This document discusses polymorphism and operator overloading in C#. It defines polymorphism as having many forms, and describes static and dynamic polymorphism. Static polymorphism uses function and operator overloading at compile time, while dynamic polymorphism uses abstract classes and virtual functions to determine behavior at runtime. Function overloading allows multiple definitions of the same function name, differing by type or number of arguments. Operator overloading allows redefining operators for user-defined types. The document provides examples of function overloading, dynamic polymorphism using abstract classes and virtual functions, and operator overloading.

1. Learn C# Programming
Polymorphism & Operator Overloading
Eng Teong Cheah
MVP Visual Studio & Development Technologies

2. Polymorphism

3. Polymorphism
The word polymorphism means having many forms. In object-oriented programming
paradigm, polymorphism is often expressed as ‘one interface, multiple functions’.
Polymorphism can be static or dynamic.
In static polymorphism, the response to a function is determined at the compile time.
In dynamic polymorphism, it is decided at runtime.

4. Static Polymorphism
The mechanism of linking a function with an object during compile time is called early
binding. It is also called static binding.
C# provides two techniques to implement static polymorphism.
They are:
- Function overloading
- Operator overloading

5. Function Overloading
You can have multiple definitions for the same function name in the same scope.
The definition of the function must differ from each other by the types and/or the
number of arguments in the argument list.
You cannot overload function declarations that differ only by return type.

6. Demo – Function
Overloading

7. Dynamic Polymorphism
C# allows you to create abstract classes that are used to provide partial class
implementation of an interface. Implementation is completed when a derived class
inherits from it.
Abstract classes contain abstract methods, which is implemented by the derived class.
The derived classes have more specialized functionality.

8. Dynamic Polymorphism
Here are the rules about abstract classes-
- You cannot create an instance of an abstract class
- You cannot declare an abstract method outside an abstract class
- When a class is declared sealed. It cannot be inherited, abstract classes cannot be
declared sealed.

9. Demo – Dynamic
Polymorphism

10. Dynamic Polymorphism
When you have a function defined in a class that you want to be implemented in an
inherited class(es), you use virtual functions.
The virtual functions could be implemented differently in different inherited class and
the call to these functions will be decided at runtime.
Dynamic polymorphism is implemented by abstract classes and virtual functions.

11. Demo 2 – Dynamic
Polymorphism

12. Operator Overloading

13. Operator Overloading
You can redefine or overload most of the built-in operators available in C#.
Thus programmer can use operators with user defined types as well.
Overloaded operators followed by the symbol for the operator being defined.
Similar to any other function, an overload operator has a return type and parameter list.

14. Operator Overloading
For example, go through the following function –
The above function implements the addition (+) for a user defined class Box.
It adds the attributes of two Box objects and returns the resultant Box object.

15. Demo – Implementing
the Operator
Overloading

16. Overloadable and Non-Overloadable
Operators
The following table describes the overload ability of the operators in C#

17. Demo – Overloadable &
Non-Overloadable
Operators

18. Related Content
TutorialsPoint
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