Learning of practical things of civil engineering (report )

LEARNING OF PRACTICAL THINGS OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING
A Training Report
Submitted as the partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
MR. KISHAN LAL JAIN RAVI KANT SAHU
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR III B.Tech.V semester
DEPTT. OF CIVIL ENGG. ROLLNO.17ESKCE300
SKIT M&G, JAIPUR SKIT M&G, JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
MANAGEMANT & GRAMOTHAN

TABLE OF CONTENTSPAGENO.
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………….……..4
Declaration……………………………………………………………………………….……..5
Certificate…………………………………………………………………………………….…6
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction to AutoCAD………………………………………………………………..7
1.2 Learning of various commands……………………………………………………….....8
1.3 Learning of Vastu………………………………………………………………………..9
1.4 Planning of a residential building………………………………………………………10
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Construction Site Visit…………………………………………………………………...13
2.2 Introduction to project........................................................................................................13
2.3 Material Used on site………………………………………………………………….....14
2.4 Brick masonry....................................................................................................................17
2.5 Test of material..................................................................................................................18
2.6 Batching of concrete …………………………………………………………………….19
2.7 Vibration of concrete ……………………………............................................................20
2.8 Form work………………………………………………………………………………..21
2.9 Stairs……………………………………………………………………………………..22
2.10 Ventilation cutout……………………………………………………………………......22
2.11 AAC blocks……………………………………………………………………………...23
2.12 Joints……………………………………………………………………………………..24
2.13 Various Machines………………………………………………………………………..25

CHAPTER THREE
Industrial Visit
Fly Ash Bricks Industry Visit
3.1 Introduction-……………………………………………………………………………..29
3.2 Detail ……………………………………………………………………………………29
3.3 Process of brick manufacturing …………………………………………………………29
Dantali fly over visit
3.4 Introduction-……………………………………………………………………………..32
3.5 Detail …………………………………………………………………………………….32
3.6 Components of it ………………………………………………………………………...33
CHAPTER FOUR
Traffic study
4.1 At 7 no. junction…………………………………………………………………………36
4.2 At apex circle…………………………………………………………………………….39
CHAPTER FIVE
Field surveying
5.1 Leveling by Auto level………………………………………………………………………40
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………44
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………44

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I find great pleasure in expressing my gratitude towards my teachers, trainers and officers at.
SKIT JAIPUR who have made it possible for me to complete this one and half month training
successfully. I would like to thank the SKIT JAIPUR where I had been provided favorable
environment and the facilities to undergo this training. They made me understand the working
progress which was beneficial for increasing my practical knowledge.
I owe my gratitude to my parents and faculty member Mr. ANIRUD MATHUR under whose
guidance I had been able to complete summer training.
NAME- RAVI KANT SAHU
III year B. Tech

DECLARATION
I, Ravi Kant Sahu student of B. Tech (Civil Engineering), fifth semester batch 2017-
2021, hereby declare that the summer training report entitled “LEARNING OF PRACTICAL
THINGS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING” which is submitted by us to the Department of Civil
Engineering, SWAMI KESHWANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MANAGEMENT
AND GRAMOTHAN, JAIPUR. This is a comprehensive report based on analysis and study
carried out during summer training.
PLACE: JAIPUR NAME: SKIT M&G, JAIPUR
DATE: May 30th
,2019 to 13th
.July 2019

1.1 INTRODUCTION
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application.
Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as a
desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers. Before AutoCAD
was introduced, most commercial CAD programs ran on mainframe
computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a separate graphics
terminal Since 2010, AutoCAD was released as a mobile- and web app as well, marketed as
AutoCAD 360.
History- AutoCAD was derived from a program that began in 1977, and then released in 1979
called Interact CAD, also referred to in early Autodesk documents as Micro CAD, which was
written prior to Autodesk's (then Marin chip Software Partners) formation by Autodesk
cofounder Michael Riddle

