Layer 1 is the primary blockchain architecture whereas Layer 2 refers to an overlaying network on top of it. Learn more about layer 1 and layer 2 blockchain solutions
Journey to Blockchain Scalability: A Close Look at Complete Scaling Solutions...Zeeve
The document provides an overview of blockchain scalability solutions for layer 1 (on-chain) and layer 2 (off-chain) blockchains. It discusses approaches like hard forking, segregated witness, and sharding for layer 1 as well as state channels, plasma, sidechains, rollups, and app-chains for layer 2. The scalability trilemma and trade-offs between scalability, security, and decentralization are also summarized. Examples of implementations are provided for many of the solutions.
Blockchain technology, initially the backbone of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, has evolved beyond its original purpose to become a transformative force in the digital world. It’s no longer just a ledger for financial transactions; blockchain is a foundational technology with potential applications across various sectors, from finance to healthcare and beyond.
This evolution has been marked by significant advancements that address blockchain’s initial limitations, such as scalability, interoperability, and privacy. These improvements are catalyzing a shift in how blockchain is utilized, paving the way for more efficient and user-centric decentralized applications (dApps) and platforms.
This report provides a brief yet comprehensive exploration of these technological breakthroughs. We aim to dissect how each development contributes to the evolving landscape of blockchain, highlighting its potential to revolutionize diverse sectors. Our focus will cover a spectrum of advancements: scalability solutions and consensus mechanisms to privacy enhancements, smart contract innovations, tokenization, and the burgeoning field of Decentralized Finance (DeFi).
A blockchain is, in the simplest of terms, a time-stamped series of immutable records of data that is managed by a cluster of computers not owned by any single entity. Each of these blocks of data (i.e. block) is secured and bound to each other using cryptographic principles (i.e. chain).
So, what is so special about it and why are we saying that it has industry-disrupting capabilities?
The blockchain network has no central authority — it is the very definition of a democratized system. Since it is a shared and immutable ledger, the information in it is open for anyone and everyone to see. Hence, anything that is built on the blockchain is by its very nature transparent and everyone involved is accountable for their actions.
Scaling is one of the most interesting areas of innovation for blockchain. In this survey we took a first pass at a market landscape survey. We would love any edits/suggestions you may nave.
chapter 4 Selected Topics in computer.pptxAschalewAyele2
Blockchain is a distributed database that records transactions in blocks that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data. This allows record of transactions to be recorded across decentralized networks and prevents alteration of the record without agreement of the network. Blockchain uses cryptography and consensus algorithms to ensure security and verification of transactions without the need for centralized authorities.
chapter 4 Selected Topics in computer.pptxAschalewAyele2
Blockchain is a distributed database that records transactions in blocks that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data. This allows record of transactions to be recorded across decentralized networks and prevents alteration of the record without agreement of the network. Blockchain uses cryptography and consensus algorithms to ensure security and verification of transactions without the need for centralized authorities.
Blockchain Technology - By Dennis Loos.pdfdennis loos
Blockchain is one of the most significant assets that truly disrupt our day-to-day lives. It’s not just cryptocurrencies. “But Dennis Loos, isn’t blockchain just cryptos?” Oh, no, it’s much, much, MUCH more than that.
Blockchain technology allows data to be stored and exchanged on a peer-to-peer network in a secure and decentralized manner without intermediaries. It works by validating transactions and adding them as blocks to an immutable blockchain that is shared across all nodes in the network. Blockchains use cryptography to ensure data integrity and prevent alteration of past records. Real-world applications of blockchain include powering cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, implementing smart contracts, building decentralized applications, and developing government services like in Dubai.
Journey to Blockchain Scalability: A Close Look at Complete Scaling Solutions...Zeeve
The document provides an overview of blockchain scalability solutions for layer 1 (on-chain) and layer 2 (off-chain) blockchains. It discusses approaches like hard forking, segregated witness, and sharding for layer 1 as well as state channels, plasma, sidechains, rollups, and app-chains for layer 2. The scalability trilemma and trade-offs between scalability, security, and decentralization are also summarized. Examples of implementations are provided for many of the solutions.
