This document provides guidance on Harvard referencing. It explains why referencing is important in academic writing and discusses what needs to be referenced. It then describes Harvard referencing and how to cite sources in-text and provide references in a reference list. The document offers examples of how to reference different source types like books, journal articles and websites. It concludes by providing tips to avoid common referencing mistakes and information on where to get additional referencing help.

1. Citing & Referencing
Harvard
Kirsty Thomson
Subject Librarian
Spring 2013

2. Today’s Workshop
• Why do you need to reference?
• What needs referenced?
• What is Harvard referencing, and how do you
do it?
• Tips and common mistakes.
• Getting more help.

3. Why do you need to reference?
• It’s part of academic writing – academic
research builds on existing knowledge.
• Shows that you’ve read, understood, and can
use other researchers’ observations.
• Avoids plagiarism:
– passing off someone else’s writing, ideas or
research as your own.

4. Background
http://www.flickr.com/photos/moonlightbulb/6307443777/

5. What year are you in?
0% 1. First year of an undergraduate (first)
degree.
0%
2. Other year of undergraduate degree.
0% 3. Postgraduate student.
0% 4. Research assistant/staff.

6. Author-date referencing

7. Roberts, K. (2004) Lovemarks: the future beyond
brands, New York: Powerhouse Books.
Rossiter, J.R. and Bellman, S. (2005) Marketing
communications: theory and applications,
Sydney: Pearson Prentice Hall.

8. Referencing ...
0% 1. I’ve never done referencing before.
2. I’ve done a bit of referencing, but not
0% with an author-date system like
Harvard.
0% 3. I’ve used Harvard/author-date a bit, but
I’m not confident.
0% 4. I’m used Harvard a lot; I’m here for a
refresher.

9. What needs referenced?
http://www.flickr.com/photos/moonlightbulb/6307443777/

10. When to reference ...
• Need to reference:
– Quotes
– Facts
– Ideas } from somewhere/someone else.
• Need to give source even if you have put
information into your own words.
• Don’t need to reference established facts (things
that people studying your subject would always
know).

11. Would this need referenced?
“The average temperature in winter is lower than
in summer.”
0% 1. Yes
0% 2. No

12. Would this need referenced?
“Around a quarter of UK households are in fuel
poverty, spending more than 10% of their
income on heating costs.”
0% 1. Yes
0% 2. No

13. Harvard Referencing
http://www.flickr.com/photos/moonlightbulb/6307443777/

14. What is Harvard Referencing?
• “Author-date” referencing system.
• Lots of different versions of Harvard:
– Heriot-Watt Library guidelines online at
http://www.hw.ac.uk/is/Harvardguide.pdf
– If your lecturer/course handbook tells you
to do something different, follow their
guidance.

15. Citations
• Citations are pointers in your writing telling
the reader you got your information from
somewhere else:
– According to Smith (1985) the inter-war period
was critical in the development of …
– Early work on bridge construction showed metal
welding was important (Smith 1893, Jones and
Phillips 1902) …
– A recent survey (Gordon 2011) found …

16. Reference list
• A list of all the sources you have cited your
assignment.
– given at the end of your work.
– in alphabetical order by author/editor.
– not separated into types of information (not books,
then journals, then websites.)
• Note: a bibliography lists all of the sources you
have read to help write your assignment, not just
those cited in the text.
– Bibliography and/or reference list? Ask your tutor!

17. Harvard - books
http://www.flickr.com/photos/moonlightbulb/6307443777/

18. Books
• Will need:
– author(s)/editors(s).
– name of book.
– year of publication (not year of printing).
– name of company that published book.
– place the publisher is based.

19. • Citation:
– Author(s)/editor(s) surname and year of publication.
– … it has been shown (Ransom 2002) ….
– OR … Ransom (2002 , p.205) has shown …
– [Also page number? More on this later.]
• Reference list:
– Author(s)/Editor(s) surname and initials (date of
publication) Title, edition if not first, Place of
publication: Publisher.
– Ransom, D. (2002) The no-nonsense guide to fair
trade, Oxford: New Internationalist.

