This document provides an overview of fundamentals of petroleum geology. It discusses how petroleum forms from geological processes over millions of years. Key elements that must be present for a complete petroleum system to exist include a source rock where oil and gas are generated, reservoir rock to store the hydrocarbons, and traps such as folds or faults to prevent escape. The document outlines the course which will cover topics like fluid dynamics, generation of petroleum, migration of hydrocarbons, and regional geology as it relates to petroleum exploration and production in Bangladesh.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on gas hydrates. It defines gas hydrates as crystalline solids composed of water and gas molecules trapped in water cavities. Gas hydrates form under conditions of low temperature and high pressure in marine sediments and arctic permafrost. They contain vast quantities of methane globally and production methods include depressurization, thermal stimulation, and injecting carbon dioxide or inhibitors. The document outlines the occurrence, structure, and formation of gas hydrates as well as production techniques and their potential role as a future energy source and in climate change.
Gas hydrates are crystalline compounds formed when water molecules combine with low molecular weight gases like methane under high pressure and low temperature conditions. They are found naturally in ocean sediments and beneath permafrost. Gas hydrate deposits represent a potentially huge energy resource, containing twice as much carbon as all other fossil fuels combined. However, decomposition of hydrates could also release the potent greenhouse gas methane. Extensive research is being conducted to better understand gas hydrate formation and properties in order to evaluate their potential as an energy source and address flow assurance issues in pipelines transporting natural gas.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module-1Aijaz Ali Mooro
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of petroleum engineering. It outlines the key topics that will be covered, including what petroleum engineering entails, how petroleum is formed and its chemical composition, fractional distillation processes for crude oil, the history of oil production in Nigeria, and an overview of production sharing contracts. The learning objectives are to understand the basics of the petroleum engineering field and various upstream oil and gas industry concepts and processes.
Gas hydrates are solid mixtures of natural gas and water that form under conditions of low temperature and high pressure. They contain methane trapped within a crystalline structure of water and occur in ocean sediments and polar regions. If tapped, gas hydrates could become a substantial future energy resource, as the worldwide volume of methane trapped in hydrates is estimated to be at least twice that of all other fossil fuels combined. However, current production techniques for recovering methane from hydrates have limitations. The document proposes an alternative technique using microwave heating and fluorine injection to promote chemical reactions that convert the methane for easier extraction. While challenges remain, gas hydrates represent an enormous source of natural gas if technical and economic hurdles to their exploitation can be overcome
This document provides an overview of petroleum engineering and related topics. It discusses:
- The definition and chemistry of hydrocarbons and how petroleum is formed from the remains of ancient organisms.
- How petroleum migrates and can accumulate in reservoirs trapped by impermeable rock layers.
- The different types of hydrocarbon molecules and traps that can form reservoirs.
- The roles of reservoir engineers in evaluating fields, modeling reservoirs, and planning development to maximize oil and gas recovery.
Gas hydrates are cage-like structures of water molecules surrounding molecules of gas, primarily methane. They form under conditions of low temperature and high pressure. It is estimated that up to 270 million trillion cubic feet of natural gas could exist trapped in gas hydrate deposits globally. There are several methods for producing natural gas from hydrates, including depressurization, thermal stimulation, and chemical inhibition. Significant challenges remain regarding the economic and environmentally-safe production of gas from hydrate deposits.
This document discusses natural gas processing and value addition. It defines natural gas and describes its various types including dry gas, associated gas, and wet gas. It also discusses unconventional sources of natural gas like shale gas. The document outlines the composition of natural gas and describes the natural gas value chain. It provides an overview of the roles of midstream and downstream gas sectors and natural gas reserves in India. Finally, it discusses the role of a production engineer in natural gas and describes gas reservoirs and the components of a gas well.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on gas hydrates. It defines gas hydrates as crystalline solids composed of water and gas molecules trapped in water cavities. Gas hydrates form under conditions of low temperature and high pressure in marine sediments and arctic permafrost. They contain vast quantities of methane globally and production methods include depressurization, thermal stimulation, and injecting carbon dioxide or inhibitors. The document outlines the occurrence, structure, and formation of gas hydrates as well as production techniques and their potential role as a future energy source and in climate change.