1.2 LEARNING OF VARIOUS COMMANDS
Commands-and short keys
1) Unit command –un
it is used to set the units according the required design.
2) Zoom-z & a
3) Limits command –limits
4) Line command-l
It is used to draw the line
5) Ortho-F8
It is used to do it polar mode
6) Rectangle –rec
It is used to draw the rectangle
7) Circle(2p,3p,tan tan radius) -C
It is used to draw circle by three types first 2p which indicates diameter of circle,3p
which indicates three points of a circle and tan tan radius is used to draw circle between
to tangent.
8) Polygon –pol
It is used to draw the circle
9) Object Snap–F3
10) Whole delete-ctrl +a
It is used to delete the object.
11) Undo-ctrl +z
It is used to undo the program.
12) Rotation –Ro
It is used to rotate the object.
13) Copy-co
It is used to copy any object at particular angle.
14) Move –m
It is used to change the location of the object.
15) Trim- TR double enter
It is used to trim the object at different sides

16) Extend-ex double enter
It is used to extend the lines to the end point
17) Mirror-mi
It is used to the make the mirror image of the object.
18) Offset-o
It is used to take the offset of the object.
19) Dimension style command-Dst
It is used to set the dimension of the lines.
20) Region -reg
It is used to make the one object.
21) Explode-x
It is used the break the object.
22) Text –text
It is used to write the text about the object.
23) Color-col
It is used to do the different types of the colors
24) Line type –Lt
It is used to select the different types of the lines.
25) Match properties –ma
It is used to match the properties of the objects.
26) Table –table
It is used to insert the object.
27) Donut –donut
It is used to make the donut.
28) Array – AR
It is used to make the array of any object to the circle
29) Scale –SC
It is used to do large or small to the object.
30) Design center-dc
It is used
31) Arc –A

It is used to make the arc by 2 point, three points.
32) Ellipse –EL
It is used to make the ellipse
33) Solid –SO
It is used to fill the color properly.
34) Area-AA
It is used to calculate the area.
35) Spline -SPL
36) Multiline-ml
37) Layer-la
It is used to draw the lines totally in one color if we change the property of the layer it
will apply to the whole layer.
38) Properties –prop
It is used to check the property of the color.
39) Hatch-h
It is used to hatch the object in different pattern.
40) Command bar-ctrl+9
It is used to do show the command bar.
41) Print- ctrl +p
It is used to print the object.

1.3 LEARNING OF VASTU
We learnt making building plans while also taking Vaastu, the ancient Indian Building Code in
account.

1.4 PLANNING OF A RESIDENTIALBUILDING
– Facing Direction
– As per Vastu
– West facing direction

CHAPTER 2
2.1 ConstructionSite Visit
At Central Institute of Plastic Engineering &Technology (CIPET), Jaipur
It is an opportunity to learn practical things by utilizing theoretical knowledge. So for this
purpose we visited to C/o High learning Centre Building for CIPET at SITAPURA, Jaipur.it is
named as central institute of plastic engineering and technology.
2.2 INTRODUCTIONTO PROJECT
Construction detail-the work of construction is done by CPWD (central public work
department).
Agreement No. /EE/JCD-II/2018-19
 Estimated amount: Rs. 18,33,96,183 (Civil)
 Rs. 5,05,86,576 (Electrical)
 Rs. 23,39,82,759 (Composite)
 Tender amount: Rs. 13,11,28,271 (Civil)
 Rs. 3,61,69,402 (Electrical)
 Rs. 16,72,97,673 (Composite)
 Date of starting: 27-11-2018
 Stipulated date of completion: 26-02-2020
 Agency: M/s Deewan Chand
 Project team: Er B.I.Meena (Civil)

Er Anurag Khare (SE)
Er S.S.Sangwan (EE)
Labor Detail-the people are working here are all from the Bihar state.
2.3 MATERIAL USED ON SITE
Aggregate-
Fine Aggregate — Aggregate most of which passes 4.75 mm IS Sieve and contains only so
much coarser material.
Natural Sand — Fine aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and which has
been deposited by streams or glacial agencies. This may also be called as uncrushed sand.
Crushed Sand
 Crushed stone sand -Fine aggregate produced by crushing
hard stone.