20. Author(s)/Editor(s) surname and initials (date of
publication) Title, edition if not first, Place of
publication: Publisher.
Naylor, J. (2004) Management, 2nd ed.,Harlow: Pearson
Education.

21. More than one author - two or three
• Give all authors in citation, in the same order
as on the book:
– e.g., Companies that discriminate lose talent
(Torrington, Hall and Taylor 2008).
• Reference list:
– Torrington, D., Hall, L. and Taylor, S. (2008) Human
resource management, 7th ed., Harlow: Prentice
Hall.

22. More than one author – four or more
• Use et al. (“and others”) in the citation, but give all
authors in reference list.
• Solomon et al. (2006) suggest that …
• [Not Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard, and Hogg (2006)
suggest that …]
• Solomon, M., Bamossy, G., Askegaard, S. and Hogg,
M.K. (2006) Consumer behaviour: a European
perspective, 3rd ed., Harlow: Financial Times.

23. Page numbers in citations
• Different departments have different guidelines.
• Some only ask for page numbers when you are
quoting.
• Others want page numbers even if the
information is in your own words.
• SML – page numbers only needed for quotations.
• Others - ??? Check your assignment guidelines or
ask your tutor.

24. Books with editors (1)
• Does each chapter have a different author? If so,
use the chapter author(s) in the citation.
– Tiesdell (2010) provides an overview of…
– A major development challenge has been the Clyde
waterfront (Tiesdell 2010).
Title of chapter
• Reference like this:
– Tiesdell, S. (2010) ‘Glasgow: renaissance
on the Clyde?’, in Punter, J. (ed.). Urban Title of
design and the British urban renaissance, book
Abingdon: Routledge, pp.262-279.
Page numbers
for chapter

25. Books with editors (2)
• Sometimes a book has an editor but doesn’t have
chapters by different people. Cite these books
using the editor.
• Kohl won elections in 1983, 1987 and 1990
(Palmer 1996, p.200).
• Palmer, A. (ed.) (1996) Who’s who in world
politics: from 1860 to the present day, London:
Routledge.

26. No date? No author?
• No date – use n.d.
– Hendry (n.d.) describes….
– Hendry, S. (n.d.) Flora and fauna of Scotland,
Glasgow: Collins.
• No author or editor – use the title of the
book.
– Understanding SPSS (2009) describes....
– Understanding SPSS (2009) London: SPSS Press

27. Translations
• In Vondung’s The apocalypse in Germany
(2000, p.64), translated by S.D. Ricks, …
OR
• According to Vondung (2000, p.64) ...
• Vondung, K. (2000) The apocalypse in
Germany. Translated from German by S.D.
Ricks, Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

28. eBooks
• Osman Akan (2006, p.26) shows that …
OR
• It has been shown that … (Osman Akan 2006, p.26).
• Osman Akan, A. (2006) Open channel hydraulics,
Butterworth-Heinemann [online], available:
http://www.dawsonera.com/ [accessed 12 January
2009].
• (The author in this example has two surnames.)

29. Harvard - journals
http://www.flickr.com/photos/moonlightbulb/6307443777/

30. Journals
• Will need:
– author(s) of article.
– title of article.
– title of journal.
– year of publication.
– volume, part and page numbers.
– (plus URL and date accessed for online articles).

31. Citing journal articles: paper
• The new trend towards conservation was key in
the preservation of Edinburgh Castle (Morris,
2007).
OR Name of author
• Morris (2007) states that … (not journal title)
• Morris, R.J. (2007) ‘The capitalist, the professor
and the soldier: the re-making of Edinburgh
Castle, 1850-1900’, Planning Perspectives, 22,
55-78. All page numbers (not just starting page)

32. More than one author
• Same rules as books.
• Citations:
– give all authors if two or three.
– use et al. in citation if there are four or more
authors.
• Reference list:
– give all authors.

33. Citing journal articles: online
• PDF – reference like a normal paper journal
article.
• HTML (webpage) – include URL and date you
visited page:
– Midgley, S.L.W. and Olsen, M.K. (2012) ‘Spectral
analysis of a four mode cluster state’, Laser Physics
[online], 22(7), 1271-1274, available:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/n37688347
8u74541/ [accessed 17 October 2012].

