1. Wilson warns Germany that destroying American ships or killing American citizens would damage relations and force the US to hold Germany accountable. He asks Germany to only use visit and search. 2. Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany announces his abdication from the throne after Germany's loss in WWI and the revolution overthrowing the monarchy. 3. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia declares against Bulgaria for betraying the Slavs and attacking allied Serbia, despite Russia freeing Bulgaria from Ottoman rule. He draws Russian swords against Bulgaria to punish the betrayal.

1. Leadership (Sith) Supasith Serewiwattana

2. 1. Wilson's First Warning to the Germans 10 February 1915 The Government of the United State views those possibilities with such grave concern that it feels it to be its privilege, and, indeed, its duty, in the circumstances, to request the Imperial German Government to consider, before action is taken, the critical situation in respect of the relation between this country and Germany -- which might arise were the German naval force, in carrying out the policy foreshadowed in the Admiralty's proclamation, to destroy any merchant vessel of the United States or cause the death of American citizens.

3. It is, of course, not necessary to remind the German Government that the sole right of a belligerent in dealing with neutral vessels on the high seas is limited to visit and search, unless a blockade is proclaimed and effectively maintained, which this Government does not understand to be proposed in this case. To declare or exercise a right to attack and destroy any vessel entering a prescribed area of the high seas without first certainly determining its belligerent nationality and the contraband character of its cargo would be an act so unprecedented in naval warfare that this government is reluctant to believe that the Imperial Government of Germany in this case contemplates it as possible.

4. The suspicion that enemy ships are using neutral flags improperly can create no just presumption that all ships traversing a prescribed area are subject to the same suspicion. It is to determine exactly such questions that this Government understands the right of visit and search to have been recognized. This Government has carefully noted the explanatory statement issued by the Imperial German Government at the same time with the proclamation of the German Admiralty, and takes this occasion to remind the Imperial German Government very respectfully that the Government of the United States is open to none of the criticisms for unneutral action to which the German Government believes the governments of certain other neutral nations have laid themselves open; that the Government of the United State has not consented to or acquiesced in any measures which may have been taken by the other belligerent nations in the present war which operate to restrain neutral trade, but has, on the contrary, taken in all such matters a position which warrants it in holding those governments responsible in the proper way for any untoward effects on American shipping which the accepted principles of international law do not justify; and that it, therefore, regards itself as free in the present instance to take with a clear conscience and upon accepted principles the position indicated in this note.

5. If the commanders of German vessels of war should act upon the presumption that the flag of the United States was not being used in good faith and should destroy on the high seas an American vessel or the lives of American citizens, it would be difficult for the Government of the United States to view the act in any other light than as an indefensible violation of neutral rights, which it would be very hard, indeed, to reconcile with the friendly relations now happily subsisting between the two governments. If such a deplorable situation should arise, the Imperial German Government can readily appreciate that the Government of the United States would be constrained to hold the Imperial Government of Germany to a strict accountability for such acts of their naval authorities, and to take any steps it might be necessary to take to safeguard American lives and property and to secure to American citizens the full enjoyment of their acknowledged rights on the high seas.

6. The Government of the United States, in view of these considerations, which it urges with the sincere purpose of making sure that no misunderstandings may arise, and no circumstances occur, that might even cloud the intercourse of the two governments, expresses the confident hope and expectation that the Imperial German Government can and will give assurance that American citizens and their vessels will not be molested by the naval forces of Germany otherwise than by visit and search, though their vessels may be traversing the sea area delimited in the proclamation of the German Admiralty. It is stated for the information of the Imperial Government that representations have been made to his Britannic Majesty's Government in respect to the unwarranted use of the American flag for the protection of British ships.

7. Speaker The speaker is the Thomas Woodrow Wilson. Identification He is the United State leader, the president. He had to protect his people by taking action to deal with Germany. Belief He believe Germany’s’ behavior during war is unacceptable and violate regular war rules. German submarine didn’t have the right to shoot US. Even though Germany suspected that USA delivered goods or weapons to Britain, they shouldn’t shot; instead they can stop the ships and search. Wilson warned Germany that if this action didn’t stop, he had to take further steps in response, which may result in violence.

8. Why? Wilson is the United State leader, the president. The Germany was shooting the ships and cargos without good reasons. This is his job to protect his citizen’s right. If he allowed this to continue, his popularity will decrease and he may be lost his position. POV: As the president of United States, Wilson saw that Germany undersea warfare was threatening United States and cost American lives, therefore he had to protect his people by declaring war against.

9. 2. Abdication Proclamation of Wilhelm II 28 November, 1918 I herewith renounce for all time claims to the throne of Prussia and to the German Imperial throne connected therewith. At the same time I release all officials of the German Empire and of Prussia, as well as all officers, noncommissioned officers and men of the navy and of the Prussian army, as well as the troops of the federated states of Germany, from the oath of fidelity which they tendered to me as their Emperor, King and Commander-in-Chief. I expect of them that until the re-establishment of order in the German Empire they shall render assistance to those in actual power in Germany, in protecting the German people from the threatening dangers of anarchy, famine, and foreign rule. Proclaimed under our own hand and with the imperial seal attached. Amerongen, 28 November, 1918 (Signed )WILLIAM

10. Speaker The speaker is Kaiser Willhem II. Identification He is the Emperor of Germany during the WWI. At least in theory, he is the supreme commander of the armed force. All of the decision ordered to the soldier had to has his name to be effective. Belief Before the revolution, he isn’t a strong leader the so the real power layed in the hands of the military, and the decision to replace Erich von Falkenhayn by Paul von Hindenburg, as Army Chief of Staff in August 1916, was taken against his wishes. But there is nothing he can do. The field commander on the Western Front throughout the war was his son, Prince Wilhelm. Since he and his son hold position in armed forces, there is no one to blame.

