Lecture 1_FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS.pptx

FUNDAMENTALS OF
COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY

Outline
Fundamentals of Computing technology
• Components of a Computer
• Software VS Hardware
• Types of Computing devices
• Elements of Information System
• Applications of Computing devices
• Backing Storage Devices
• Unit of Memory
• Viruses and Anti-viruses Issues

What Is a Computer?
• A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory
Collects data
(input)
Processing
Produces
information
(output)
Stores
output (For
Future Use)
Information Processing Cycle

Categories of Computers
Embedded computers
Supercomputers
Mainframes
Servers
Game consoles
Mobile computers and mobile devices
Personal computers

Personal Computers
• Often referred to as a PC
• A computer designed for individual use
• Intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather than by a computer expert or
technician
• Benefits
• Low cost
• Portable

Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
Personal computer you
can carry from place to
place
Examples include
notebook computers,
laptop computers,
netbooks, ultra-thins, and
Tablet PCs
Mobile
Computer
Computing device small
enough to hold in your
hand
Examples include smart
phones and PDAs, e-
book readers, handheld
computers, portable
media players, and
digital cameras
Mobile
Device

Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices (Cont..)
Notebook computer
Tablet PC
Smart phones
E-book reader

Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices (Cont..)
Handheld computer
Portable media player
Digital camera

Game Consoles
• A game console is a mobile
computing device designed for
single-player or multiplayer video
games

Servers
• A server provides the controlled
access to the data, services, or
programs to other computers,
known as clients, over a network.
• Provides a centralized storage area
for programs, data, and information
• Example
• SAP Server
• Slate Server

Mainframes
• A mainframe is a large, expensive,
powerful computer that can handle
hundreds or thousands of
connected users simultaneously
• Google
• Bing
• Chat-GPT

Supercomputers
• A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer
• Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than one quadrillion
instructions in a single second
• Used in high performance research labs
• NASA
• Weather prediction

Embedded Computers (1 of 2)
• An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a
component in a larger product
Consumer
Electronics
• Digital televisions
• Cameras
• Video recorders
• DVD players and
recorders
• Answering
machines
Home Automation
Devices
• Thermostats
• Sprinkling systems
• Security
monitoring systems
• Appliances
• Lights
Automobiles
• Antilock brakes
• Engine control
modules
• Airbag controller
• Cruise control
Process Controllers
and Robotics
• Remote monitoring
systems
• Power monitors
• Machine
controllers
• Medical devices
Computer Devices
and Office Machines
• Printers
• Faxes
• Copiers

Embedded Computers (2 of 2)

Elements of an Information System
Hardware Software Data
People Procedures

Elements of an Information System

Examples of Computer Usage
Home User
• Personal financial
management
• Web access
• Communications
• Entertainment
Small Office/Home
Office User
• Look up information
• Send and receive e-mail
messages
• Make telephone calls
Mobile User
• Connect to other computers
on a network or the Internet
• Transfer information
• Play video games
• Listen to music
• Watch movies

Computer Applications in Society
Education
Finance
Government
Health Care

Computer Applications in Society (Cont..)
Science
Publishing
Travel
Manufacturing

Bits and bytes
Binary digits---bits
A byte comprises of 8 bits
and represents 1 character
Data Representation in Computers

Text codes
Converts letters into binary format
ASCII
(American English symbols)
Extended ASCII
(Graphics and other symbols)
Unicode
(All languages on the planet)
Data Representation in Computers

Data Representation
•Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and
quality
•Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off
•Most computers are digital
•The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
•Bits and bytes

Data Representation
Figure 1 The circuitry in a computer or mobile device represents
the on or the off states electronically by the presence or absence of
an electronic charge.

Figure 2 This figure shows how a letter is converted to binary form and back.