34. Other types of material
Examples in your handout
and
http://www.hw.ac.uk/is/
Harvardguide.pdf
http://www.flickr.com/photos/moonlightbulb/6307443777/

35. In text citation - which is correct?
1. Successful management involves all members
0% of a business, not just the managers (John
Naylor 2004)
0%
2. Successful management involves all members
of a business, not just the managers (Naylor
2004)
0% 3. Successful management involves all members
of a business, not just the managers (2004 -
Naylor)

36. Journal article – which is correct?
1. Krams, I., Berzins, A., Krama, T., Wheatcroft, D. and
0% Rantala, M.J. (2009) Proceedings of the Royal Society B,
277(168), 513-518.
2. Krams, I., Berzins, A., Krama, T., Wheatcroft, D. and
0% Rantala, M.J. (2009) ‘The increased risk of predation
increases cooperation’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B,
277(168), 513-518.
0% 3. Krams, I., Berzins, A., Krama, T., Wheatcroft, D. and
Rantala, M.J. (2009) ‘The increased risk of predation
increases cooperation’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

37. Tips
http://www.flickr.com/photos/moonlightbulb/6307443777/

38. Quotes
• Must make it clear that the words came from
somewhere else.
• Short quotes – use quotation marks:
– According to Royle (2000, p.167) “the British state was
strong because it was militarily effective and relatively
efficient at raising taxes.”
– According to Royle (2000, p.167) “the British state was
strong because it was … relatively efficient at raising taxes.”
• Ellipsis (three dots …) shows that you have
removed words from the original text.

39. • Longer quotes - space above and below the quote, indent quote
from left.
According to Solomon et. al. (2006, p.177):
The effectiveness of celebrities as communications sources often
depends upon their perceived credibility. Consumers may not trust
a celebrity’s motives for endorsing a product or they may question
the star’s competence to evaluate the product’s claims.
Therefore, it can be assumed ...
• Don’t waste word count on quotes - more marks if you demonstrate
understanding.
• Useful when you need to show the exact wording, or if you are
going to discuss the quote.

40. Secondary referencing
• Use secondary referencing when your source refers to
research done by someone else (which you can’t
locate) and you believe that your source’s
interpretation of the work is reliable.
• E.g., book by Jones talking about work done by Smith:
– According to Smith, cited in Jones (2008, p.17) …
– OR Jones (2008, p.17) citing Smith notes that …
– OR Smith’s landmark experiment ... (Smith cited in Jones
2008, p.17)
• Jones would appear in your reference list – not Smith.

41. Common mistakes (1)
• Not having all the required information for
your referencing.
• Doing citations but forgetting reference list.
• Not referencing information taken from
elsewhere – very serious; could be accused of
plagiarism.
• Inconsistency – make sure all your references
are in the same style.

42. Common mistakes (2)
• Too much information for publisher’s location.
– Only need to give town.
• Could also give country/region if you think the town is
unclear.
– Edinburgh: Blackwells.
– London, Ontario: Althouse Press.
– Not
• 6 York Place, Edinburgh: Blackwells.
• London, Ontario, Canada, N6G 1G7: Althouse Press.

43. Reference Management Software
• Reference Management Software can assist
you in writing references correctly.
• Adds citations to your text and automatically
creates a reference list.
• Information Services runs Power Hours on
using EndNote Web.

44. Today’s Workshop
• Why do you need to reference?
• What needs referenced?
• What is Harvard referencing, and how do you
do it?
• Tips and common mistakes.
• Getting more help.

45. Useful book
• Cite them right: the essential
referencing guide by Richard
Pears & Graham Shields
• Slightly different version of
Harvard, but gives good
guidance.

46. Help with referencing
• Subject Librarians: http://bit.ly/VQ0C6R
– Mathematical & Computer Sciences, Built
Environment - Sarah Kelly
– Life Sciences - Marion Kennedy
– Engineering & Physical Sciences, Petroleum
Engineering - Kirsty Thomson
– Management & Languages, Edinburgh Business
School, Combined Studies - Catherine Ure
• Library Enquiry Desk
• libhelp@hw.ac.uk
• http://www.hw.ac.uk/is/Harvardguide.pdf