Gas hydrates are crystalline compounds formed when water molecules combine with low molecular weight gases like methane under high pressure and low temperature conditions. They are found naturally in ocean sediments and beneath permafrost. Gas hydrate deposits represent a potentially huge energy resource, containing twice as much carbon as all other fossil fuels combined. However, decomposition of hydrates could also release the potent greenhouse gas methane. Extensive research is being conducted to better understand gas hydrate formation and properties in order to evaluate their potential as an energy source and address flow assurance issues in pipelines transporting natural gas.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module-1Aijaz Ali Mooro
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of petroleum engineering. It outlines the key topics that will be covered, including what petroleum engineering entails, how petroleum is formed and its chemical composition, fractional distillation processes for crude oil, the history of oil production in Nigeria, and an overview of production sharing contracts. The learning objectives are to understand the basics of the petroleum engineering field and various upstream oil and gas industry concepts and processes.
Gas hydrates are solid mixtures of natural gas and water that form under conditions of low temperature and high pressure. They contain methane trapped within a crystalline structure of water and occur in ocean sediments and polar regions. If tapped, gas hydrates could become a substantial future energy resource, as the worldwide volume of methane trapped in hydrates is estimated to be at least twice that of all other fossil fuels combined. However, current production techniques for recovering methane from hydrates have limitations. The document proposes an alternative technique using microwave heating and fluorine injection to promote chemical reactions that convert the methane for easier extraction. While challenges remain, gas hydrates represent an enormous source of natural gas if technical and economic hurdles to their exploitation can be overcome
This document provides an overview of petroleum engineering and related topics. It discusses:
- The definition and chemistry of hydrocarbons and how petroleum is formed from the remains of ancient organisms.
- How petroleum migrates and can accumulate in reservoirs trapped by impermeable rock layers.
- The different types of hydrocarbon molecules and traps that can form reservoirs.
- The roles of reservoir engineers in evaluating fields, modeling reservoirs, and planning development to maximize oil and gas recovery.
Gas hydrates are cage-like structures of water molecules surrounding molecules of gas, primarily methane. They form under conditions of low temperature and high pressure. It is estimated that up to 270 million trillion cubic feet of natural gas could exist trapped in gas hydrate deposits globally. There are several methods for producing natural gas from hydrates, including depressurization, thermal stimulation, and chemical inhibition. Significant challenges remain regarding the economic and environmentally-safe production of gas from hydrate deposits.
This document discusses natural gas processing and value addition. It defines natural gas and describes its various types including dry gas, associated gas, and wet gas. It also discusses unconventional sources of natural gas like shale gas. The document outlines the composition of natural gas and describes the natural gas value chain. It provides an overview of the roles of midstream and downstream gas sectors and natural gas reserves in India. Finally, it discusses the role of a production engineer in natural gas and describes gas reservoirs and the components of a gas well.
1) Gas hydrates are solid mixtures of natural gas and water that trap gas molecules in ice lattices, containing up to 180 times as much gas by volume as under standard conditions.
2) Global estimates indicate there is over 700,000 Tcf of methane trapped in gas hydrates, twice as much carbon as in all other fossil fuels combined, representing a potential future energy source.
3) Release of methane from destabilized gas hydrates could significantly impact climate change due to methane's high global warming potential, and the breakdown of hydrates may also trigger submarine landslides.
transformation of organic matter into kerogen.pptxRonitKumam
- Petroleum is formed from the remains of ancient organisms that are transformed into kerogen and eventually hydrocarbons through geological processes over millions of years.
- Key factors that influence petroleum formation include the type and amount of organic matter deposited, the environmental conditions that allow for preservation of organic matter, and the rate and depth of burial which determines the temperature and pressure the organic matter experiences.
- As organic matter is buried deeper in sediments, the increasing heat and pressure causes kerogen to crack and thermally degrade first into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons through catagenesis. Further heating in metagenesis converts more kerogen into methane and a carbon residue.
Environmental Concerns related to extraction of Methane from Gas Hydrates HabibBaloch13
Gas hydrates are ice-like crystals formed from a combination of gas, usually methane, and water under high pressure and low temperature conditions found in ocean sediments and permafrost. There are three main techniques to extract methane from gas hydrates - depressurization, thermal stimulation, and chemical stimulation. However, methane extraction from gas hydrates poses environmental concerns such as methane gas leakage, disturbance of seafloor ecosystems, pressure and temperature changes that could destabilize the seafloor, and regulatory challenges due to the potential for methane release and other environmental impacts.