Blockchain technology, initially the backbone of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, has evolved beyond its original purpose to become a transformative force in the digital world. It’s no longer just a ledger for financial transactions; blockchain is a foundational technology with potential applications across various sectors, from finance to healthcare and beyond.
This evolution has been marked by significant advancements that address blockchain’s initial limitations, such as scalability, interoperability, and privacy. These improvements are catalyzing a shift in how blockchain is utilized, paving the way for more efficient and user-centric decentralized applications (dApps) and platforms.
This report provides a brief yet comprehensive exploration of these technological breakthroughs. We aim to dissect how each development contributes to the evolving landscape of blockchain, highlighting its potential to revolutionize diverse sectors. Our focus will cover a spectrum of advancements: scalability solutions and consensus mechanisms to privacy enhancements, smart contract innovations, tokenization, and the burgeoning field of Decentralized Finance (DeFi).
A blockchain is, in the simplest of terms, a time-stamped series of immutable records of data that is managed by a cluster of computers not owned by any single entity. Each of these blocks of data (i.e. block) is secured and bound to each other using cryptographic principles (i.e. chain).
So, what is so special about it and why are we saying that it has industry-disrupting capabilities?
The blockchain network has no central authority — it is the very definition of a democratized system. Since it is a shared and immutable ledger, the information in it is open for anyone and everyone to see. Hence, anything that is built on the blockchain is by its very nature transparent and everyone involved is accountable for their actions.
Scaling is one of the most interesting areas of innovation for blockchain. In this survey we took a first pass at a market landscape survey. We would love any edits/suggestions you may nave.
chapter 4 Selected Topics in computer.pptxAschalewAyele2
Blockchain is a distributed database that records transactions in blocks that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data. This allows record of transactions to be recorded across decentralized networks and prevents alteration of the record without agreement of the network. Blockchain uses cryptography and consensus algorithms to ensure security and verification of transactions without the need for centralized authorities.
chapter 4 Selected Topics in computer.pptxAschalewAyele2
Blockchain is a distributed database that records transactions in blocks that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data. This allows record of transactions to be recorded across decentralized networks and prevents alteration of the record without agreement of the network. Blockchain uses cryptography and consensus algorithms to ensure security and verification of transactions without the need for centralized authorities.
Blockchain Technology - By Dennis Loos.pdfdennis loos
Blockchain is one of the most significant assets that truly disrupt our day-to-day lives. It’s not just cryptocurrencies. “But Dennis Loos, isn’t blockchain just cryptos?” Oh, no, it’s much, much, MUCH more than that.
Blockchain technology allows data to be stored and exchanged on a peer-to-peer network in a secure and decentralized manner without intermediaries. It works by validating transactions and adding them as blocks to an immutable blockchain that is shared across all nodes in the network. Blockchains use cryptography to ensure data integrity and prevent alteration of past records. Real-world applications of blockchain include powering cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, implementing smart contracts, building decentralized applications, and developing government services like in Dubai.
Blockchain is a distributed database that maintains a growing list of transaction records called blocks. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, transaction data, and a timestamp. This forms a chain where blocks are linked in a linear chronological order. New transactions are broadcast to the peer-to-peer network, validated by nodes, and grouped into blocks that are then added to the blockchain through a process called mining which solves a complex math problem. The blockchain is maintained across the decentralized network and no single entity controls it, providing security, transparency, and decentralization.
This document discusses blockchain technology and its applications. It begins with definitions of blockchain, describing how blocks are linked together in a growing list using cryptography. It then covers blockchain consensus protocols like proof-of-work and proof-of-stake. Applications of blockchain discussed include use in IoT for addressing space, identity management, and access control, as well as in smart agriculture for supply chain tracking and fair pricing. The document concludes by outlining challenges for blockchain like security issues, scalability as the ledger grows, legal questions around jurisdiction, and limitations to transactional privacy.
Blockchain technology allows participants to interact without a central authority by maintaining a distributed ledger of an shared database. It has applications beyond digital currencies like voting, smart contracts, and digital property records. Blockchains use cryptography and consensus to securely add transactions in blocks to an immutable chain. There are public, private, and consortium blockchains depending on who can read/write to the ledger. Blockchain technology has evolved from currency in Blockchain 1.0 to supporting smart contracts in Blockchain 2.0 and now decentralized applications in Blockchain 3.0.