Hardware Components of a Computer (1 of 2)
• A computer contains many electric, electronic, and mechanical
components known as hardware
• Allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer
Input Device
• Hardware component that conveys information to one or more people
Output Device
• Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are
used to process data
System Unit
• Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage
media
Storage Device
• Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and
information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices
Communications
Device

Hardware Components of a Computer (2 of 2)

Architecture of Computer System
Computer system has five basic units that help the computer to
perform operations, which are given below:
1.Input Unit
2.Output Unit
3.Storage Unit
4.Arithmetic Logic Unit
5.Control Unit

Architecture of Computer System

How computers
process data

CPU
Arithmetic/
Logic Unit
(ALU)
Control Unit
Central Processing Unit
DATA PROCESSING

 Synchronizes all computer operations
 Faster clock speed means the CPU can
execute more instructions each second
 Units: MHz and GHz
System Clock
DATA PROCESSING

1. Instruction while being decoded
2. Location from where instruction
was fetched
3. Data while the ALU processes it
4. Results of a calculation
CPU Registers
Temporary storage location used by the CPU
High speed memory in CPU that stores:
DATA PROCESSING

4basic operations:
 Fetch – obtain a program
instruction or data item from
memory
 Decode - translate the
instruction into commands
 Execute - carry out the
command
 Store - write the result to
memory
Control Unit
Directs and coordinates most of the computer operations
DATA PROCESSING

Arithmetic
(addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and
division)
Comparison
(greater than, equal
to, or less than)
Logical
(AND, OR,
NOT)
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
DATA PROCESSING

Processors (1 of 8)
• The processor, also called the central processing unit
(CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that
operate a computer
• A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more
separate processor cores
• Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic
unit (ALU)

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMAC
Processors (2 of 8)
Figure Most devices connected to the computer communicate with the processor to
carry out a task.

Processors (3 of 8)
• The control unit is the component of the processor that
directs and coordinates most of the operations in the
computer
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), another component of
the processor, performs arithmetic, comparison, and other
operations

DEPARTMENT OF
PHARMACY
Processors (4 of 8)
For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which
comprise a machine cycle
• Figure This figure shows the steps in a machine cycle.

Processors (5 of 8)
•The processor contains registers, that
temporarily hold data and instructions
•The system clock controls the timing of all
computer operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed,
and is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz)

DEPARTMENT OF
PHARMACY
Processors (6 of 8)
The leading manufacturers of personal
computer processor chips are Intel and AMD

Processors (7 of 8)
•A processor chip generates heat that could cause the
chip to malfunction or fail
•Require additional cooling
• Heat sinks
• Liquid cooling technology
• Cooling pads

DEPARTMENT OF
PHARMACY
Processors (8 of 8)
Figure This photo shows a heat sink being attached to the top of a processor to prevent the chip from
overheating.

Storage Device
 A storage unit is a part of the computer system which is employed to
store the information and instructions to be processed.
 A storage device is an integral part of the computer hardware which
stores information/data to process the result of any computational work.
 Computer storage is of two types: It can also store information/data
both temporarily and permanently.
 Primary Storage Devices
 Secondary Storage Devices

Types of Storage Device
1. Primary Storage Devices: It is also known as internal memory and main
memory.
•This is a section of the CPU that holds program instructions, input data, and
intermediate results. It is generally smaller in size.
•RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory) are examples
of primary storage.
2. Secondary Storage Devices: Secondary storage is a memory that is stored
external to the computer.
•It is mainly used for the permanent and long-term storage of programs and data.
Hard Disk, CD, DVD, Pen/Flash drive, SSD, etc, are examples of secondary
storage.

Memory (1 of 3)
•Memory consists of electronic components that
store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
•Stores three basic categories of items:
•The operating system and other programs
•Applications
•Data being processed and the resulting
information

Memory (2 of 3)
• Computers and mobile devices contain two types of
memory:
• Volatile memory
• Loses its contents when power is turned off
• Example includes RAM
• Nonvolatile memory
• Does not lose contents when power is removed
• Examples include ROM, flash memory, and CMOS

Memory (3 of 3)
RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into
memory slots
• Figure Memory modules contain memory chips.

Cache Memory
Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores
frequently used instructions and data
• Figure Memory cache helps speed processing times when the processor requests data, instructions, or
information.

