The document outlines strategies for effective studying, emphasizing the importance of managing procrastination, understanding memory types, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle for better learning. Key tips include breaking tasks into smaller parts, creating a conducive study environment, rewarding oneself for completed tasks, and ensuring regular study practices to enhance long-term memory retention. It also offers advice for exam preparation, such as avoiding cramming and managing stress through good sleep and positive mindset.

1. The Basics of Learning
Some ways to make studying more
effective, and hopefully easier.

2. Contents:
 1. Procrastination
 2. Memory
 3. How to become a better learner & Tips for Tests
 4. Sources

3. Section 1. Procrastination
English: procrastination Turkish: erteleme, geciktirme, oyalanma
Most of us procrastinate at some point, usually with things we must do
for work or school. Sometimes, when we think of those things we must
do, we feel bad, both physically and mentally. This is quite normal, and
there are ways to make this situation better.

4. Tip 1: Do smaller amounts of work more often.
If you leave all your work and studying until the last minute (like the night
before), you will have more to do at one time. Try to make a regular time
each day to study and do homework. Also, you can try limiting this time
so you don’t work too much and still have time to relax.
Tip 2: Find the right place to do what you must do.
If there are too many other things around that distract you, change
the place where you study and do your work. On campus, there is a library,
a learning center, a few cafeterias, and many other quiet places.
Tip 3: Give yourself a small reward for getting your work/studying done.
It’s important to give yourself a reward for finishing your work. If you do
this regularly, you will feel better about doing your work early. This reward
can be anything from playing a computer game, to eating some chocolate. But,
make sure you finish your work first!!!

5. Why?
Try thinking about it like this…
Professional football players don’t play video games all week and then
practice all at once before a match.
World-famous actors don’t sit and watch T.V. all day, everyday, and then learn their
lines right before they start making a show or film.
Performing musicians don’t sleep all day and then practice
their songs an hour before getting on stage.
Learning a language is a skill like the ones above, that you need to practice a little bit
every day. Over time, your skill will get better and better. Athletes, actors, musicians,
practice every day so they can have a high skill level and be very good at what they do.

6. 2. Memory
The first important thing about memory is that
there are two main types:
long-term memory, and working-memory.
Working memory deals with all the things you are doing now. If I write a list of
10 words on the board, and give you a few minutes, you will probably remember
most of them. But, what about tomorrow? Or what about next week? If I give
you a phone number right now, will you be able to reach into your pocket or bag,
take out your telephone and dial that number? Or will you have forgotten it by then?
This is why we also have…
Long-term memory.

7. Long-term memory
Now, imagine that you can write down those 10 words and that phone number.
Not only that, I will give you a week to memorize them all. This time next week,
I’m going to ask you to tell me these words and this phone number. You will not
be able to look at your notes. Do you think you can do that?
I bet most of you will.
This is because you are storing this information in your long-term memory.
It’s like a big depot, or an external hard drive for all kinds of information you
want to remember.
These two types of memory are located in different parts of the brain, so they don’t
always work together automatically. If you want to ‘transfer’ information from
your working memory to your long-term memory, you have to do a bit of work.
How?
Repeating things, studying regularly, writing things down (sometimes more than once),
using memory tools like acronyms (e.g. FANBOYS – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, & so)
and using what you have learned.

8. So, if you want to remember vocabulary, grammar points, and generally anything
you are studying study more often, repeat things, write things down, and use what
you have learned. Your brain will develop a system that will help you remember
information you need, whenever you need it. If you wait until the last minute,
your brain won’t have enough time to develop this system.

9. 3. How to be a better learner
• Make sure you get enough physical exercise. Of course, it’s important to be
healthy in general, but keeping your body healthy also keeps your brain healthy.
Don’t forget to eat some healthy food too!!
• Get enough sleep. If you develop good sleep habits
(not too much, not too little sleep), you will feel better
in general. Also, this will help with your concentration,
memory, stress level, and many other things.
• Stay positive. Be good to yourself and realize that CAN do this work.
University life is sometimes stressful, and this stress can have negative effects
on your health and your schoolwork. There are many ways to deal with stress,
and there are many people here to help you.

10. Tips for tests
• Study regularly. As we have seen, regular study helps you remember more,
and it also reduces the stress you experience when you write exams. When you
know the material, you will feel more confident. Don’t cram for exams! This will only
help put things in your working memory, not your long-term memory, and that’s the
kind of memory you need to do well in your exams and other schoolwork.
• Don’t panic! I usually tell my students that the first thing they should do in the
exams is panic…panic for a few seconds, and then, turn it off and get busy. Again, this
is about stress. Studies have shown that when students feel stress (even if they know
the material very well) they have more trouble answering the question correctly. This is
also related to memory, as we mentioned before. Try breathing deeply and telling
yourself that you CAN do it! And remember, the stress of taking an exam is
usually worse than the exam.
• Remember to get a good night’s sleep. We’ve already talked about the how
important sleep is for studying and learning, and if you’ve followed the first step
(study regularly), give your body and brain a rest so they can be prepared for exams.

11. Sources:
All information taken from
• Learning How to Learn: Powerful mental tools to help you
master tough subjects
by Dr. Terrence Sejnowski, Dr. Barbara Oakley
• https://www.coursera.org/course/ learning