This document provides an introduction to the law of contract. It defines a contract as a legally binding agreement that can be enforced in courts. Contracts are classified as contracts by deed, which are formal legal documents, or simple contracts, which can be written, oral, or implied. Contracts are also classified as bilateral, involving promises exchanged between two parties, or unilateral, involving one promise in exchange for an act. The essential elements of a valid contract are agreement between the parties, consideration, intention to create legal relations, required form, capacity to contract, consent, and legality of purpose. Contracts can be void, voidable, or unenforceable depending on defects that impact validity or enforceability.
Check out these study notes which I found online and which I think will be very useful to you. I have made hard copies which I will give to you at the next lecture.
Check out these study notes which I found online and which I think will be very useful to you. I have made hard copies which I will give to you at the next lecture.
Contracts are a part of our everyday life, arising in collaboration, trust, promise and credit.
How are contracts formed? What makes a contract enforceable? What happens when one party breaks a promise?
Contracts are a part of our everyday life, arising in collaboration, trust, promise and credit.
How are contracts formed? What makes a contract enforceable? What happens when one party breaks a promise?
AIS 2102 Introduction to Law of ContractPreeti Sikder
Learning Outcome: After completion of this lesson students will be able to-
a) Define contract
b) Classify contracts
c) Identify the legal source in determining contractual relationship
d) Determine the capacity of parties to enter into a contract
e) Identify the elements of a contract
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
1. Introduction To The Law Of Contract
Definition
A contract may be defined as a legally binding agreement or, in the words of Sir
Frederick Pollock:
"A promise or set of promises which the law will enforce".
The agreement will create rights and obligations that may be enforced in the courts. The
normal method of enforcement is an action for damages for breach of contract, though in
some cases the court may order performance by the party in default.
Classification
Contracts may be divided into two broad classes:
1. Contracts by deed
A deed is a formal legal document signed, witnessed and delivered to effect a conveyance
or transfer of property or to create a legal obligation or contract.
2. Simple contracts
Contracts which are not deeds are known as simple contracts. They are informal contracts
and may be made in any way - in writing, orally or they may be implied from conduct.
Another way of classifying contracts is according to whether they are "bilateral" or
"unilateral".
Bilateral contracts
A bilateral contract is one where a promise by one party is exchanged for a promise by
the other. The exchange of promises is enough to render them both enforceable. Thus in a
contract for the sale of goods, the buyer promises to pay the price and the seller promises
to deliver the goods.
Unilateral contracts
A unilateral contract is one where one party promises to do something in return for an act
of the other party, as opposed to a promise, eg, where X promises a reward to anyone
who will find his lost wallet. The essence of the unilateral contract is that only one party,
X, is bound to do anything. No one is bound to search for the lost wallet, but if Y, having
seen the offer, recovers the wallet and returns it, he/she is entitled to the reward.
2. Elements
The essential elements of a contract are:
1. Agreement
An agreement is formed when one party accepts the offer of another and involves a
"meeting of the minds".
2. Consideration
Both parties must have provided consideration, ie, each side must promise to give or do
something for the other.
3. Intention to create legal relations
The parties must have intended their agreement to have legal consequences. The law will
not concern itself with purely domestic or social agreements.
4. Form
In some cases, certain formalities (that is, writing) must be observed.
5. Capacity
The parties must be legally capable of entering into a contract.
6. Consent
The agreement must have been entered into freely. Consent may be vitiated by duress or
undue influence.
7. Legality
The purpose of the agreement must not be illegal or contrary to public policy.
A contract which possesses all these requirements is said to be valid. The absence of an
essential element will render the contract either void, voidable or unenforceable (as to
which see below).
In addition, a contract consists of various terms, both express and implied. A term may be
inserted into the contract to exclude or limit one party's liability (the so-called "small
print"). A term may also be regarded as unfair. A contract may be invalidated by a
mistake and where the contract has been induced by misrepresentation the innocent party
may have the right to set it aside. As a general rule, third parties have no rights under a
contract but there are exceptions to the doctrine of privity. There are different ways of
discharging a contract and remedies are available for breach of contract at common law
and in equity.
3. Enforceability
1. Void contracts
A "void contract" is one where the whole transaction is regarded as a nullity. It means
that at no time has there been a contract between the parties. Any goods or money
obtained under the agreement must be returned. Where items have been resold to a third
party, they may be recovered by the original owner.
2. Voidable contracts
A contract which is voidable operates in every respect as a valid contract unless and until
one of the parties takes steps to avoid it. Anything obtained under the contract must be
returned, insofar as this is possible. If goods have been resold before the contract was
avoided, the original owner will not be able to reclaim them.
3. Unenforceable contracts
An unenforceable contract is a valid contract but it cannot be enforced in the courts if one
of the parties refuses to carry out its terms. Items received under the contract cannot
generally be reclaimed.