Petroleum and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms. Over millions of years, plankton and algae accumulated on the ocean floor and were buried under layers of sediment. The organic material was converted into oil and gas through heat and pressure over geologic time. These hydrocarbons migrated upward until they were trapped underground in reservoirs within porous rock formations by impermeable caps such as shale. Natural gas is primarily methane and formed similarly through the thermal maturation of buried organic matter. It is found in conventional reservoirs as well as unconventional sources like shale.
The document provides an overview of petroleum engineering and related topics. It defines key terms like hydrocarbon, petroleum, crude oil and condensate. It describes the formation of petroleum from ancient organic matter over millions of years and the key elements of a petroleum system. It also discusses conventional and unconventional reservoirs, and the roles of source rocks, migration, reservoirs and traps in hydrocarbon accumulation. Finally, it briefly outlines the disciplines of petroleum engineering, reservoir engineering and the overall petroleum industry.
This document discusses coal and petroleum, including their formation processes and uses. Coal forms from the accumulation and lithification of organic matter in swamps. Lower grade coals contain more minerals while higher grades are closer to metamorphic rocks. Coal is used as fuel and to make coke for smelting iron. Petroleum forms from the remains of marine organisms and results from cracking of organic molecules into hydrocarbons under heat and pressure. It is contained in reservoirs sealed by impermeable caps. Crude oil is refined into fuel and many other products like solvents, asphalt, plastics and more through fractional distillation.
Introduction to Hydrocarbon Reservoir.pptxYusufAdamu10
This document provides an introduction to hydrocarbon reservoir rocks and fluids. It defines the key components of a hydrocarbon reservoir, including the source rock, migration path, cap rock, reservoir rock and trap. It describes the main types of rocks that can serve as reservoirs, such as sandstone and carbonate rocks. It also defines different types of hydrocarbon fluids and how they are classified based on properties like gas-oil ratio and API gravity. Key fluid properties like pressure, temperature, composition, specific gravity and viscosity are also defined.
It is a power point presentation on Gas Hydrates.
It consist of Energy Scenario, Basic Definition, methodology,
Methane Hydrate formation condition.
Future Scope
This document is a report on natural gas dehydration processes submitted by students at Koya University. It discusses the importance of removing water from natural gas and describes various dehydration methods. The most common methods are absorption using glycol and adsorption using desiccants. Absorption using triethylene glycol is identified as the most economical and effective process, as it requires less energy and maintenance than adsorption while achieving the necessary low water levels. The report provides details on how each dehydration method works and the advantages and limitations of absorption and adsorption processes.
Clathrates ; Hydrate ; Gas Hydrate; Hydrates Fundamentals; Typical Hydrate forming Gases; STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIES OF GAS HYDRATES; CONCERN ASSOCIATED WITH GAS HYDRATE; TYPES OF METHANE HYDRATE DEPOSITS; The stability of methane hydrate in nature; GAS HYDRATE PETROLEUM SYSTEM:; Gas hydrate stability conditions; WORLD GAS HYDRATE RESOURCE; Resource Pyramid for Gas Hydrates; Do We have the Technology to Extract Methane from Gas Hydrates?; DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF METHANE HYDRATE ; Where are Gas Hydrates Located?; PRODUCTION FROM HYDRATES; Gas Production Methods form Hydrates’ Thermal Stimulation; Depressurization; Inhibitor Injection; CO2 Sequestration; THE FUTURE OF METHANE HYDRATES
Properties of Hydrogen, production and application of hydrogen, thermochemical methods, fossil fuel methods, solar methods, storage & transportation, safety & management.
Gas hydrate
To prepare natural gas for sale, its undesirable components (water, H2S and CO2) must be removed. Most natural gas contains substantial amounts of water vapor due to the presence of connate water in the reservoir rock. At reservoir pressure and temperature, gas is saturated with water vapor
This document summarizes the formation and uses of coal and petroleum. Coal forms from organic matter accumulated in swamps that is cooked and pressed over time into higher grades of coal. Canada's coal fields mark ancient swamp areas. Coal is used as fuel and to make coke for smelting iron. Byproducts are also useful. Petroleum forms from the remains of marine organisms buried underground and cooked over time into hydrocarbon compounds. It is contained in reservoirs and extracted via drills. Crude oil is distilled into useful fractions like gasoline and solvents. Both coal and petroleum have many industrial and consumer applications as fuels, materials, and chemicals.
