listed at the end
•Bibliography
Books/etc which are relevant but have not been referred to
directly (not common except in longer dissertations)
11. 11
In-text references - Quotations
If you quote (copy) the exact words of an author, use
quotation marks around the quote and at the end write:
author’s surname - year of publication - page
number (in brackets)
eg:
“The matching, or accruals, convention is very
important in the calculation of profit” (Gowthorpe
2005,p152) or (Gowthorpe, 2005:152)
Gowthorpe (2005,p152) states “the matching, or accruals,
convention is very important in the calculation of profit”Gowthorpe (2005:152) states “the matching, or accruals,
convention is very important in the calculation of profit”
Gowthorpe (2005:152) states “the matching, or accruals,
convention is very important in the calculation of profit”
12. In-text references - Quotations
• Shim et al (2009; p.9) points out that “ managers in high-
tech firms are faced with different sets of performance
expectations such as innovation, new product
development, integration of technology and research and
development management”.
• “Managers in high-tech firms are faced with different sets
of performance expectations such as innovation, new
product development, integration of technology and
research and development management”. (Shim et al,
2009; p. 9)
12
13. 13
In-text references - Paraphrasing
When putting ideas in your own words rather than quoting:
author – date (note – no page number)
Eg: when referring to the author in the sentence:
Gowthorpe (2005) indicates that accrual principle is vital
for proper calculation of profit.
According Shim et al (2009) managers in high-tech
companies are chellenged by different factors such as
innovation, technology integration etc.
or: when not referring to the author in the sentence
The proper estimation of profit requires implementation of
accrual principle. (Gowthorpe 2005)
or: when not referring to the author in the sentence
The proper estimation of profit requires implementation of
accrual principle. (Gowthorpe 2005)
or: when not referring to the author in the sentence
Managers in high-tech companies are challenged by different
factors such as innovation, technology integration etc(Shim et
al, 2009)
or: when not referring to the author in the sentence
Managers in high-tech companies are challenged by different
factors such as innovation, technology integration etc(Shim et
al, 2009)
14. 14
Secondary references
• Authors cited by other authors
Wherever possible you should try to use the original source of an idea
• You may sometimes need to use a quotation or an idea from an
author which you found quoted in a text book written by another
author.
• Show the reference in this way using the word cited
eg:
Bryjne highlights that an international set of
accounting standards are consistent between
competing companies. (Bryjne 1980 cited by Iqbal
2002)
or: when not referring to the author in the sentence
According Balkin et al there is direct relation between R&D and
CEO compensation. (Balkin et al. 2000 cited by Shim et al,
2009)
or: when not referring to the author in the sentence
According Balkin et al there is direct relation between R&D and
CEO compensation. (Balkin et al. 2000 cited by Shim et al,
2009)
15. 15
An electronic source
1995-2006 all rights reserved
VNU Business Publications
http://mobile.vnunet.com
How would you reference a
quotation from this web site?
Over 80% manager's wanted to see common
management information systems to support
IFRS detail including budgets and forecasts
while 69% said there was a need for greater
contextual information in annual reports
16. 16
In-text references - websites
• Websites are treated the same as book references
• Use (Author date)
• Do not give the URL address in your text
• The internet is just another publishing medium and
does not need special rules
• If you cannot find an author name, give the company or
institution name, usually at the top of the page, or use
‘Anon’ (Anonymous)
• If there is no date of publication, give the current year
17. 17
An electronic source
http://mobile.vnunet.com
Over 80% manager's wanted to see common
management information systems to support IFRS
detail including budgets and forecasts while
69% said there was a need for greater contextual
information in annual reports.
or: when not referring to the author in the sentence
According VNU (2005) over 80% manager requires IFRS
integration into management information systems.
or: when not referring to the author in the sentence
According VNU (2005) over 80% manager requires IFRS
integration into management information systems.
“
” (VNU 2005)
18. 18
Useful phrases to introduce references
• As X points out,
• According to X,
• To quote from X, ' ... '
• X states/suggests that
• X tells/shows us that
• In an article entitled Name of Text, X makes the point
that ...
• Referring to ... , X says that ...
• As X stated/wrote/said, ...
• In Name of Text, X wrote that ...
