The document discusses the sources and effects of lead contamination, including natural sources like volcanic explosions and human-related sources such as leaded gasoline and industrial activities. Lead exposure poses significant health risks, particularly to children, affecting their neurological development and leading to broader ecological consequences. It emphasizes the need for preventive actions, policies, and the adoption of lead-free technologies to mitigate the public health and environmental impacts of lead.

2. LEAD
• Presented by:
• 18CH 17
• 18CH 03
• 18CH 08
• 18CH 20
• 18CH 24
• 18CH 55

8. SOURCES:
1. Natural sources
2. Non natural sources OR from human activities

9. NATURAL RESOURCES:
• Volcanic explosions
• Forest fire.

10. NON NATURAL SOURCES:
1. Leaded gasoline.
2. Ores and processing of metals.
3. Industrial sources.
4. Lead-based paints.
5. Coal buburningrning.
6. Manufacturing of lead batteries.
7. Older houses and buildings.
8. Mining and smelting activities, etc.

11. CONSEQUENCE OF LEAD CONTAMINATION:
1. The effects of lead on human health
2. The effects of lead on ecosystems

12. THE EFFECTS OF LEAD ON HUMAN HEALTH
• Once taken into the body, lead distributes throughout the body in the
blood and is accumulated in the bones. Depending on the level of
exposure, lead can adversely affect the nervous system, kidney function,
immune system, reproductive and developmental systems and the
cardiovascular system. Lead exposure also affects the oxygen carrying
capacity of the blood. The lead effects most likely to be encountered in
current populations are neurological effects in children. Infants and
young children are especially sensitive to lead exposures, which may
contribute to behavioral problems, learning deficits and lowered IQ.

13. THE EFFECTS OF LEAD ON ECOSYSTEMS
• Lead is persistent in the environment and can be added to soils
and sediments through deposition from sources of lead air
pollution. Other sources of lead to ecosystems include direct
discharge of waste streams to water bodies and
mining. Elevated lead in the environment can result in
decreased growth and reproduction in plants and animals, and
neurological effects in vertebrates.

14. PREVENTIVE ACTIONS AND DECONTAMINATION
STRATEGIES:
• WHO has identified lead as 1 of 10 chemicals of major
public health concern, needing action by Member States
to protect the health of workers, children and women of
reproductive age.

15. ADVANCEMENT OF ANALYTIC
TECHNOLOGIES:
• Many research studies have substantiated that even very
low lead levels can cause brain development problems in
children and no threshold has been identified for this
effect. Children’s blood lead concentration should be
measured and the development of more advanced
analytical technologies will help detect very low levles of
lead in blood.

16. POLICIES, REGULATIONS AND SUPERVISIONS:
• Although high dose lead poisoning has become rare
globally, long-term exposure to low levels of lead remains
an issue for public health. More policies, regulations and
supervisions on environmental lead level should be
developed to improve the environmental safety and
eliminate the existing problems.

17. LEAD-FREE TECHNOLOGIES:
• Due to the harmful effects that lead can cause,
replacement of the conventional lead-based materials by
lead-free products was an inevitable trend. This trend
includes the development of lead-free piezoelectric
ceramics , lead-free solders , lead-free glass, and lead-
free electronic assembly. Also, the development of new
hydrometallurgical technologies significantly decreased
the Pd pollution during lead recovering processes.

18. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE:
• Good industrial hygiene and close monitoring should be
adopted in a timely manner to detect improper or
excessive lead emission before it leads to environmental
hazards and human health impacts.

19. REDUCTION OF INDOOR LEAD POLLUTION:
• Remediation for removing these lead sources from
children’s home environments can help to reduce their
lead exposure. Workers involved in lead remediation or
working with lead containing materials should take
frequent showers and change clothes following work
activities before going home. Indoor dust should be
removed regularly and frequently for people living near
lead industrial areas.

20. DECONTAMINATION STRATEGIES:
• Phytoremediation is a more environmentally friendly
improvement to the conventional chelating methodologies.
Phytoremediation technologies use plants to absorb lead
from contaminated soils are emerging with increased
frequency. Materials like apatite and carbon nanotubes
can also be used for phytoextraction, such as to clean
lead from contaminated water or soil systems.