Coal and petroleum are both fossil fuels that are formed from the remains of ancient organic matter. Coal forms when plant matter accumulates in swamps and is subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years. Petroleum forms from the remains of marine organisms buried in sea sediments. As these remains are buried deeper, heat breaks them down into hydrocarbon compounds like oil and natural gas. These fossil fuels provide fuel and raw materials for many products after extraction and processing. Coal is used for fuel and in steel production, while petroleum yields fuels as well as asphalt, plastics, and other materials through fractional distillation and chemical processing.
Petroleum geology relates to the origin, migration, and accumulation of oil and gas. Key points in the document include:
- Early discoveries were near oil seeps at the surface. The anticline theory proposed that oil would accumulate in structural folds.
- Subsurface geology studies helped trace lateral changes in rock layers. Geophysics tools like seismography and gravity measurements aided exploration.
- Modern methods include direct hydrocarbon detection, which identifies gas reservoirs as bright spots on seismic data, and seismic stratigraphy for tracing facies.
A presentation illustrating the phenomena of NGH including a brief introduction about the NGH , the conditions required for their initiation , different structures , suitable environments , different detection methods , major challenges , extraction methods , importance and distribution of reserves worldwide.
Gas Processing and Conditioning SLIDE Master DAY ONE.pptTemitopeBello6
This document provides an overview of a training course on natural gas processing and conditioning fundamentals. It discusses the topics that will be covered in the course, including an introduction to natural gas processing, gas separation systems, natural gas sweetening, dehydration, and liquid recovery. The document outlines the learning objectives and outcomes of the course, which are to provide a fundamental understanding of natural gas processing and its various components and operations.
1-Petroleum, Origin, Formation and Composition of Petroleum .pptxMazyiar Sabet
This document provides an overview of petroleum formation and uses. It discusses that petroleum is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. The key compounds in petroleum are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Petroleum is found underground in porous rock formations and is trapped by impermeable layers. It can be extracted and refined for various applications like gasoline and other fuels. While petroleum provides energy, its extraction and use also causes environmental issues like pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and health risks. Pipelines, trucks, rail, and tankers are used to transport petroleum around the world.
1) Gas hydrates are solid mixtures of natural gas and water that trap gas molecules in ice lattices, containing up to 180 times as much gas by volume as under standard conditions.
2) Global estimates indicate there is over 700,000 Tcf of methane trapped in gas hydrates, twice as much carbon as in all other fossil fuels combined, representing a potential future energy source.
3) Release of methane from destabilized gas hydrates could significantly impact climate change due to methane's high global warming potential, and the breakdown of hydrates may also trigger submarine landslides.
transformation of organic matter into kerogen.pptxRonitKumam
- Petroleum is formed from the remains of ancient organisms that are transformed into kerogen and eventually hydrocarbons through geological processes over millions of years.
- Key factors that influence petroleum formation include the type and amount of organic matter deposited, the environmental conditions that allow for preservation of organic matter, and the rate and depth of burial which determines the temperature and pressure the organic matter experiences.
- As organic matter is buried deeper in sediments, the increasing heat and pressure causes kerogen to crack and thermally degrade first into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons through catagenesis. Further heating in metagenesis converts more kerogen into methane and a carbon residue.
Environmental Concerns related to extraction of Methane from Gas Hydrates HabibBaloch13
Gas hydrates are ice-like crystals formed from a combination of gas, usually methane, and water under high pressure and low temperature conditions found in ocean sediments and permafrost. There are three main techniques to extract methane from gas hydrates - depressurization, thermal stimulation, and chemical stimulation. However, methane extraction from gas hydrates poses environmental concerns such as methane gas leakage, disturbance of seafloor ecosystems, pressure and temperature changes that could destabilize the seafloor, and regulatory challenges due to the potential for methane release and other environmental impacts.