• Writing in Name of Text, X explained that ...
• Writing in 1926, X argued that
19. 19
List of references
At the end of your work collect your references together in
a list
•Always include a list at the end of your work
•Include all your in-text references
but only list each source once
•Use alphabetical order by author’s surname
Make one list
do not separate books, articles and website
Note, you will lose marks if you leave out some of your
in-text references, or put sources in the list you haven’t
referred to
20. 20
List of references - books
Always keep strictly to the following format:
Author, (Year) , Book Title , Place, Publisher
eg: (for a book)
Iqbal Z.M. (2002) International accounting A
global perspective, Ohio,Thomson Learning
21. 21
List of references - articles
Use this format
Author, (Year), ‘title of the article’, Title of the journal,
edition, pages
e.g.
Wallace R.S.O. and Collier P. (1991)`The ”cash” in cash
flow statements: A multicountry comparsion`, Accounting
Horizons (December); pp.44-52
Without page number your
referencing is incomplete
22. 22
List of references - websites
Remember, keep these in your main list of references
Author, (Year), Title, [type of resource
eg CD ROM, WWW, e-mail],Available from: URL
address. [date of access]
e.g.
VNU Business Publications (2005) Lease IFRS for update
October 2005 , (online) Available from:
http://mobile.vnunet.com [Accessed: 15th
Aug 2011]
McConnell .P (2011), The objective of financial
reporting and the qualitative characteristics of
useful information - what investors should know,
(online) IFRS, Available from: www.ifrs.org
[Accessed: 26th
Aug 2011]
McConnell .P (2011), The objective of financial
reporting and the qualitative characteristics of
useful information - what investors should know,
(online) IFRS, Available from: www.ifrs.org
[Accessed: 26th
Aug 2011]
23. 23
More Harvard rules
• If there are two authors
Write them both in the order in the book/article
eg:
• Britton A., Alexander D., (2004), Financial reporting,
Thomson Learning
24. • If there are three or more authors include
all their names or just write the first
author's name and then write et al.
• eg: Samuels J. et al, (2003), Research in
Accounting in Emerging Economies, JAI
Press
24
25. If an author has published more than once in a
year use a,b,etc
• Marchington, M. Wilkinson, A. (1993a) ‘Waving or
drowning in participation’ Personnel Management, March
p. 30-33
Marchington, M. Wilkinson, A. (1993b) People
management matters, London, Institute of Personnel
Management
Academic paperAcademic paper
BookBook
25
26. Book with an editor
Danaher, P. (ed.) (1998) Beyond the ferris wheel,
Rockhampton, CQU Press.
If you have used a chapter in a book written
by someone other than the editor
Byrne, J. (1995) ‘Disabilities in tertiary education’, in
Rowan, L. and McNamee, J. (ed.) Voices of a Margin,
Rockhampton: CQU Press
26
27. 27
List of References/ Bibliography
List of references
Iqbal Z.M. (2002) International accounting A global perspective, Ohio,
Thomson Learning
Saudagaran S.M. (2004) International accounting A user
perspective, Ohio,Thomson Learning
Wallace R.S.O. and Collier P. (1991)`The ”cash” in cash flow
statements: A multicountry comparsion`, Accounting Horizons
(December) pp.44-52
VNU Business Publications (2005) IFRS update October 2005 ,
(WWW) Available from: http://mobile.vnunet.com [Accessed: 15th
Aug 2006]
The list of references at the end of your assignment might look
like this:
List of reference
you only need to list those sources from which you have
either quoted or paraphrased. e.g., you do not have to
list books you used for background reading purposes.
List of reference
you only need to list those sources from which you have
either quoted or paraphrased. e.g., you do not have to
list books you used for background reading purposes.
Bibliography
you must list all sources you have consulted,
regardless of whether you cited from them or not.
Bibliography
you must list all sources you have consulted,
regardless of whether you cited from them or not.
28. 28
More information Harvard referencing can
be found:
• University of Greenwich ‘Skills for Learning Handbook’
• http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/academic_services/documents
• http://www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Selfstudy/Harvard.pdf
• Saunders M., Lewis P., Thomhill A.(2009) Research
methods for Business Students, Prentice Hall