 Crushed gravel sand -Fine aggregate produced by crushing
natural gravel.
 Mixed Sand-Fine aggregate produced by blending natural sand and crushed stone sand or
crushed gravel sand in suitable proportions.
 Manufactured Fine Aggregate (Manufactured Sand) -Fine aggregate manufactured from
other than natural sources, by processing materials, using thermal or other processes such
as separation, washing, crushing and scrubbing.
Coarse Aggregate -Aggregate most of which is retained on 4.75 mm IS Sieve and containing
only so much finer material as is permitted for the various types described in this standard.
All-in-Aggregate-Material composed of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.
Aggregate usedon the field-
Aggregate Types Size
Coarse Crushed rock 10mm &20mm
Fine
aggregate
River sand &
Manufactures crushed sand
<4.75mm
Cement-
The cement is the binding material is used to bind the aggregate .it is used broadly to make the
structures with proper strength. Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a
narrower sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction.
Cements of this kind are finely ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass.
Setting and hardening result from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the
cement compounds with water that yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like material with a
high surface area. Because of their hydrating properties, constructional cements, which will even
set and harden under water, are often called hydraulic cements. The most important of these
is Portland cement
The cement is being used on the site is PPC which is 43 grade, which is three brands
 Ultra tech
 Shree
 JP
Portland Pozzolana Cement-Portland Pozzolana cement is produced either by grinding
together Portland cement clinker and Pozzolana, or by intimately and uniformly blending
Portland cement and fine Pozzolana.
(By IS: 1489-1976)
SteelBar used on Site-
The steel bars are used to reinforce the structure,it is very crucial for us to pay attention on the steel bars.

As per (IS 1786 : 2008) the bar used on the site are.
The bars are being used on the construction site their dimension are
Diameter of bars –
8mm-32mm
Brick-It is essentially a local building material and consequently there exist considerable
variations in the quality of raw material. The process of manufacture and the quality of the
finished product. Rapid building activity, to be on rational lines, needs a certain degree of
uniformity in the construction materials. Standardization of the common building brick with
regard to its quality and dimensions would substantially help in raising the quality of
construction work and its speed. (IS 1077: 1992)
Standard size ofthe brick-190 x 90 x 90
Company
1) JCB
2) KBU
Size on the site= 220 ×102×65

2.4 BRICK MASONRY
The brick masonry is the art of making the bonds of bricks in such a way that can be fulfill all
the requirements of us like finishing, strength and aspects of the building
The masonry is being done on the site are two types
English Bond =2-Brick wall
1⅟2 -Brick wall

2.5 TEST OF MATERIAL
Compressive Strength for Concrete blocks-For this purpose the standard size of the cube is
taken which is 150*150*150 mm. the testing is done after 28 days curing .it can also be done in
7 days, 14 days according to the strength these cube are tested in CTM (compression testing
machine). This works on the principle of hydraulic pressure. The compressive strength is given
by the formula.
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
(
𝑁
𝑚𝑚2
)
Water absorption for bricks- 24-hoar Immersion Cold Water Test
 Apparatus A sensitive balance capable of weighing within 0’1 percent of the mass of the
specimen; and a ventilated oven.
 Preconditioning Dry the specimen in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 to 115°C
till it attains substantially constant mass. Cool the specimen to room temperature and
obtain its weight. Specimen warm to touch shall not be used for the purpose.
 Procedure Immerse completely dried specimen in clean water at a temperature of 27 f
2°C for 24 hours. Remove the specimen and wipe out any traces of water with a damp
cloth and weigh the specimen. Complete the weighing 3 minutes after the specimen has
been removed from water.
 Water absorption, percent by mass, after 24-hour immersion in cold water is given by the
following formula.
𝑀2 − 𝑀1
𝑀1
∗ 100
(BY IS 3495 (Part 2): 1992)

Sieve Analysis for aggregate-the size of the aggregates which are tested by the sieve it the
aggregate are greater than 4.75mm that means coarse aggregate. Here two types of aggregate are
used one is 10mm size of aggregate and one is 20mm size of aggregate.
2.6 BATCHING OF CONCRETE
Batching of concrete by-is done two types volume batching and weight batching.
Here weight batching is being done because in the volume project the issues of bulking of fine
aggregate void of the aggregate causes decreasing in the strength.
Semi-Automatic Mixer By IS 4925: 2004
Mix design of concrete-The concrete is being designed for this project is M25 that has target
strength 31.6N/mm2. (IS code 10262:2019)