Petroleum and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms. Over millions of years, plankton and algae accumulated on the ocean floor and were buried under layers of sediment. The organic material was converted into oil and gas through heat and pressure over geologic time. These hydrocarbons migrated upward until they were trapped underground in reservoirs within porous rock formations by impermeable caps such as shale. Natural gas is primarily methane and formed similarly through the thermal maturation of buried organic matter. It is found in conventional reservoirs as well as unconventional sources like shale.
The document provides an overview of petroleum engineering and related topics. It defines key terms like hydrocarbon, petroleum, crude oil and condensate. It describes the formation of petroleum from ancient organic matter over millions of years and the key elements of a petroleum system. It also discusses conventional and unconventional reservoirs, and the roles of source rocks, migration, reservoirs and traps in hydrocarbon accumulation. Finally, it briefly outlines the disciplines of petroleum engineering, reservoir engineering and the overall petroleum industry.
This document discusses coal and petroleum, including their formation processes and uses. Coal forms from the accumulation and lithification of organic matter in swamps. Lower grade coals contain more minerals while higher grades are closer to metamorphic rocks. Coal is used as fuel and to make coke for smelting iron. Petroleum forms from the remains of marine organisms and results from cracking of organic molecules into hydrocarbons under heat and pressure. It is contained in reservoirs sealed by impermeable caps. Crude oil is refined into fuel and many other products like solvents, asphalt, plastics and more through fractional distillation.
Introduction to Hydrocarbon Reservoir.pptxYusufAdamu10
This document provides an introduction to hydrocarbon reservoir rocks and fluids. It defines the key components of a hydrocarbon reservoir, including the source rock, migration path, cap rock, reservoir rock and trap. It describes the main types of rocks that can serve as reservoirs, such as sandstone and carbonate rocks. It also defines different types of hydrocarbon fluids and how they are classified based on properties like gas-oil ratio and API gravity. Key fluid properties like pressure, temperature, composition, specific gravity and viscosity are also defined.
It is a power point presentation on Gas Hydrates.
It consist of Energy Scenario, Basic Definition, methodology,
Methane Hydrate formation condition.
Future Scope
This document is a report on natural gas dehydration processes submitted by students at Koya University. It discusses the importance of removing water from natural gas and describes various dehydration methods. The most common methods are absorption using glycol and adsorption using desiccants. Absorption using triethylene glycol is identified as the most economical and effective process, as it requires less energy and maintenance than adsorption while achieving the necessary low water levels. The report provides details on how each dehydration method works and the advantages and limitations of absorption and adsorption processes.
Clathrates ; Hydrate ; Gas Hydrate; Hydrates Fundamentals; Typical Hydrate forming Gases; STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIES OF GAS HYDRATES; CONCERN ASSOCIATED WITH GAS HYDRATE; TYPES OF METHANE HYDRATE DEPOSITS; The stability of methane hydrate in nature; GAS HYDRATE PETROLEUM SYSTEM:; Gas hydrate stability conditions; WORLD GAS HYDRATE RESOURCE; Resource Pyramid for Gas Hydrates; Do We have the Technology to Extract Methane from Gas Hydrates?; DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF METHANE HYDRATE ; Where are Gas Hydrates Located?; PRODUCTION FROM HYDRATES; Gas Production Methods form Hydrates’ Thermal Stimulation; Depressurization; Inhibitor Injection; CO2 Sequestration; THE FUTURE OF METHANE HYDRATES
Properties of Hydrogen, production and application of hydrogen, thermochemical methods, fossil fuel methods, solar methods, storage & transportation, safety & management.
Gas hydrate
To prepare natural gas for sale, its undesirable components (water, H2S and CO2) must be removed. Most natural gas contains substantial amounts of water vapor due to the presence of connate water in the reservoir rock. At reservoir pressure and temperature, gas is saturated with water vapor
This document summarizes the formation and uses of coal and petroleum. Coal forms from organic matter accumulated in swamps that is cooked and pressed over time into higher grades of coal. Canada's coal fields mark ancient swamp areas. Coal is used as fuel and to make coke for smelting iron. Byproducts are also useful. Petroleum forms from the remains of marine organisms buried underground and cooked over time into hydrocarbon compounds. It is contained in reservoirs and extracted via drills. Crude oil is distilled into useful fractions like gasoline and solvents. Both coal and petroleum have many industrial and consumer applications as fuels, materials, and chemicals.