Foreword
This paper is the result of a research project carried out by Labs
in EVRY Financial Services during the fall of 2015. The content of
this report is the result of a comprehensive study, featuring online
sources, literary works, as well as recordings of financial
conferences such as Consensus 2015 and Fintech Week 2015.
We aim to provide a comprehensive report detailing the
opportunities, challenges and key success factors for financial
institutions looking to leverage the opportunities presented by
blockchain technology.
We hope you enjoy this study and that it helps give you greater
understanding.
Yao Yao, Jack Rasmus-Vorrath, Ivelin Angelov
https://github.com/yaowser/basic_blockchain
https://www.slideshare.net/YaoYao44/blockchain-security-and-demonstration/
Distributed ledger technology over a network of computers, which provides an alternative to the centralized system
Distributed Database
Peer-to-Peer Transmission
Transparency with Pseudonymity
Records are immutable
Computational Logic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ArZxRdhyPc
This document provides an overview of blockchain technology. It defines blockchain as a continuously growing list of records called blocks that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a hash pointer linking it to the previous block along with a timestamp and transaction data. The document discusses the levels of blockchain from basic storage of digital records to executing smart contracts. It provides examples of blockchain applications in areas like payments and describes the advantages like reduced costs and intermediaries as well as disadvantages like performance needs. Finally, it discusses future works and adoption of blockchain technology.
This document discusses layer 1 and layer 2 blockchain scaling solutions. It provides an overview of the blockchain trilemma and explains why public blockchains are good for censorship resistance and security but limited in scalability. Layer 1 solutions like increasing block size have shortcomings, while layer 2 solutions using state channels and sidechains can exponentially scale throughput without compromising decentralization. The Lightning Network is used as an example of how payment channels in a mesh network can provide fast, low-cost transactions while maintaining security through anchoring to the Bitcoin blockchain. Both layer 1 and 2 solutions are needed to build decentralized infrastructure for governance, value exchange, and more.
Telegram is launching its own cryptocurrency called GRAM and its own blockchain network called TON. TON aims to be faster and more scalable than existing blockchains. It will provide a platform for decentralized applications and third-party services. Telegram aims to integrate wallets and payments into its existing ecosystem of hundreds of millions of users, creating mass adoption of cryptocurrencies.
Telegram open network ton will be a third generationRick Bouter
Telegram Open Network (TON) will be a “third generation” blockchain with more efficient transaction and scaling capabilities than current solutions like Bitcoin and Ethereum.
Telegram is launching its own cryptocurrency called GRAM and its own blockchain network called TON. TON aims to be faster and more scalable than existing blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum. It will allow for millions of transactions per second and host decentralized applications. Telegram aims to integrate TON into its platform and create an economy where users can buy and sell digital goods and services using GRAMs.
Blockchain in FinTech document provides an overview of blockchain technology and its applications in the financial technology sector. It discusses the evolution of distributed systems and how blockchain aims to resolve issues in current centralized systems. The document outlines the key components and types of blockchain solutions, popular platforms like Ethereum, and tools for blockchain development. It also examines use cases for blockchain in fintech, including facilitating direct money transfers without intermediaries and registering digital contracts that self-enforce agreements. The next steps are building expertise in this emerging domain to take advantage of blockchain's disruptive potential.
Sidechain is nothing but a separate chain as like blockchain, connected to the main blockchain via two-way-peg. Sidechains are considered as sub-chains or child chains and the first build blockchain are considered as a main chain or parent chain.
This document discusses blockchain technology and its potential applications. It begins with an introduction to blockchain as a decentralized ledger that allows transactions to be confirmed without an intermediary. It then provides more details on how blockchain works, including how blocks are added in a chronological chain. The document also discusses how blockchain could be used in various industries like finance, providing examples of banks exploring blockchain applications. It concludes that blockchain allows secure transactions in a transparent way without third parties by recording all deals in a public ledger.
The document is a project report on developing a blockchain-based banking system. It includes an introduction, background study on blockchain technology concepts like blocks and mining, a detailed design section describing transaction processing and block creation, and an implementation section showing smart contract code for creating tokens and implementing standard ERC20 functionality. The goal is to upgrade existing banking systems to leverage blockchain technology for processing payments in a decentralized manner without a central authority.
