Linked Data On the Web Workshop (LDOW 2013, WWW 2013, Rio de Janeiro)
Exposing data about customizable products is a challenging issue, because of the number of features and options customers can choose from, and of the intricate constraints between them. However, the configuration process, by which the customer makes her choice, one step at a time, is a graph traversal among partially defined products; that is Linked Data browsing. This natural yet fruitful abstraction for product customization hides complexity from the client agent,
and allows corporations to publish descriptions of their ranges of products, in their own terms. To open these ranges to comparison, corporate vocabularies have to be linked to known entities in the LOD cloud; the creation of sharable thesauri is discussed.
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Describing Customizable Products on the Web of Data (LDOW 2013)
1. LDOW 2013
Describing Customizable Products on the Web of Data
Linked Data On the Web Workshop - Rio de Janeiro - May 14th, 2013
François-Paul Servant (francois-paul.servant@renault.com)
2. LDOW 2013
01 Publishing descriptions of customizable products
A challenging issue
02
03
Configuration as Linked Data
The Configuration Ontology
Designing sharable vocabularies
Requirements
3. LDOW 2013LDOW 2013
Publishing product descriptions on the web of data
has recently gained momentum
schema.org
GoodRelations
Use rich data for Web marketing
in order to increase the visibility of commercial offers
talking to all kinds of devices and agents
search engines, price comparators, recommendation applications
SEO ("search engine optimization")
6. LDOW 2013
For cars, especially for new cars, results are a bit disappointing...
7. LDOW 2013
Books
- Completely Defined Products
- Few search criteria
- Comparisons of the offers on a small number of criteria
- ISBN
- <130.000.000 different books*
* http://booksearch.blogspot.com/2010/08/books-of-world-stand-up-and-be-counted.html
- Partially Defined Products
- Many criteria
- Comparisons on many criteria
- No id
- and... a huge diversity
Cars
8. LDOW 2013
Product ranges in the automotive industry are huge
1020
different cars for sale at Renault
9. LDOW 2013
Product ranges in the automotive industry are huge
Body styles x Engines x Gearboxes
x Colors
x Air Conditioning systems
x Radios
x Navigation systems
x Electronic Stability System?
x ABS?
x Sun-roof?
x ...
= 1025
10. LDOW 2013
Huge, and complex
Body styles x Engines x Gearboxes
x Colors
x Air Conditioning systems
x Radios
x Navigation systems
x Electronic Stability System?
x ABS?
x Sun-roof?
x ...
= 1025
Every combination of features is not possible :
technical, industrial and legal constraints, marketing policy
=1020- "Unglazed rear doors exclude rear wipers"
- "Rear electric windows imply front electric windows"
- ...
11. LDOW 2013
Huge, and complex
Body styles x Engines x Gearboxes
x Colors
x Air Conditioning systems
x Radios
x Navigation systems
x Electronic Stability System?
x ABS?
x Sun-roof?
x ...
= 1025
Every combination of features is not possible :
technical, industrial and legal constraints, marketing policy
=1020- "Unglazed rear doors exclude rear wipers"
- "Rear electric windows imply front electric windows"- ...
1 chance upon 100,000 to get an
existing car,
if you choose its features
without taking the constraints into account.
12. LDOW 2013
Description of an automotive range
The range cannot be enumerated: defined "in intention"
A set of Variables and Constraints between their values:
a "Constraint Satisfaction Problem" (CSP)
Computationally hard!
Reasoning software required
13. LDOW 2013
How to publish such descriptions?
The CSP can be represented using Semantic Web languages
But publishing such data on the web would be too demanding of the clients
Reasoning better hosted on the server
So?
16. LDOW 2013
The configuration process
at each step: list of possible choices, given the choices made so far
Previous selections Possible choices
17. LDOW 2013
A configurator as a REST service
ConfigurationService?spec=spec1&spec=spec2&... (*)
returns:
= specifications compatible with the previous selections
to choose specX: append "&spec=specX" to (*)
(*) identifies a state of the configuration process
= a "Configuration"
= a Partially Defined Car
= a subset of the range
(*) : URI of configuration
Possible choices
Previous selections
18. LDOW 2013
Configuration as Linked Data
ConfigurationService?spec=spec1&spec=spec2&... (*)
returns the list of (compatible specification, URI of the refined configuration)
eg. (specX, ConfigurationService?spec=spec1&spec=spec2&...&spec=specX)
Configuration Process = Traversal of a graph of linked Configurations
= Linked Data!
Reasoning handled by the server, complexity hidden to the client
a GUI just has to display the links
19. LDOW 2013
Entry point: the list of models
<http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/docs#this>
a co:Configuration ;
co:possible
[ a co:ConfigurationLink ;
rdfs:label "Laguna Hatchback 2011"@en ;
co:linkedConf <http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/c/BAv/AAI#this> ;
co:specToBeAdded <http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/spec/BAv/LA3#this>
] ;
co:possible
[ a co:ConfigurationLink ;
rdfs:label "Mégane Sport Tourer"@en ;
co:linkedConf <http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/c/BACp/AAI#this> ;
co:specToBeAdded <http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/spec/BACp/M3K#this>
] ;
...
Renault range (UK)
Possible choices:
the list of models
I want a Laguna Hatchback...