Coal and petroleum are both fossil fuels that are formed from the remains of ancient organic matter. Coal forms when plant matter accumulates in swamps and is subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years. Petroleum forms from the remains of marine organisms buried in sea sediments. As these remains are buried deeper, heat breaks them down into hydrocarbon compounds like oil and natural gas. These fossil fuels provide fuel and raw materials for many products after extraction and processing. Coal is used for fuel and in steel production, while petroleum yields fuels as well as asphalt, plastics, and other materials through fractional distillation and chemical processing.
Petroleum geology relates to the origin, migration, and accumulation of oil and gas. Key points in the document include:
- Early discoveries were near oil seeps at the surface. The anticline theory proposed that oil would accumulate in structural folds.
- Subsurface geology studies helped trace lateral changes in rock layers. Geophysics tools like seismography and gravity measurements aided exploration.
- Modern methods include direct hydrocarbon detection, which identifies gas reservoirs as bright spots on seismic data, and seismic stratigraphy for tracing facies.
A presentation illustrating the phenomena of NGH including a brief introduction about the NGH , the conditions required for their initiation , different structures , suitable environments , different detection methods , major challenges , extraction methods , importance and distribution of reserves worldwide.
Gas Processing and Conditioning SLIDE Master DAY ONE.pptTemitopeBello6
This document provides an overview of a training course on natural gas processing and conditioning fundamentals. It discusses the topics that will be covered in the course, including an introduction to natural gas processing, gas separation systems, natural gas sweetening, dehydration, and liquid recovery. The document outlines the learning objectives and outcomes of the course, which are to provide a fundamental understanding of natural gas processing and its various components and operations.
1-Petroleum, Origin, Formation and Composition of Petroleum .pptxMazyiar Sabet
This document provides an overview of petroleum formation and uses. It discusses that petroleum is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. The key compounds in petroleum are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Petroleum is found underground in porous rock formations and is trapped by impermeable layers. It can be extracted and refined for various applications like gasoline and other fuels. While petroleum provides energy, its extraction and use also causes environmental issues like pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and health risks. Pipelines, trucks, rail, and tankers are used to transport petroleum around the world.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
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6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
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This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
Lecture 1.pptx
1. Fundamentals of Petroleum Geology
July 02, 2020
1
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM AND MINING
ENGINEERING
SHAHJALAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, SYLHET
Course: PME 241
Course Title: Petroleum Geology
Md. Shofiqul Islam, PhD
Professor
Dept. of PME, SUST
2. Rationale
• Petroleum geology course is the basic course for
petroleum engineering programs world-wide.
• This course aims to develop an understanding of
processes and prerequisites required for the formation
of a complete petroleum system (i.e. how petroleum
reservoirs form).
• The module additionally provides the overview of
regional petroleum exploration and production and
reservoir characteristics.
2
3. Objectives
• To summarize the fundamentals of Geology
that need to be understood and integrated with
Engineering data to effectively and optimally
manage petroleum reservoirs.
• To understand the variety of geologic data that
are integrated together to describe the
geometry of a reservoir.
3
4. Course Layout
4
Lecture No. Topic Lecture No. Topic
Lecture 1-3 Fundamentals of PG Lecture 15 Reservoir Rocks
Lecture 4 The subsurface
environment
Lecture 16 Reservoir Rocks
Lecture 5 Subsurface Temperature Lecture 17 Reservoir Rocks
Lecture 5 Subsurface Pressure Lecture 18-19 Petroleum migration
Lecture 6-8 Fluid Dynamics Lecture 20-22 Traps and seals
Lecture 9-10 Generation of petroleum Lecture 23-27 Sedimentary Basins and
Petroleum Systems
Lecture 11-12 Formation of Kerogen Lecture 28-32 Petroleum System of
Bangladesh
Lecture 13-14 Source and Reservoir
Rocks
Lecture 33-36 Review Classes
5. Reference Books
• ELEMENTS OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY by Richard C. Selley
• PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE by Jon Gluyas and Richard Swarbrick
5
6. • Petroleum
• Comes from Latin: 'petra' (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil) or crude oil is a naturally
occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture
of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic
compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface.
• By definition
• Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules and lesser quantities of
organic molecules containing sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and some metals. The
term includes both oil and hydrocarbon gas.
• Petroleum geology
• Petroleum geology is the application of geology to the exploration for and
production of oil and gas.