Introduction to blockchain & cryptocurrenciesAurobindo Nayak
This was an intro session on blockchain and cryptocurrencies. If you want to view the webinar for this talk checkout: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rl5mVI7jEK0
This document summarizes research on blockchain sharding. It begins by explaining that as blockchains grow in size, maintaining full copies of ledgers becomes inefficient. Sharding solves this by dividing the ledger across nodes. Each node then only maintains a fragment, improving scalability. The document then discusses various consensus algorithms like proof-of-work and outlines challenges in applying database sharding to blockchains. It also examines cross-shard transactions and how sharding protocols must ensure atomicity. In conclusion, the document argues that sharding can significantly improve blockchain scaling and security by distributing the ledger across multiple "shard chains".
Blockchain is a growing list of data blocks that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data. This makes blockchain resistant to modification of the data. The first blockchain was created by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 as a public ledger for bitcoin transactions. Blockchain has various applications including cryptocurrencies, financial services, and supply chain management. While it provides benefits of decentralization, security and transparency, blockchain also faces challenges related to scalability, interoperability, regulations and initial costs for banks to implement.
Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that records transactions in blocks that are linked together using cryptography. The document discusses the structure of blockchain including blocks, chains, nodes, miners, transactions, hash codes, and consensus protocols. It also covers how blockchain works, applications in finance like cross-border payments and stock exchanges, and challenges around scalability, security, privacy, and high energy usage. The author proposes using proof of stake instead of proof of work to help address energy consumption and privacy issues.
Public, private, and consortium blockchains are three different types of blockchain networks that differ in terms of their accessibility and the level of control exercised over them.
Public blockchains: Public blockchains are open to anyone who wishes to join and participate in the network. These blockchains are decentralized and are not controlled by any single entity. Examples of public blockchains include the Bitcoin and Ethereum networks.
Private blockchains: Private blockchains are restricted networks that are only accessible to certain approved participants. These blockchains are typically owned and operated by a single entity or organization, and access to the network is granted based on the discretion of the owner. Private blockchains are often used by organizations to securely and privately record transactions within their own operations.
Consortium blockchains: Consortium blockchains are hybrid networks that are partially decentralized and partially controlled by a group of pre-approved entities. These blockchains are often used in industries where multiple parties need to collaborate and share information, but may not fully trust each other. Consortium blockchains allow for the sharing of information and transactions in a secure and transparent manner, while still maintaining some level of control over access to the network.
Which type of blockchain is right for you will depend on your specific needs and goals. Public blockchains offer the highest level of decentralization and are generally considered to be the most secure, but they may not be suitable for all use cases due to their open nature. Private and consortium blockchains offer a more controlled environment and may be better suited for certain types of applications and organizations. It's important to carefully consider the trade-offs between decentralization, security, and control when deciding which type of blockchain is right for your use case.
Blockchain is a distributed digital ledger that records transactions in a verifiable and permanent way using cryptography. It was originally developed for the cryptocurrency Bitcoin but has expanded to other applications. The blockchain is composed of blocks that contain validated transactions. Each new block is cryptographically linked to the previous block, creating an immutable chain. Blockchain provides security, transparency and efficiency through decentralization and consensus mechanisms like proof-of-work. It has the potential to transform industries like finance, healthcare and logistics by reducing costs and intermediaries while increasing trust.
Blockchain is a distributed database that maintains a growing list of transaction records called blocks. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, transaction data, and a timestamp. This forms a chain where blocks are linked in a linear chronological order. New transactions are broadcast to the peer-to-peer network, validated by nodes, and grouped into blocks that are then added to the blockchain through a process called mining which solves a complex math problem. The blockchain is maintained across the decentralized network and no single entity controls it, providing security, transparency, and decentralization.
This document discusses blockchain technology and its applications. It begins with definitions of blockchain, describing how blocks are linked together in a growing list using cryptography. It then covers blockchain consensus protocols like proof-of-work and proof-of-stake. Applications of blockchain discussed include use in IoT for addressing space, identity management, and access control, as well as in smart agriculture for supply chain tracking and fair pricing. The document concludes by outlining challenges for blockchain like security issues, scalability as the ledger grows, legal questions around jurisdiction, and limitations to transactional privacy.
