More Related Content Similar to Lect 14 lateral_earthpressures Similar to Lect 14 lateral_earthpressures (10) Lect 14 lateral_earthpressures2. SIVA Copyright©2001
Lateral Support
In geotechnical engineering, it is often necessary to
prevent lateral soil movements.
Tie rod
Anchor
Sheet pile
Cantilever
Braced excavation Anchored sheet pile
2 retaining wall
3. SIVA Copyright©2001
Lateral Support
We have to estimate the lateral soil pressures acting on
these structures, to be able to design them.
S il Soil ili
nailing
Gravity Retaining
Reinforced earth wall
3 wall
9. SIVA Copyright©2001
Lateral Support
filled with
Crib walls have been used in Queensland. soil
Good drainage & allow plant growth.
Interlocking
stretchers
and Looks good.
headers
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10. SIVA Copyright©2001
Earth Pressure at Rest
GL
In a homogeneous natural soil deposit,
v’
h’ X
the ratio h’/v’ is a constant known as coefficient
of earth pressure at rest (K0).
Importantly, at K0 state, there are no lateral strains.
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11. SIVA Copyright©2001
Estimating K0
For normally consolidated clays and granular soils,
K0 = 1 – sin ’
For overconsolidated clays,
K0,overconsolidated = K0,normally consolidated OCR0.5
From elastic analysis,
K Poisson’s
Poisson s
0 1
ratio
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12. SIVA Copyright©2001
Active/Passive Earth Pressures
- in granular soils
Wall moves
away from soil
Wall moves A
towards soil
wall
B
smooth Let’s look at the soil elements A and B during the
wall movement. 12
13. SIVA Copyright©2001
Active Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
v’= z
Initially there is no lateral movement
v’
A
h’
z
Initially, movement.
h’ = K0 v’ = K0 z
As the wall moves away from the soil,
v’ remains the same; and
h’ decreases till failure occurs.
Active state
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14. SIVA Copyright©2001
Active Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
As the wall moves away from the soil,
Initially (K0 state)
Failure (Active state)
v’
decreasing h’
active earth
pressure
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p
15. SIVA Copyright©2001
Active Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
WJM Rankine
(1820-1872)
[h’]active v’
[ ' ] K
' h active A v 1 sin
2
Rankine’s coefficient of
pressure
A K active earth 15 tan (45 / 2)
1 sin
16. SIVA Copyright©2001
Active Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
v’
’
Failure plane is at
45 + /2 to horizontal
h’ A 45 + /2
90+
[h’]active v’
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17. SIVA Copyright©2001
Active Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
As the wall moves away from the soil,
h’ decreases till failure occurs.
h’ K state
v’
A
h’
z
h
Active
state
K0 h wall movement
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18. SIVA Copyright©2001
Active Earth Pressure
- in cohesive soils
Follow the same steps as
for granular soils. Only
difference is that c 0.
[ ' ] K ' 2 K
h active A v A 2c Everything else the same
for soils
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as granular soils.
31. SIVA Copyright©2001
Passive Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
Initially, soil is in K0 state.
As the wall moves towards the soil,
’ remains the same and
v’
B
h’
v same, h’ increases till failure occurs.
h Passive state
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32. SIVA Copyright©2001
Passive Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
As the wall moves towards the soil,
Initially (K0 state)
Failure (Active state)
passive earth
pressure
v’
increasing ’
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h
33. SIVA Copyright©2001
Passive Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
v’ [h’]passive
[ ' ] K
' h passive P v 1
sin
2
Rankine’s coefficient of
passive P K earth pressure
33 tan (45 / 2)
1 sin
34. SIVA Copyright©2001
Passive Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
v’
’
Failure plane is at
45 - /2 to horizontal
45 - /2 h’ A
90+
v’ [h’]passive
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35. SIVA Copyright©2001
Passive Earth Pressure
- in granular soils
As the wall moves towards the soil,
h’ increases till failure occurs.
h’ v’
B
h’
h Passive state
h K0 state
wall movement
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36. SIVA Copyright©2001
Passive Earth Pressure
- in cohesive soils
Follow the same steps as
for granular soils. Only
difference is that c 0.
[ ' ] K '2 K
h passive P v P 2c Everything else the same
for soils
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as granular soils.
37. SIVA Copyright©2001 Earth Pressure Distribution
- in granular soils
[h’’]active
PA and PP are the
resultant active and
passive thrusts on
the wall
[h’]passive H
P 0 5 K H2
h
PA=0.5 KAPP=0.5 KPh2
K 37 KPh AH
39. SIVA Copyright©2001
Rankine’s Earth Pressure Theory
h active A v A [ ' ] K '2c K
h passive P v P [ ' ] K '2c K
Assumes smooth wall
Applicable only on vertical walls
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43. SIVA Copyright©2001
Gravity Retaining Walls
cement mortar
l i t
cobbles
plain concrete or
stone masonry
They rely on their self weight to
support the backfill
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44. SIVA Copyright©2001
Cantilever Retaining Walls
Reinforced;
smaller section
than gravity
walls
They act like vertical cantilever,
fixed to the ground 44
45. SIVA Copyright©2001
Design of Retaining Wall
- in granular soils
2 2
1
3 3
Block no.
1
toe
toe
Wi = weight of block i Analyse the stability of this rigid body with
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y y g y
xi = horizontal distance of centroid of block i from toe
vertical walls (Rankine theory valid)
46. Safety against sliding along the base
P
{W
W}. tan soil-concrete friction
P i
sliding P
A
F
soil angle 0.5 – 0.7
to be greater
2 2
g
than 1.5
1
PA
3 3
PA
H
PP 1
PP
S
toe S
R
h
toe
y R
y
PP= 0.5 KPh2 PA= 0.5 KAH2
47. Safety against overturning about toe
P P h / 3
{ W i i
}
overturning P
H/3
A
x
F
to be greater
2 2
g
than 2.0
1
PA
3 3
PA
H
PP 1
PP
S
toe S
R
h
toe
y R
y
48. SIVA Copyright©2001
Points to Think About
How does the key help in improving the stability
against sliding?
Shouldn’t we design retaining walls to resist at-rest
(than active) earth pressures since the thrust on the
wall is greater in K0 state (K0 > KA)?
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