2.7 VIBRATION OF CONCRETE
For the consolidation of the concrete the equipment is used to consolidate it is called vibrator.
Methods of Concrete Compaction and Types of Vibrators used on the site-
Concrete compaction is also known as consolidation of concrete which is used to get highest
density of concrete. Historically, it was achieved by ramming or punning, but nowadays
compaction is mostly carried out by vibration.
Air bubbles develop when the fresh concrete is poured in the form. If we do not eliminate air
bubbles from the concrete mix then concrete becomes porous or permeable. Porous or permeable
concrete leads to the problems like leakages, corrosion, etc. in house or building. Compaction or
consolidation is a technique, which has the effect of fluid fixing the mortar component of the
concrete mix so that internal friction reduces and packing of coarse aggregates take place. The
technique eliminates most of the entrapped air bubbles from the fresh concrete. It helps to
achieve the designed strength of concrete and ultimately increases the service life of the house or
building.
The main purpose of compaction of concrete is to get the dense mass of concrete without voids.
Compaction also helps to get the concrete to surround all the reinforcement steel and to fill all
corners of the form, however small they may be.
1) plate –the vibrator is used to cast the slab .Generally it is used to construct the road
2) Needle-the vibrator is used compaction of beam and columns.

2.8 FORM WORK
The form work is used to support or we may say to cast the structure it is removed when the
structure successfully gain the strength. It is used as mold for the structure that is to casted.
The form work is being done on the site is two type
A. Steel
B. Wood

2.9 STAIRS
A series of steps or flights of steps for passing from one level to another —often used in plural
but singular or plural in construction a narrow private .
Half turn stairs-
2.10 VENTILATION CUTOUT
it is the process of allowing heat and smoke to travel upwards and out of a structure. This is
performed by cutting vents or making use of existing openings in the roof of the structure

2.11 AAC BLOCKS
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete is a Lightweight, Load-bearing, High-insulating, Durable building
product, which is produced in a wide range of sizes and strengths. AAC Blocks is lightweight
and compare to the red bricks AAC blocks are three times lighter.
Properties of AAC blocks- AAC Blocks Benefits
 Fire Resistant
 Pest Resistant
 Sound Proof
 Earthquake Resistant
 Faster Construction
 Long lasting
 Cost Saving
 Versatile
 Non-toxic
 Thermal Insulation
 Moisture Resistance
 Environment Friendly
 Lightweight
 Perfect Size and Shape
 High Compressive Strength
 High Resistance to Water Penetration
 The blocks are used to cons

2.12 JOINTS
For steel bar Column Coupler
Beam Lap
Building Wall Thermal Expansion
Couplers-When long lengths of bar are required, or when joining additional reinforcement to
existing bars, bars are generally ‘lapped’ i.e. tied next to each over (with an overlap equal in
length to, say, 50 bar diameters). An alternative approach is to use couplers that provide a direct
connection between the ends of the bars. This is particularly economic for large bar diameters.
Lapped joint for the beam- Lapping can be defined as the overlapping of two bars side by side
to upto the design length. Usually, the stock length of steel bars is limited to 12m. This is for
easy transportation of steel bars to the construction site. For example, imagine there is a need to
build a 100ft tall column
Expansion joint for wall- An expansion joint or movement joint is an assembly designed to
safely absorb the temperature-induced expansion and contraction of construction materials, to
absorb vibration, to hold parts together, or to allow movement due to ground settlement or
earthquakes.