Blockchain technology allows participants to interact without a central authority by maintaining a distributed ledger of an shared database. It has applications beyond digital currencies like voting, smart contracts, and digital property records. Blockchains use cryptography and consensus to securely add transactions in blocks to an immutable chain. There are public, private, and consortium blockchains depending on who can read/write to the ledger. Blockchain technology has evolved from currency in Blockchain 1.0 to supporting smart contracts in Blockchain 2.0 and now decentralized applications in Blockchain 3.0.
Foreword
This paper is the result of a research project carried out by Labs
in EVRY Financial Services during the fall of 2015. The content of
this report is the result of a comprehensive study, featuring online
sources, literary works, as well as recordings of financial
conferences such as Consensus 2015 and Fintech Week 2015.
We aim to provide a comprehensive report detailing the
opportunities, challenges and key success factors for financial
institutions looking to leverage the opportunities presented by
blockchain technology.
We hope you enjoy this study and that it helps give you greater
understanding.
Yao Yao, Jack Rasmus-Vorrath, Ivelin Angelov
https://github.com/yaowser/basic_blockchain
https://www.slideshare.net/YaoYao44/blockchain-security-and-demonstration/
Distributed ledger technology over a network of computers, which provides an alternative to the centralized system
Distributed Database
Peer-to-Peer Transmission
Transparency with Pseudonymity
Records are immutable
Computational Logic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ArZxRdhyPc
This document provides an overview of blockchain technology. It defines blockchain as a continuously growing list of records called blocks that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a hash pointer linking it to the previous block along with a timestamp and transaction data. The document discusses the levels of blockchain from basic storage of digital records to executing smart contracts. It provides examples of blockchain applications in areas like payments and describes the advantages like reduced costs and intermediaries as well as disadvantages like performance needs. Finally, it discusses future works and adoption of blockchain technology.
This document discusses layer 1 and layer 2 blockchain scaling solutions. It provides an overview of the blockchain trilemma and explains why public blockchains are good for censorship resistance and security but limited in scalability. Layer 1 solutions like increasing block size have shortcomings, while layer 2 solutions using state channels and sidechains can exponentially scale throughput without compromising decentralization. The Lightning Network is used as an example of how payment channels in a mesh network can provide fast, low-cost transactions while maintaining security through anchoring to the Bitcoin blockchain. Both layer 1 and 2 solutions are needed to build decentralized infrastructure for governance, value exchange, and more.
Telegram is launching its own cryptocurrency called GRAM and its own blockchain network called TON. TON aims to be faster and more scalable than existing blockchains. It will provide a platform for decentralized applications and third-party services. Telegram aims to integrate wallets and payments into its existing ecosystem of hundreds of millions of users, creating mass adoption of cryptocurrencies.
Telegram open network ton will be a third generationRick Bouter
Telegram Open Network (TON) will be a “third generation” blockchain with more efficient transaction and scaling capabilities than current solutions like Bitcoin and Ethereum.
Telegram is launching its own cryptocurrency called GRAM and its own blockchain network called TON. TON aims to be faster and more scalable than existing blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum. It will allow for millions of transactions per second and host decentralized applications. Telegram aims to integrate TON into its platform and create an economy where users can buy and sell digital goods and services using GRAMs.
Blockchain in FinTech document provides an overview of blockchain technology and its applications in the financial technology sector. It discusses the evolution of distributed systems and how blockchain aims to resolve issues in current centralized systems. The document outlines the key components and types of blockchain solutions, popular platforms like Ethereum, and tools for blockchain development. It also examines use cases for blockchain in fintech, including facilitating direct money transfers without intermediaries and registering digital contracts that self-enforce agreements. The next steps are building expertise in this emerging domain to take advantage of blockchain's disruptive potential.
Sidechain is nothing but a separate chain as like blockchain, connected to the main blockchain via two-way-peg. Sidechains are considered as sub-chains or child chains and the first build blockchain are considered as a main chain or parent chain.
