Lec 1-3-pages-7-16,18-26,2 XC v V8-33.pdf

•The main objectives of this course include
•Introducing the historical perspective of Pakistan.
•Ideological background of Pakistan.
•Government formation and its functioning, politics
and contemporary Pakistan.
•You will study the process of governance, national
development, issues arising in the modern age and
challenges posing to the Pakistan.
Course Objectives
Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Introduction

• Historical Perspective: Ideological rationale with special reference to
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Factors leading to Muslim, people and land separatism
• Location and geo-physical features
• Government and Politics in Pakistan; Political and constitutional
phases of 1947-58, 1958-71, 1971-77, 1977-88, 1988-99, 1999 and
onwards
• Contemporary Pakistan: Economic 161 institutions and issues, society
and social structure, ethnicity; Foreign policy of Pakistan and
challenges;
• Futuristic outlook of Pakistan.
Course Outline

1. Burki, Shahid J. State and Society in Pakistan. Macmillan, 1980.
2. Zaidi, S. Akbar. Issues in Pakistan’s Economy. Oxford, 2000.
3. Mahmood, Safdar. Pakistan: Political Roots and Development 1947-
1999. Lahore, 1994.
4. Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II, and III,
Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and cultural Research,
1998.
5. Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective.
Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural
Research, 1993.
Helping Books

• Subcontinent which is used to be called “Golden Sparrow” Had been ruled
by many outsiders.
• Around 420 years ago British was ruled by Queen Alizebth 1st
• Britain was an agricultural country at that time, and It just coming out of
civil war.
• It was producer of only 3% of world products, whereas Sub-Continent was
producing around 25% of world’s industrial outputs and It was considered
amongst the world’s richest courtiers.
• India was major player in the world export market for textiles in early 18th
century.
• Jalaludin Akbar was ruling at that time, who was considered as worlds
richest ruler of the world at that time with total net worth of 13 billion
dollars.
1. Historical Perspective:
Formation of East India Company
Course: Pakistan Studies | Lecture: Historical Perspective

➢ At that time the Indian trade was ruled by Dutch’s and Portuguese
➢Looting others trade ships was a common practice at that time
➢Therefore, traders used to make a company and seek approval from
the government for trade activities
➢East-India company also seek permission in 31 dec 1600, from queen
Alizebth to trade in India.
➢It was allowed to work only for 16 years
➢William hawking come to India and settled in Gujrat with only one
ship
➢Akbar died in 1605
➢East-India initially starting trading in shore areas.

➢They faced problems in trade as the Dutch Pirates used to loot their
ships
➢Mughals allowed them to establish more trade points in India.
➢Initially EIC focused only on trade.
➢Company used to export Cotton, Potassium Nitrate, Tea, etc., and it
started gaining huge profits.
➢Company built a fort in Chennai in 1625, called Fort Saint Jorge.
Which then expanded to a city.
➢Slowly they started the expand their footings and started building
more forts
➢They built 23 factories until 1647 in different cities

➢Britishers were not the only one who were trading in India at that
time. French’s and other nations had also established trade
companies in India
➢The conflict between Britain and France had effects in India too.
➢East-India company called on help from Britain to tackle with
French’s, Portuguese, and Dutch’s
➢Then it started occupying some of the parts of west side of india
➢War of Child 1686.(19 jet fighters, 200 Conons and 600 military
personals joined from Britain)
➢Aurangzeb Alamgir was ruler at that time
➢Britches were beaten very badly

➢East India Company sent two envoys to the Emperor at Bijapore in 1690 to
propose terms of peace and plead for pardon. Company paid a large
indemnity and promised better behavior in future.
➢Trade with China
➢Cultivated post in Bengal and started exporting to China
➢China-Britain war
➢ Alamgir Aurangzeb died in 1707, which shattered Government matters
➢East India company started looting India, and looted around 43 trillion
dollars worth
➢Sirajud-dola stopped britishes lootings
➢Battle of Plassi (1757) and Meer Jaffar
➢Meer Jaffer was given power