Excavation detail
2m depth
Cover block for steel bars- When doing RCC work it is important to embed the steel in the
concrete (also known as cover) so that the rebar doesn’t corrode and to provide fire protection to
the rebar
 For slab-20mm
 For beam-25mm
 For column-40mm
2.13 VARIOUS MACHINES
Excavators (hydraulic) are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or
stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house". The house sits atop an
undercarriage with tracks or wheels. They are a natural progression from the steam shovel sand
often mistakenly called power shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are
accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic
motors. Due to the linear actuation of hydraulic cylinders, their mode of operation is
fundamentally different from cable-operated excavators which use winches and steel ropes to
accomplish the movements

Concrete Mixers- is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or
gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the
components. For smaller volume works, portable concrete mixers are often used so that the
concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete
before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing concrete by hand. This is usually done in
a wheelbarrow; however, several companies have recently begun to sell modified tarps for this
purpose.
The concrete mixer was invented by Columbus, Ohio industrialist Gephardt Jaeger.
Tower crane- A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire
ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places. The
device uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads
beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in
the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the

movement of materials, and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy
equipment.
Bench or sensitive drill machine - This is a light weight, high speed machine designed for
drilling small holes in light jobs. The machine has only a hand feed mechanism for feeding the
tool into the work piece.

Electric arc welding machine–. Arc welding is a welding process that is used to join metal to
metal by using electricity to create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals when cool
result in a binding of the metals. It is a type of welding that uses a welding power supply to
create an electric arc between a metal stick ("electrode") and the base material to melt the metals
at the point of contact. Arc welders can use either direct (DC) or alternating(AC) current, and
consumable or non-consumable electrodes.

CHAPTER THREE
Fly Ash Bricks Industry Visit
3.1 INTRODUCTION-
We went the fly ash bricks factory (pulverizing fuel ash-lime brick) on June 21, 2019. It is
nearby Jaipur city especially famous for fly ash bricks and pre-cast concrete blocks for
pavement. The name of plant is named as GARG fly ash brick factory.
3.2 DETAIL
Lime is transported from Bhurg nearby Delhi.
Fly ash bricks- Pulverized fuel ash commonly known as fly ash is a useful by-product from
thermal power stations using pulverized coal as fuel and have considerable pozzolanic activity.
This national resource has been gainfully utilized for manufacture of Pulverized fuel ash-lime
bricks as a supplement to common burnt clay building bricks leading to conservation of natural
resources and improvement in environmental quality. Pulverized fuel ash-lime bricks are
obtained from materials consisting of pulverized fuel ash in major quantity, lime and an
accelerator acting as a catalyst.
Pulverized fuel ash-lime bricks are generally manufactured by inter-grinding or blending various
raw materials which are then molded into bricks and subjected to curing cycles at different
temperatures and pressures. On occasion as and when required, crushed bottom fuel ash or sand
is also used in the composition of the raw material. Crushed bottom fuel ash or sand is used in
the composition as a coarser material to control water absorption in the final product. Pulverized
fuel ash reacts with lime in presence of moisture to forma calcium-silicate hydrate which is a
binder material. Thus pulverized fuel ash-lime brick is a chemically bonded bricks.
3.3 PROCESSOF BRICKMANUFACTURING
Origin of the material-Materials for manufacturing the bricks-
 Lime
 Fly ash
 Sand
 Water
Process of manufacturing the bricks-
Batching-with the help of the pan
 10-pans of sand

 4-Pans of fly ash
 7-Pans of lime
 Water is poured by the experience.
All then material is filled in the cylinder type Hooper and mixed for particular time
After the mixing all the mixture is carried by conveyor belt to the molding machine where the
machine work
The machine which is used to cast the bricks works on hydraulic pressure it is operated by a
man. In one time it can cast 10 bricks.

These bricks are kept to dry for one or two day after that these are cured for 30 days
Costof a brick-
The cost of a brick is 2.70 Rs.
Dimension of a bricks-
230 X 109 X 80
Weight-
3.150 to 3.500 Kg
Load bearing capacity-
125 Kg/cm2