9. Physical Chemical Properties
Our general concerned with the search for oil or gas
Hydrocarbon
Grades from gases, via liquids and plastic substances, to solid
Gases, dry (methene)
and wet (ethene,
propane, butene etc.)
Condensates are
HCs that are
gases in
subsurface but
condensed to
liquid when they
are cooled at
surface
Liquid HCs are oil,
crude oil
Plastic HCs
include asphalt and
related substance
Solid HCs are
coal and kerogen
10. Natural Gas
A mixture of hydrocarbons and varying quantities of
nonhydrocarbons that exists either in the gaseous phase or in
solution with crude oil in natural underground reservoirs.
Adopted by API, AAPG and SPE
Dissolved gas
Is in solution in
crude oil in the
reservoir
Associated gas
Known as gas cap
gas, overlies and is
in contact with
crude oil in the
reservoir.
Nonassociated gas
Is in reservoirs that do
not contain significant
quantities of crude oil.
14. 14
Element Percent range
Carbon 83 to 87%
Hydrogen 10 to 14%
Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%
Oxygen 0.05 to 1.5%
Sulfur 0.05 to 6.0%
Metals < 0.1%
Hydrocarbon Average Range
Paraffins 30% 15 to 60%
Naphthenes 49% 30 to 60%
Aromatics 15% 3 to 30%
Asphaltics 6% Remainder
Chemical Composition
Composition by weight
Composition by weight
15. Crude oil
15
“a mixture of hydrocarbons that existed
in the liquid phase in natural underground
reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric
pressure after passing through surface
separating facilities" (joint API, AAPG,
and SPE definition).
In appearance crude oils vary from straw
yellow, green, and brown to dark brown or
black in color. Oils are naturally oily in texture
and have widely varying viscosities.
Oils on the surface tend to be more viscous
than oils in warm subsurface reservoirs.
Surface viscosity values range from 1.4 to
19,400
centistokes and vary not only with temperature
but also with the age and depth of the oil.
19. Gas hydrates
• Gas hydrates are a crystalline solid formed of water and gas. It
looks and acts much like ice, but it contains huge amounts of
methane
• It is known to occur on every continent; and it exists in huge
quantities in marine sediments in a layer several hundred
meters thick directly below the sea floor and in association
with permafrost in the Arctic.
• It is not stable at normal sea-level pressures and temperatures
19
20. Gas hydrates are important for three reasons:
• They may contain a major energy resource
• It may be a significant hazard because it alters sea floor
sediment stability, influencing collapse and landsliding
• The hydrate reservoir may have strong influence on the
environment and climate, because methane is a significant
greenhouse gas.
20
Gas hydrates
21. • What are gas hydrates used for?
• Hydrate deposits are important for a variety of reasons:
– Gas hydrate deposits may contain roughly twice the carbon contained
in all reserves of coal, oil, and conventional natural gas combined,
making them a potentially valuable energy resource.
21
Gas hydrates
22. • What is the main gas found in gas hydrates?
• Gas hydrates occur abundantly in nature, both in Arctic
regions and in marine sediments. Gas hydrate is a crystalline
solid consisting of gas molecules, usually methane, each
surrounded by a cage of water molecules. It looks very much
like ice.
22
Gas hydrates
23. • How Gas hydrates are formed?
• Gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline minerals that form when
low molecular weight gas (such as methane, ethane, or carbon
dioxide) combines with water and freezes into a solid under
low temperature and moderate pressure conditions.
• Is methane hydrates renewable or nonrenewable?
• Methane hydrate is a non-renewable resource. This is because
the methane trapped in the ice is a fossil fuel, created over
millions of years of heat..
23
Gas hydrates
24. • What temperature do hydrates form?
• The temperature at which hydrates form at 6.8 MPa (1,000
psia). The highest gas gravity without hydrate formation, when
the pressure is 4.76 MPa (700 psia) and the temperature is 289
K (60°F).
• How do you extract gas from hydrates?
Methane hydrate can be dissociated by pumping in hot water
– (a) or by reducing the pressure in the well using pumps
– (b). If carbon dioxide is injected into the hydrate
– (c), the carbon dioxide molecule replaces the methane.
24
Gas hydrates
25. • What physical conditions are necessary for the formation and
stability of methane hydrates?