This document discusses blockchain technology and its potential applications. It begins with an introduction to blockchain as a decentralized ledger that allows transactions to be confirmed without an intermediary. It then provides more details on how blockchain works, including how blocks are added in a chronological chain. The document also discusses how blockchain could be used in various industries like finance, providing examples of banks exploring blockchain applications. It concludes that blockchain allows secure transactions in a transparent way without third parties by recording all deals in a public ledger.
The document is a project report on developing a blockchain-based banking system. It includes an introduction, background study on blockchain technology concepts like blocks and mining, a detailed design section describing transaction processing and block creation, and an implementation section showing smart contract code for creating tokens and implementing standard ERC20 functionality. The goal is to upgrade existing banking systems to leverage blockchain technology for processing payments in a decentralized manner without a central authority.
Introduction to blockchain & cryptocurrenciesAurobindo Nayak
This was an intro session on blockchain and cryptocurrencies. If you want to view the webinar for this talk checkout: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rl5mVI7jEK0
This document summarizes research on blockchain sharding. It begins by explaining that as blockchains grow in size, maintaining full copies of ledgers becomes inefficient. Sharding solves this by dividing the ledger across nodes. Each node then only maintains a fragment, improving scalability. The document then discusses various consensus algorithms like proof-of-work and outlines challenges in applying database sharding to blockchains. It also examines cross-shard transactions and how sharding protocols must ensure atomicity. In conclusion, the document argues that sharding can significantly improve blockchain scaling and security by distributing the ledger across multiple "shard chains".
Blockchain is a growing list of data blocks that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data. This makes blockchain resistant to modification of the data. The first blockchain was created by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 as a public ledger for bitcoin transactions. Blockchain has various applications including cryptocurrencies, financial services, and supply chain management. While it provides benefits of decentralization, security and transparency, blockchain also faces challenges related to scalability, interoperability, regulations and initial costs for banks to implement.
Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that records transactions in blocks that are linked together using cryptography. The document discusses the structure of blockchain including blocks, chains, nodes, miners, transactions, hash codes, and consensus protocols. It also covers how blockchain works, applications in finance like cross-border payments and stock exchanges, and challenges around scalability, security, privacy, and high energy usage. The author proposes using proof of stake instead of proof of work to help address energy consumption and privacy issues.
Public, private, and consortium blockchains are three different types of blockchain networks that differ in terms of their accessibility and the level of control exercised over them.
Public blockchains: Public blockchains are open to anyone who wishes to join and participate in the network. These blockchains are decentralized and are not controlled by any single entity. Examples of public blockchains include the Bitcoin and Ethereum networks.
Private blockchains: Private blockchains are restricted networks that are only accessible to certain approved participants. These blockchains are typically owned and operated by a single entity or organization, and access to the network is granted based on the discretion of the owner. Private blockchains are often used by organizations to securely and privately record transactions within their own operations.
Consortium blockchains: Consortium blockchains are hybrid networks that are partially decentralized and partially controlled by a group of pre-approved entities. These blockchains are often used in industries where multiple parties need to collaborate and share information, but may not fully trust each other. Consortium blockchains allow for the sharing of information and transactions in a secure and transparent manner, while still maintaining some level of control over access to the network.
Which type of blockchain is right for you will depend on your specific needs and goals. Public blockchains offer the highest level of decentralization and are generally considered to be the most secure, but they may not be suitable for all use cases due to their open nature. Private and consortium blockchains offer a more controlled environment and may be better suited for certain types of applications and organizations. It's important to carefully consider the trade-offs between decentralization, security, and control when deciding which type of blockchain is right for your use case.
Blockchain is a distributed digital ledger that records transactions in a verifiable and permanent way using cryptography. It was originally developed for the cryptocurrency Bitcoin but has expanded to other applications. The blockchain is composed of blocks that contain validated transactions. Each new block is cryptographically linked to the previous block, creating an immutable chain. Blockchain provides security, transparency and efficiency through decentralization and consensus mechanisms like proof-of-work. It has the potential to transform industries like finance, healthcare and logistics by reducing costs and intermediaries while increasing trust.
Similar to Layer-1 and Layer-2 Blockchain – The Difference.pptx (20)
What is Decentralization and Why is it Important.pptxAnkitaKarekar
Decentralization is the distribution of authority across a network or system, often associated with blockchain. Know more about what is decentralization.
