LEADERSHIP PROFESSORS LICHTBRAUN, ALOIA AND GAREL What is Management? Carlisle (1976) The “process by which the elements of a group are integrated, coordinated, and/or utilized so as to effectively and efficiently achieve organizational objectives”. Ignores the notion of ‘office’ or ‘position’. Management is not the sole province of managers and supervisors. Non-supervisory personnel can perform the management function. What is Leadership? Klotter (1990) “refers to a process that helps direct and mobilize people and their ideas…” Dupree (1989) Leadership is tribal in nature and focuses on an organization’s symbols, rituals and culture. Leaders focus on Motivating employees, Developing organizational culture, and Changing the organization. Managers Leaders Ensure compliance with existing processes Focus on planning and budgeting to achieve short term goals Seek to achieve rationality by enforcing rules Concerned about employees doing things right Question existing processes Focus on more long-term strategic planning Seek opportunities to change the organization and its culture Concerned about employees doing the right thing Management vs. Leadership Leadership Defined Leadership is a process that effectively accomplishes organizational goals and is related to effectiveness. Administrators can learn leadership skills. Leadership is a group process. Leadership in public bureaucracies is inherently political. Theories of Leadership Leadership theories can be loosely organized into one of the following traditions. Leaders are born and not made Leadership is behavioral Leadership is contingency based Theories of Leadership Born Leaders Assumes: The ability to lead others is based on certain personality traits like the ability to relate to others, communication skills, or charisma. Leadership is not a learned skill – you either have it or you don’t. Leadership effectiveness is dependent upon finding a person with the personality type that can work well in a particular working environment. Theories of Leadership Born Leaders This approach was largely discredited when researchers understood the importance of contingencies. Some leadership ‘personalities’ are more or less effective in certain situations, but situations (contingencies) often change. Some researchers continue to advocate that personality characteristics are an important element of leadership effectiveness. Theories of Leadership Behavioral Theories Focus is on how leaders behave. Effectiveness depends on how leaders interact with their subordinates to accomplish tasks (initiating structures). This approach is also concerned with how workers achieve both organizational and personal goals simultaneously. The perception of support from management is critical. Creating a sense of belonging among employees is essential to effective leadership. Theories of Leadership Contingency Theories Emphasis is on how situ ...