• Methane hydrates are only stable under pressures in excess
of 35 bar and at the low temperatures of the bottom waters of
the oceans and the deep seabed, which almost uniformly range
from 0 to 4°C. Below a water depth of about 350 m, the
pressure is sufficient to stabilize the hydrates.
• Why methane hydrate is called Fire Ice?
• Methane hydrate is often called “fiery ice.”
• Methane hydrate looks like an ice, and starts burning when
an open flame is brought close to it; hence the name. Only
water is left after combustion. It is a strange substance.
25
Gas hydrates
26. • Gas hydrate is a crystalline solid consisting of gas molecules,
usually methane, each surrounded by a cage of water
molecules.
• Thus it is similar to ice, except that the crystalline structure is
stabilized by the guest gas molecule within the cage of water
molecules. Gas hydrates are gas concentrators.
26
Structure of Gas hydrates
27. • Three hydrate structures have been confirmed in these natural gas hydrate
samples: the cubic structures I (sI) and II (sII) and the hexagonal structure
H (sH). Structures I and II were already described in 1951 and 1952 by von
Stackelberg and Müller, whereas structure H was identified 35 years later
by Ripmeester and co-workers (von Stackelberg and Müller 1951; Müller
and von Stackelberg 1952; Ripmeester et al. 1987). All structures are
composed of various kinds of cages as shown in Table 1.
27
Gas hydrates
28. • In structure I, two small pentagonal dodecahedrons (512) are combined with six
tetrakaidecahedrons (51262) into a unit cell. The pentagonal dodecahedron consists
of 20 water molecules forming a 12-sided cavity which has pentagonal faces with
equal angles and edge length. It is the smallest cavity type with an average radius of
0.39 nm and part of all hydrate structures. The tetrakaidecahedron combines 12
pentagons with 2 hexagons, and, therefore, the radius of these cavities increases to
0.433 nm (McMullan and Jeffrey 1965; Sloan 1998).
• A unit cell of structure II consists of 16 pentagonal dodecahedrons (512) and 8
hexakaidecahedrons (51264). The latter cage combines 12 pentagonal faces with 4
hexagonal faces and has a radius of about 0.473 nm (Mak and McMullan 1965;
Sloan 1998) (see also Fig. 1).
• Structure H is the only structure containing a cavity with three square faces in
addition to pentagonal and hexagonal faces (435663). The combination of three
pentagonal dodecahedrons (512), two irregular dodecahedrons (435663), and one
icosahedron 51268, which is the largest cavity (average radius 0.579 nm), forms the
characteristic unit cell of structure H (Ripmeester et al. 1987; Sloan 1998).
28
30. • All three structures have been confirmed on natural hydrate samples (Sloan and
Koh 2008, and literature within).
• Structure I CH4 hydrates with very little amounts of additional gases such as CO2
or H2S are the most common species. In 2007, oceanic gas hydrates on the
Cascadian margin
• more complex hydrate, composed of coexisting structure II and structure H hydrate,
has been identified in a sample from the Barkley Canyon on the northern Cascadian
margin.
– Surprisingly, the samples contain, besides methane and other lighter hydrocarbons, some
molecules which were not known as hydrate formers before, such as n-pentane and
nhexane.
• X-ray diffraction measurements on the recovered gas hydrate indicated the
coexistence of a structure I CH4-C2H6 hydrate in addition to a complex structure II
hydrate containing C2 through C4 hydrocarbons besides CH4
30
Gas hydrates
31. • The typical methane clathrate hydrate composition is usually
represented as (CH4)4(H2O)23 or 1 mol of methane for every
5.75 mol of water, corresponding to 13.4% w/w, but the actual
composition is dependent on the number of methane
molecules that can be accommodated by the various cage
structures of the water lattice.
• When brought to the earth's surface, one cubic meter of gas
hydrate releases 164 cubic meters of natural gas.
31
Gas hydrates
32. • Reserve
• Gas hydrates are now thought to occur in vast volumes and to
include 250,000–700,000 trillion cubic feet of methane and the
formation thickness can be several hundred meters thick.
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Gas hydrates
33. Assignment 01
• Tasks
• 1. world wide distribution of Gas hydrates
• 2. Mechanism of the extraction process of gas hydrates
• 3. Problems and prospect of gas hydrates
33