ROM
• Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips
storing permanent data and instructions
• Firmware

A cybersecurity threat is a malicious and
deliberate attack by an individual or
organization to gain unauthorized access to
another individual’s or organization’s network to
damage, disrupt, or steal IT assets, computer
networks, intellectual property, or any other form
of sensitive data.
Cybersecurity Threat

Types of Cybersecurity Threats
There are some of the most common and prevalent cyberthreats
as follows:

Malware
 Malware is defined as malicious software,
including spyware, ransomware, viruses, and
worms, which gets installed into the system when
the user clicks a dangerous link or email.
 Once inside the system, malware can block
access to critical components of the network,
damage the system, and gather confidential
information, among others.

Phishing
Cybercriminals send malicious emails that seem
to come from legitimate resources. The user is
then tricked into clicking the malicious link in the
email, leading to malware installation or
disclosure of sensitive information like credit
card details and login credentials.

• Virus
A computer virus is a malicious piece of computer code
designed to spread from device to device. A subset of
malware, these self-copying threats are usually
designed to damage a device or steal data.
• Worms
A worm is a type of virus that, unlike traditional viruses,
usually does not require the action of a user to spread
from device to device.

Adware
Adware is software that displays unwanted (and
sometimes irritating) pop-up adverts which can
appear on computer or mobile device.

Spyware
Spyware is loosely defined as malicious software designed to
enter your computer device, gather data about you, and
forward it to a third-party without your consent

Spear Phishing
Spear phishing is a more sophisticated form of a
phishing attack in which cybercriminals target
only privileged users such as system
administrators and C-suite executives.

Man in the Middle Attack
Man in the Middle (MitM) attack occurs when cyber
criminals place themselves between a two-party
communication.
• Once the attacker interprets the communication, they
may filter and steal sensitive data and return different
responses to the user.

Denial of Service Attack
Denial of Service attacks aims at flooding systems, networks,
or servers with massive traffic, thereby making the system unable
to fulfill legitimate requests.
 Attacks can also use several infected devices to launch an attack
on the target system. This is known as a Distributed Denial of
Service (DDoS) attack.

• Advanced Persistent Threats (APT)
An advanced persistent threat occurs when a
malicious actor gains unauthorized access to a
system or network and remains undetected for an
extended time.
• Ransomware
Ransomware is a type of malware attack in which
the attacker locks or encrypts the victim’s data and
threatens to publish or blocks access to data
unless a ransom is paid.

DNS Attack
A DNS attack is a cyberattack in which cybercriminals
exploit vulnerabilities in the Domain Name System
(DNS).

Computer adware infection signs
i. An unexpected change in web browser home page
ii. Web pages that you visit not displaying correctly
iii. Being overwhelmed with pop-up ads — sometimes even
if not browsing the internet
iv. Slow device performance
v. Device crashing
vi. Reduced internet speeds
vii. Redirected internet searches
viii. Random appearance of a new toolbar or browser add-on

Prevention of Cybersecurity Threats
 Use Strong Passwords
 Keep Everything up to Date
 Use Antivirus Software
 Use a Firewall
 Install a Popup Blocker
 Install a Adblocker
 Beware of Email Phishing Scams
 Ensure Endpoint Protection
 Backup your data
 Access Management
 Know the Signs of Infection
 Repeated error messages
 Unexpected shutdowns
 Computer suddenly slows
down
 Takes too long to shut down or
restart
 New toolbars you didn’t install
 Changes to your homepage
 Rapidly draining battery

How to Recover a Virus infected Computer..?
 Data recovery software is a type of software that enables
the recovery of corrupted, deleted or inaccessible data
from a storage device.
 This software reviews, scans, identifies, extracts and copies
data from deleted, corrupted and formatted sectors or in a
user-defined location within the storage device.
Data recovery software

Lecture 1_FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS.pptx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Lecture 1_FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS.pptx

Similar to Lecture 1_FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS.pptx (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Lecture 1_FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS.pptx