20. LDOW 2013
The "Laguna Hatchback" configuration
<http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/c/BAv/AAI#this>
a co:Configuration ;
co:chosenSpec <http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/spec/BAv/LA3#this> ;
co:possible
[ a co:ConfigurationLink ;
co:linkedConf <http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/c/BAv/AAMDg#this> ;
co:specToBeAdded <http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/spec/BAv/PT1633_automatic_gearbox#this>
] ;
co:possible
[ a co:ConfigurationLink ;
...
<http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/spec/BAv/PT1633_automatic_gearbox#this>
a co:Specification ;
rdfs:label "Automatic Gearbox"@en .
Possible choices
I want an automatic gearbox...
Previous selections
(encoded in the URI,
in clear in the data)
21. LDOW 2013
The "Laguna Hatchback, automatic gearbox" configuration
<http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/c/BAv/AAMDg#this>
a co:Configuration ;
co:chosenSpec
<http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/spec/BAv/LA3#this> ,
<http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/spec/BAv/PT1633_automatic_gearbox#this>
co:possible
[ a co:ConfigurationLink ;
co:linkedConf <http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/c/BAv/AAMDg#this> ;
co:specToBeAdded <http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/spec/BAv/PT1628_diesel#this>
] ;
co:possible
[ a co:ConfigurationLink ;
...
gr:hasPriceSpecification [gr:hasCurrencyValue "21795"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#float>...] ;
co:impliedSpec <http://uk.co.rplug.renault.com/spec/BAv/PT1627_direct_common_rail_with_turbo#this>,...
co:impossible
[ a co:ConfigurationLink ;...
Possible choices
More info
Previous selections
(encoded in the URI,
in clear in the data)
22. LDOW 2013
Configuration ontology
http://purl.org/configurationontology
The configuration process as the traversal of a graph of Configurations
3 main classes: Specification, Configuration and ConfigurationLink
properties: chosenSpec, impliedSpec, possible, impossible, defaultSpec, etc
the different kinds of relations between a Configuration and a Specification
A generic, domain independent ontology
not limited to the automotive industry
doesn't depend on the vocabulary used for the specifications
most online configurator applications could use it
23. LDOW 2013
Benefits
Improved Architecture of the configuration server
Web architecture
Decreased development costs of web applications
No need to understand the concepts underlying configuration
No need to learn an API
Just "display the data and follow the links"
Data published on the web of data for e-business
Accurate description of the range, that can be explored by crawlers
just a matter of following links.
Configuration URI: a global identifier for Partially Defined Products
24. LDOW 2013
Configuration URI: a global identifier for Partially Defined Products
A Configuration
= a "Partially Defined Product"
a commercial offer
has a "from price"
can be described using GoodRelations
a customer’s wish list (constrained by the definition of the range)
BTW: an important thing, in a marketing point of view!
Conf URI
25. LDOW 2013
Aggregation of data from different publishers
Range comparators, market places, etc.
Companies will publish data using their own terms (URIs of specifications)
many specifications are unique to a company
and needs to be described, and therefore identified
the ultimate goal of the configuration process is an order, defined in the
manufacturing company's terms
no additional cost
precision is lost when mapping to other vocabularies
my:GorgeousPanoramicSunroof is more than a dbpedia:Sunroof
Mapping required
Use dbpedia URIs? Hmm...
Reference thesaurus of specifications
some shared way to say "diesel" or "CO2 emission level"
26. LDOW 2013
Reference thesaurus of Specifications
There's none
Some vocabularies attempt to describe cars
but do not support Partially Defined Products (PDP)
A PDP is not a completely defined one with some properties left undocumented!
VSO ("Vehicle Sales Ontology")
provides some terms, but uses a pattern than doesn't work for PDP:
vso:fuelType rdfs:range vso:FuelTypeValue.
foo:ACar vso:fuelType dbpedia:Diesel.
No room left for the kind of the relation between the configuration and the specification (possible,
implied, etc)
Should be enough to state once for all that: dbpedia:Diesel a vso:FuelTypeValue.
Shift from vocabularies describing products to vocabularies defining classes
of Specifications
hierarchies of terms, etc.
27. LDOW 2013
Conclusion
Ranges of customizable products can be described as Linked Data
URIs for Partially Defined Products
A generic ontology
Renault publishes data about its range
10^20 cars (and more configurations) fully described in RDF
http://{uk,br,fr,de,es,it}.co.rplug.renault.com/docs#this
(set ACCEPT HTTP Header to application/rdf+xml or to text/turtle)
quick start guide (and a javascript configurator based on this data):
http://purl.org/configurationontology/quickstart
Agents can crawl and use these data
a challenge for Search Engines (10^20 is huge!)
A reference thesaurus of classes of specifications would be helpful for
Range comparators
28.
29. LDOW 2013
Compiled Range
Range description
(source data)
Compilation
(offline)
Configuration
Engine
Configurator
web app
HTTP
Range as Linked Data
(generated on the fly)
Jersey REST service
Crawler Agent
30. LDOW 2013
Indexing configurations
Accurate description of the range, that can be explored by crawlers
just a matter of following links.
But 10^20 is huge!
Partial indexing
Based on the specifications
Beware to the semantics of the properties!
spec1 and spec2 can both be compatible with a given configuration, but not (spec1 and spec2) -
only way to know: query the configuration service
Choose the indexing strategy
some specifications have more value than others
Sitemap
which configurations should be included to get the most of it from a marketing
point of view?