Bridge ConstructionSite
3.4 INTRODUCTION-
-this is the fly over which is going to be construct is situated in Dantali village, Jaipur
3.5 DETAIL
Abutment- The end support of the deck (superstructure) of a bridge, which also retains earth,
fills of approaches behind fully or partly.
Pier- Intermediate supports of the deck (superstructure) of a bridge.it are the vertical member of
a bridge which is used to transmit the load from pier cap to pile cap. This is the heavy structure
which can be made of concrete, stone, and steel .The types of the pier are
 Hammer head pier
 Multi column pier
 Wall/Solid pier
The piers which are being used in the bridge construction, hammer head pier.
Pier Cap- The upper or bearing part of a bridge pier; usually made of concrete or hard stone;
designed to distribute concentrated loads evenly over the area of the pie.
Piles-Piles find application in foundations to transfer loads from a structure to competent
subsurface strata having adequate load-bearing capacity. The load transfer mechanism from a
pile to the surrounding ground is complicated and is not yet fully understood, although

application of piled foundations is in practice over many decades. Broadly, piles transfer axial
loads either substantially by friction along its shaft and/or by the end-bearing. Piles are used
where either of the above load transfer mechanism is possible depending upon the subsoil
stratification at a particular site. Construction of pile foundations require a careful choice of
piling system depending upon the subsoil conditions, the load characteristics of a structure and
the limitations of total settlement, differential settlement and any other special requirement of a
project. The installation of piles demands careful control on position, alignment and depth, and
involve specialized skill and experience. (By IS 2911:2010)
Pile Cap- A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that have been
driven into soft or unstable ground to provide a suitable stable foundation. It usually forms part
of the foundation of a building, typically a multi-story building, structure or support base for
heavy equipment.
Decks-A deck is the surface of a bridge. A structural element of its superstructure, it may be
constructed of concrete, steel, open grating, or wood. Sometimes the deck is covered a railroad
bed and track, asphalt concrete, or other form of pavement for ease of vehicle crossing. A
concrete deck may be an integral part of the bridge structure (T-beam or double tee structure) or
it may be supported with I-beams or steel girders.
Inter-locking concrete blocks for RE wall-these are the blocks which are made of concrete, are
used to build retaining wall. There are no need of mortar to set the blocks which can fix easily
are used to retain backfilling to wall.

Earth retaining wall (RE Wall)- A wall is designed to resist the pressure of earth filling behind.
A retaining wall is built to hold back a bank of earth where there is a change of grade. There are
different types of retaining walls, and not all require a building consent. A retaining wall must be
designed to:
❚ support the lateral load or pressure of the earth or fill behind it and any applied loads, such as
cars or structures, so the wall does not tip over
❚ prevent water build-up behind or below the wall, which will increase the lateral pressure as
well as reduce the wall’s bearing capacity and resistance to sliding

 Return wall-A wall adjacent to abutment generally parallel to road or flared up to
increased width and raised up to the top of road
 Toe wall- A wall built at the end of the slope of earthen embankment top prevent slipping
of earth and / or pitching on embankment
 Wing wall-A wall adjacent to abutment with it stop up to road top level near abutment
and sloping down up to ground level or a little above at the other en . This is generally at
45° to the alignment of road or parallel to the river and follows profile or earthen banks.

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 AT 7 NO. JUNCTION
The study included making videos of the traffic there and also recording various engineering
defects there. The videos will then be used to get various details with the help of Traffic Data
Extraction Package.
Various Defects such as improper placing of sign boards, maintenance of roads etc were found.
The study was also done with the help of auto level and Total Station.
We also learned how to work in a team.

Non-Visibility of Sign Boards, Too many sign boards at one place as here given that signs are
not visible

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 LEVELING BY AUTO LEVEL
Levelling or leveling is a branch of surveying, the object of which is to establish or verify or
measure the height of specified points relative to a datum. It is widely used in cartography to
measure geodetic height, and in construction to measure height differences of construction
artifacts

CONCLUSION-
Whatever I have learnt from the site visit .it was approximate similar to the theoretical
knowledge the experience we had of learning practical was more interesting for us .it was like
the elixir for the students ,if the deserve then can get a lot of things
● I have learned difference between theoretical and practical implication as the situations
are not ideal in reality.
REFERENCES-
 bureau of Indian standard
 design and construction of wood stairs for houses code of practice- is 1634: 1992
 concrete mix proportioning - guidelines-is 10262: 2009
 batching and mixing of concrete- by is 4925: 2004
 http://www.ecogreenproducts.in/aac-blocks.php
 http://www.concrete.org.uk/fingertips-nuggets.asp?cmd=display&id=124
 s.s.rangvala

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