3. What is the Typical life cycle journey of a construction material ?
This involves the steps which a material traverses from extraction right up to use on a
construction site or up to the building structure.
Pkz (iuea) 2023
4. Relationship of a
Typical energy cycle
of a building and
Design &
construction
technologies
approach used?
A typical contemporary
building consumes a
greater percentage of
energy during its
operation than it does
during construction.
Therefore if the design of
the construction system
used doesn’t have to be
actively involved in the
operation of the building,
the three marked stages
are the most important
stages for a designer to
critically think about when
developing a construction
system to use for building
assembly.
DESIGN &
CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGIES
Pkz (iuea) 2023
5. Material
families;
It is important to
know the materials
families and the
corresponding
composite materials
that are readily
available for use in
construction
Ref.
Ashby Michael F. Jones
David RH. 2001. Engineering
Materials I: An Introduction
to their properties and
applications. Butterworth-
Heinemann 2001
GFRP/CFRP Glass fibre
and Concrete fibre
reinforced polymers
Pkz (iuea) 2023
6. How do we
achieve better
results from the
earlier illustrated
energy chart?
It means that before
we choose any
material for use in
detailing/construction
we must have a a clear
idea of the properties
of the material. Which
include the intrinsic
and the extrinsic
properties
Pkz (iuea) 2023
7. The relationship
between tensile
strengths and
densities of
materials;
It is clear that wood
and glass have good
tensile strength in
relationship to
density and self
weight mass in case
volume is assumed
fixed
Ref.
Ashby Michael F. Jones
David RH. 2001. Engineering
Materials I: An Introduction
to their properties and
applications. Butterworth-
Heinemann 2001
Pkz (iuea) 2023
8. The relationship
between tensile
strengths and
densities of
materials;
It is clear that wood
and glass have good
tensile strength in
relationship to
density and self
weight mass in case
volume is assumed
fixed
Ref.
Ashby Michael F. Jones
David RH. 2001. Engineering
Materials I: An Introduction
to their properties and
applications. Butterworth-
Heinemann 2001
Pkz (iuea) 2023
9. Material
properties,
purpose and
design;
As a designer ,
having a clear idea
of the properties of
a material, makes it
easier to vary its use
in detailing and
design as the
extrinsic properties
of the material vary
over the years
Ref.
Basalla George. 1988. The
evolution of Technology:
Cambridge University press-
Cambridge U.K.
Pkz (iuea) 2023
11. Components of the section of a tree trunk?
In the tropics where the variations in seasons are less pronounced the annual rings are
more uniform than shown in the illustration and this coupled with the strains and
stresses that a tree trunk is subjected to during growth all have a direct effect on the
strength of the final timber product
Adopted from structural timber design to Eurocode. 5
Pkz (iuea) 2023
12. In the process
of STRUCTURAL
DESIGN. Timber will
exhibit better
compressive /tensile
strength if it is well
seasoned and the
moisture content
steadily reduced
Structural design is
very important for
construction
technology detailed
design and working
drawings
BETTER
STRUCTURAL
PROPERTIES
WITH REDUCED
MOISTURE
CONTENT
Pkz (iuea) 2023
13. Typical defects
according to type
of timber
location across
the trunk?
Sap wood will be
more susceptible to
cupping than heart
wood while juvenile
wood is going to be
more susceptible
shrinkage
It is usually better to
harvest more of the
heart wood from a
tree trunk as it
exhibits more stable
structural and thus
architectural
properties
Pkz (iuea) 2023
14. Defects in timber?
These include two major
types of timber NATURAL
/CONVERSION defects and
SEASONING defects
Where seasoning defects
occur during the process of
seasoning as a result of
changes in moisture
content. While natural
defects occur during the
process of growth of the
tree trunk
Pkz (iuea) 2023
15. Achieving better
strength other than
natural strength of
timber?
During its growth period
Timber tree trunks are
subject to various types
of stresses both physical
and natural which
compromise the
strength of the timber.
These weakness can
However, be
counteracted by
composite timber
products that are
artificially manufactured
for example ply wood,
blackboard, soft board,
glu- lam timber….
Pkz (iuea) 2023
16. Material selection,
Embodied Energy &
Embodied Carbon!