11. Why? He knew that his role has ended. The military siege power through revolution. The country lost WWI. He sadly gave speech to say his word before abdication and hope that the new government will take care of the people well. POV: Kaiser Wilhelm II, as the German Emperor, abdicated because of he is not strong enough to go against military decision to wage war and his failure to win the war, both of this lead to the revolution that overthrew him, the only choice he had is to abdicate.

12. 3. Tsar Nicholas' Declaration Against the Bulgarians 4762 By the Grace of God WE, NICHOLAS THE SECOND, Emperor and AutocratOf All the Russias,Tsar of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, etc., etc., etc., Declare to all Our loyal subjects: Impossible as it seemed, but treacherously preparing from the very beginning of the war, Bulgaria has betrayed the Slav cause: The Bulgarian army has attacked Our faithful ally Serbia, [which is already] bleeding profusely in a struggle with a strong enemy.

13. Russia and Our allied Great Powers tried to warn Ferdinand of Coburg against this fatal step. The fullfillment of an age-old aspiration of the Bulgar people - union with Macedonia - has [already] been guaranteed to Bulgaria by a means more in accord with the interests of the Slav world. But appeals by the Germans to secret ambitions and fratricidal emnity against the Serbs prevailed. Bulgaria, whose [Orthodox] faith is the same as Ours, who so recently has been liberated from Turkish slavery by the brotherly love and the blood of the Russian people, openly took the side of the enemies of the Christian faith, the Slav world and of Russia.

14. The Russian people react with bitterness to the treachery of a Bulgaria which was so close to them until recently, and draw their swords against her with heavy hearts, leaving the fate of these traitors to the Slav world to God's just retribution. Given at the Tsar's Headquarters the 5th day of October, in the year from the Nativity of Christ the 1,915th, and of Our reign the twenty-first. On the true authority of His Imperial Majesty, (signed)NICHOLAS Published in Petrograd at the Senate (Seal), October 6, 1915

15. Speaker The speaker is Nicolas II. Identification He is the Tsar of Russia. Belief He knew believe that the Bulgaria’s behavior is treacherous. Russia had freed Bulgaria from Germany’s oppression. But Bulgaria didn’t feel gratitude and changed side by attacking Serbia. There is no need to be friend with Bulgaria. Why? Since he is the leader of the country, he must show his strong leadership. If Bulgaria was allowed to get away with this, other countries may do the same. Betrayer will be not punished. It is best that he set an example once and for all. POV: As the Tsar of Russia, Nicolas II had to show his strong leadership and set an example of Bulgaria to teach other his ally countries that treachery will be not be tolerated!

16. Modern History Sourcebook: Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Place in the Sun, 1901 Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany: Speech to the North German Regatta Association, 1901 In spite of the fact that we have no such fleet as we should have, we have conquered for ourselves a place in the sun. It will now be my task to see to it that this place in the sun shall remain our undisputed possession, in order that the sun's rays may fall fruitfully upon our activity and trade in foreign parts, that our industry and agriculture may develop within the state and our sailing sports upon the water, for our future lies upon the water. The more Germans go out upon the waters, whether it be in races or regattas, whether it be in journeys across the ocean, or in the service of the battle flag, so much the better it will be for us.

17. For when the German has once learned to direct his glance upon what is distant and great, the pettiness which surrounds him in daily life on all sides will disappear. Whoever wishes to have this larger and freer outlook can find no better place than one of the Hanseatic cities....we are now making efforts to do what, in the old time, the Hanseatic cities could not accomplish, because they lacked the vivifying and protecting power of the empire. May it be the function of my Hansa during many years of peace to protect and advance commerce and trade!

18. As head of the Empire I therefore rejoice over every citizen, whether from Hamburg, Bremen, or Lübeck, who goes forth with this large outlook and seeks new points where we can drive in the nail on which to hang our armor. Therefore, I believe that I express the feeling of all your hearts when I recognize gratefully that the director of this company who has placed at our disposal the wonderful ship which bears my daughter's name has gone forth as a courageous servant of the Hansa, in order to make for us friendly conquests whose fruits will be gathered by our descendants!

19. Source: C. Gauss, The German Kaiser as Shown in His Public Utterances (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915), pp. 181-183. Scanned by Jerome S. Arkenberg, Dept. of History, Cal. State Fullerton

20. Speaker: Kaiser Wilhelm II Identification: He is the Emperor of Germany during the WWI. At least in theory, he is the supreme commander of the armed force. All of the decision ordered to the soldier had to has his name to be effective. Belief: Germany must be a great power in Europe. Germany had to fight. Why? He wanted the people to support him. If he expand and bring prosperity, people will enjoy it. POV: Kaiser Wilhelm II, as the Emperor of Germany, wanted Germany to have better status in Europe, “Germany’s Places in the Sun”, and this can only be succeeded by expanding the country, increasing naval size to go over sea, and bring pride to country.