➢East India Company Conquered Bengal in 1765
➢East India company expanded its footings and beat last Influential Mughal
Emporer Shah Alam in 1765, and confined to Delhi only
➢After Shah Alam, the kingship was transferred to Akbar Shah Sani and
Buhadur shah Zafar (Last Mughal Emperor) until 1857.
➢Apparently, these Mughal Emperors were just showpieces, and East-India
Company was mainly ruling over 200 million people and collecting all
financial benefits.
➢Tipu Sultan beats Britshes in two wars
➢Britshers defeated Tipu with the help of Marhatas
➢Britches defeated Tipu with the help of Marhatas
➢Tipu was martyred in 1799, and with that it became an open field for East-
India Company to rule Sub-continent

➢Meanwhile in 1813, British Parliament passed a chartered resolution
to squeeze the activities of East-India company
➢In 1834, British government of India took the trade rights from East
India company and transformed it into managing company.
Fall of East India Company

Causes:
➢Administrative: (80% controlled by Britishers and 20% locals)
➢Social and Religious: (Indians were treated as slaves)
➢Army: (80% high ranks belonged to Britishers)
➢Economic: (Heavy taxation, Exports oriented economy → Imports
oriented economy)
➢Consequences: (War of independence which resulted in defeat, but
instilled resilience).
➢Gains: (British government took all rights from East India Company)
War of Independence (1857)

Causes of Failure:
➢Leadership: (No central leadership)
➢Resources: (No or very limited resources to fight a war)
➢Education and war skills: (lacking in military supplies and skills)
➢Strategy: (No strategy)
Impacts of wars:
➢Muslims became primary targets: (Britishers joined hands with
Hindus, Divide and Rule)
➢Muslims were Primary target because they were ruling the sub-
continent before Britishers for 800 years therefore, they became their
natural enemies
War of Independence (1857)

➢Background: Muslims were being cornered, economic and social
sanctions, and to promote English)
➢Sir Syed’ services for Britishers (Appointed judge by EIC, remained
loyal to Britishers during war of independence)
➢Western Education: Big advocate of western education and learning of
English language
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan/ Aligarh Movement

Educational Services:
➢Muradabad School (1859)
➢Ghazipur School (1863)
➢Scientific Society (1863) (to translate scientific and English literature
books into Urdu)
➢M.A.O (School/College:1875/1877)
➢M.E Conference (To study Muslims education system and propose
changes to meet western standards)
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan/ Services

Social and Religious Services:
➢ Khutbaat-e-Ahmadia (1869) (Letters with his Son to praise the Prophet
PBUH to counter the blasphemous book written by UK’s Writer)
➢Tabaeen-e-kalam (Tafseer-e-Bible in Philosophical way)
➢ Ahkaam Taam e Ahle Kitaab (To minimize the gap between Muslims
and Christians)
➢Tahzeeb ul Akhlaq (to work on Muslims Moralities)
➢Anjaman Urdu (To Promote Urdu)

Political Services:
➢ Muslim-British compromise
➢Causes of Indian Revolt (Revolts was a result of the cruel policies of
British Administration)
➢Asbab-e-Baghawat (Urdu Version)
➢Loyal Muhammadan of India (To realize Britishers about muslims
loyalties toward them)
➢Interpretation of Nasara
All of this effort was to bring Muslims in mainstream politics

➢Background
➢Urdu: (Lashkari zubaan- originated from Mughal’s army by the mixture of
Turks, Afghans, Persians and was mostly adopted by Muslims)
➢Mughal King Shahjahan: (When kingdom expanded, the language
expanded with the expansion of army- and It was named Urdu)
➢Controversy: (Since It was being used by then Mughal rulers, The
Britishers adopted it as a state language)
➢Banaras: (A movement by Hindus to declare Sanskirit as a state language)
➢Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: (Originator of Two nation theory)
Urdu Hindi Controversy 1867