This aspect of
architectural and
structural materials
could be used in
selection of materials for
use in design and
reduction of energy and
carbon emissions of
buildings especially at
the construction stage
Processed state
Natural state
Refined and
recycled state
The more processes a
product has to go
through before
becoming available
for use on a
construction site , the
more embodied
energy that
component will have
as well as carbon
emission capacity
Pkz (iuea) 2023
18. WHAT IS GLU-LAM
TIMBER?
Glu laminated timber can work
as beams or columns or
members subjected to
combined bending and axial
loading .
Glu- laminated timber is
fabricated from small
sections of timber
boards(laminates) bonded
together with adhesives and
laid up so that the grain of all
laminates is essentially
parallel to the longitudinal
axis. The individual laminates
are jointed by the process of
finger jointing after the
laminates have been dried to
a moisture content of at least
12-18% before being machined
and assembled
Pkz (iuea) 2023
19. WHAT IS GLU-LAM
TIMBER?
Glu laminated timber can work
as beams or columns or
members subjected to
combined bending and axial
loading .
Glu- laminated timber is
fabricated from small
sections of timber
boards(laminates) bonded
together with adhesives and
laid up so that the grain of all
laminates is essentially
parallel to the longitudinal
axis. The individual laminates
are jointed by the process of
finger jointing after the
laminates have been dried to
a moisture content of at least
12-18% before being machined
and assembled
Pkz (iuea) 2023
20. WHAT IS GLU-LAM
TIMBER?
Glu laminated timber can
work as beams or columns
or members subjected to
combined bending and axial
loading .
Glu- laminated timber is
fabricated from small
sections of timber
boards(laminates) bonded
together with adhesives and
laid up so that the grain of
all laminates is essentially
parallel to the longitudinal
axis. The individual
laminates are jointed by the
process of finger jointing
after the laminates have
been dried to a moisture
content of at least 12-18%
before being machined and
assembled
Pkz (iuea) 2023
21. Materials Laminated timber
glulam components are
fabricated from carefully
selected softwoods.
Construction The
adhesive used in the manufacture
of glulam timber structures will
be fully weatherproof, clear
Melamine or Resorcinol. Solid
members or glulam laminations
will feature multiple edge 'finger'
type end joints.
Finishes Glulam structural
components are available in both
architectural or industrial finish.
Architectural Finish
All exposed surfaces are
finished to a smooth
surface
Gross surface defects are
neatly patched
One coat of preservative
treatment is applied
Two coats of lacquer or
satin is applied
Pkz (iuea) 2023
22. THE BENEFITS OF GLULAM
Glulam has several key benefits for the modern specifier:
1.Cost Effective Designed, manufactured and erected with
pre-planned millimeter accuracy, glulam timber structures are
completed with increased building speed - saving time and
money.
2.Easy to Use Made in modern factory conditions from stress
graded timber, glulam components can be easily cut, nailed,
drilled, notched and worked on, on-site. Lightweight, glulam
also makes for easy dexterous manhandling.
3.Durable Modern phenolic synthetic resin adhesives
permanently bond laminations together giving glulam a
virtually unlimited lifespan.
4.Versatile Available in a wide range of materials for use in
external or internal applications, glulam can be made to almost
any size and can be used for arches, portals, columns, rafters,
'A' frames, cross wall purlins, joists and roof, lintel or floor
beams
5.Corrosion Resistant Glulam does not corrode. Glulam is also
highly resistant to chemical attack and aggressive
environmental pollution.
6.Fire Resistant Glulam is highly resistant to fire. Unlike steel
and reinforced concrete, glulam retains structural integrity - it
will not twist or spall in fire. Glulam beams can attract lower
fire insurance premiums than steelwork.
7.Superior Strength to Weight Ratio Glulam is one of the
strongest structural materials per unit weight. Unlike
structural steel or concrete, glulam can produce a lighter
superstructure - saving time and money in foundation
construction. Pkz (iuea) 2023
26. STRUCTURAL timber
could be used alone and
connected by wooden
dowels where
connections are
necessary but in most
cases steel is used in
cases where shear forces
exhibited to counter
possibilities of failure.
Pkz (iuea) 2023
27. STRUCTURAL
timber could be
used alone and
connected by
wooden dowels
where connections
are necessary but
in most cases steel
is used in cases
where shear forces
exhibited to
counter
possibilities of
failure.
Pkz (iuea) 2023