D&B Onboard is a corporate compliance management software that help businesses with effective corporate compliance risk assessment. Connect with us today
A D-U-N-S number helps in enhancing your business identity in the global marketplace. Get your D-U-N-S number today to give your business a unique identity
Supply chain management solutions by Dun & Bradstreet help businesses with a detailed third-party assessment to control supply chain risk & drive efficiency
Compliance solutions by Dun & Bradstreet help screen third parties to safeguard you against any regulatory compliance & legal risk. Connect today for effective compliance services
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdfcoingabbar
Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby...Donc Test
Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition 2024, by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting, 8th Canadian Edition by Libby, Hodge, Verified Chapters 1 - 13, Complete Newest Version Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Solution Manual For Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Chapters Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Financial Accounting 8th Canadian Edition Pdf Download Stuvia
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
2. Introduction
Blockchain technology has grown rapidly since Satoshi Nakamoto brought Bitcoin to the world’s attention. Since then,
in the race to fulfill every requirement of decentralized products like DeFi and Dex, blockchains, especially layer 1 and
layer 2 blockchains, have had to adapt and scale as much as possible. An increase in scalability also means risks to
the chain’s integrity and security, which means that the developers must make the blockchain scalable while also
maintaining the network’s security. Note, blockchain was introduced focusing only on decentralization and security that
led to its self-imposed scalability limits like smaller block sizes and low block production rates.
What is Blockchain Layer 1?
Layer 1 protocols are simple additions to the existing base layer of a blockchain. Some prominent examples are
Ethereum and Bitcoin, where the layer 1 protocols have been experimenting with its protocols to adapt and scale
primarily by increasing the data storing capacity of each block (block size) along with the block rate to improve
throughput/transaction speed. Limiting throughput eventually results in network congestion. In order to decongest, the
networks would need individual nodes to be equipped with high hardware and software requirements. At that point,
only limited people can afford to run a node. When network congestion results in higher costs to operate a node
coupled with the high demand for limited block space, nodes prioritize transactions in order of highest fees paid
instead of processing transactions in the order they were received inevitably driving up the average transaction fees for
users.
More modern L1 blockchain networks (especially those that are live since 2021) are now working on their protocols to
be both scalable, fast and lower the transaction fees for users. Blockchains like Shardeum are using mechanisms
like sharding to significantly improve the scalability and maintain low fees even as the usage grows. Sharding, in
particular, involves breaking up the L1 chain into smaller chains called shards, each capable of independently
3. What is Blockchain Layer 2?
Increased scalability and speed paves way for greater adoption even though L1 platforms will need some more time to
solve the blockchain trilemma – where it can maintain high security, decentralization and scalability – all at the same
time. But once Ethereum took the Bitcoin’s innovation to a whole new league by introducing smart contracts and
enabling blockchain technology to be used by multiple industries such as finance, art, governance since 2016, the
need for layer 2 scalable solutions arose overnight. Public blockchains, who were only fulfilling the job of decentralized
payment processors and peer-to-peer transfer of value thus far, suddenly saw the volume of user transactions grow
rapidly which they weren’t prepared for at all.
And considering L1 blockchains are permissionless, layer 2 solutions and other types of services started building over
them immediately as a stop-gap measure. A good example of a layer 2 blockchain solution is rollup. We will go through
some of them in the segment below. In a nutshell, these layer 2 networks improves scalability and other inherent
shortcomings of public blockchains (like privacy) by processing transactions off-chain, reducing congestion and costs,
while preserving security through the mainchain. Here are some of the examples.
1. Rollups
Rollups are layer 2 solutions that aim to improve the scalability by aggregating multiple transactions into a single
transaction. There are two types of rollups: optimistic rollups and zk-rollups. In optimistic rollups, transactions are
initially processed off-chain by ‘assuming’ all of them are valid and then later verified on-chain for any invalid ones. In
zk-rollups, transactions are verified off-chain using zero-knowledge proofs (by proving the transactions are valid
without revealing specific details, similar to you proving you are over 18 without revealing your exact date of birth)
before being committed to the blockchain. Rollups allow for increased transaction throughput and reduced gas fees by