➢Background (British policies (mainly authority) resulted in 1857 revolt→
Give some rights/representation/plateform to Indians)
➢Establishment: (A.O.Hume, 1885)
➢Causes: (to give some political rights to Indians to avoid revolt (like 1857)
against them)
➢Indian Unity: (To unite all Indians including Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus,
Christians, Many Muslims leaders joined Congress)
Congress 1885

➢Background (Muslims started thinking to establish a Muslim
representation party after successful Simla Deputation (Lord Minto,
1905)→Separate Seats in courts, separation of constituencies in elections
w.r.t Muslim’s population, separate seats in assembly and in University
syndicates
➢Purpose: It was not built for power politics. It was established to bring
• British Muslim Unity.
• To Protect Muslims rights
• Good relations with other nations
• 1913 (Change its purpose to do power politics)
➢Establishment: (All Indian Muslim Educational Conference on 30 Oct 1906
in Dhaka → Sir Agha khan-3 (First President)
Muslim League 1906

➢Minto-Marley Reforms 1909 (Simla deputation → Separate Elections →
Increased Powers of Legislative council → Indian Administrative Councils)
➢Lucknow Pact 1916 (Congress Muslim League unity, self rule)
Quaid-e-Azam 1913 (Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity)
➢Khilafat Movement 1919: (WW1, Turkey/ Germany)
➢Hijrat Movement: (Molana Abdul Bari, Molana Abdul Kalam declared
India a darul-harab→500,00 Muslims migrated to Afghanistan,
Mortalities)
➢Civil Disobedience Movement (1922)
Important Events

➢Background (Convened by Moti Laal Nehru)
➢ To established constitution of India
➢Quaid-e-Azam Objections:
➢C-L-C (Central Legislative Council) → 1/3 seats to Muslims
➢Punjab and Bengal (Muslims seats according to Muslim’s population)
➢Provincial autonomy
Nehru Report 1928

1. Federal Constitution
2. Equal Provincial Autonomy
3. Minority Representation
4. C.L.C →1/3 representation
5. Separate representation of all minorities
6. Muslim Majority Protected
7. Minorities Freedom
8. Bill 1/3 any minority
9. Sind separate from Mumbai
10. KPK and Baluchistan-Provinces
11. Govt Jobs
12. Constitutional Protection for ideology
13. 1/3 representation in minorities → Centre and province
14. C.L.A pass Bill → Sub-units
Quaid-e-Azam 14 Points 1929

1. 14 points
2. Allama Iqbal
3. Address
4. Separate state
5. Muslim Majority Province
6. Punjab, Sind, KPK, Bengal, Assam
7. Dreamer of Pakistan
Allahabad Address 1930

➢Congress vs Muslim League
➢8 provinces/11 Provinces (706/1771)
➢Big Set back for Muslim League
➢Congress Atrocities
1. Cow Slaughter
2. Hindi Language
3. Ban on Azan
4. Bandey Mataram
5. Wardha scheme (to change Muslims)
6. Widdia mandir scheme (promote Hindu's culture)
7. Three colored flag
Election 1936-37

➢End of Congress (1939)(WW2, Constitutional changes, administrative council, Congress resign, Day of deliverance)
➢Annual Session of Muslim League (22, 23 march)
➢Khaksar Tragedy (50 scouts were killed due to wearing banned uniform due to
WW2)
➢Quaid-e-Azam Address (Muslims are not minority)
➢Molvi Fazal-ul-Haq Resolution
1. Division of India
2. Separate Muslim States (same as Allama Iqbal)
➢Importance of Lahore Resolution
1. Turning point for Muslims and Muslim league as it provided them a
direction for, they future course of action
Lahore Resolution 1940

Lec 1-3-pages-7-16,18-26,2 XC v V8-33.pdf

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