I presented this to a class of High School sophmores. We tried to incorporate certain factors in an easy to understand way. The factors may be a little oversimplified, but they incorporate many of the main ideas
A brief look at the basics of the Brown v Board of Eduction, Topeka, Kansas, that ended segregation of public schools in the United States "with all deliberate speed."
The Juxtaposition of Children's Human Right and the Constitution's Right to Privacy Act - Mary Kay Keller, MPA, PhD
Presented at the 2021 America's Conference on Ending Coercive Control.
This is a Powerpoint presentation that explains the history of segregation in the US. It is an important tool as it illustrates the background of racial tension that can exist today and open dialogue to create change and more progressive attitudes towards race. It helps promote diversity as the injustices of segregation call us all to look at our own biases. It also bolsters diversity, as Powerpoint accommodates many types of learners, both audio and visual. Powerpoint is an important technological tool to use in a class room, providing audio and visual help to students. This presentation illustrates my understanding of the program. I have uploaded this Powerpoint to a shared slide site, which further shows my comfort with the Internet in this age of technology.
THE ROI of the Tweet:
Twitter is often sited as a powerful marketing tool and even as a driver of sales. This pdf is a re-purposing of a post originally appearing on PhilBaumann.com
A pro forma analysis is provided as well as an examination of viewing Twitter in a broader perspective than as a traditional motor for revenues.
A brief look at the basics of the Brown v Board of Eduction, Topeka, Kansas, that ended segregation of public schools in the United States "with all deliberate speed."
The Juxtaposition of Children's Human Right and the Constitution's Right to Privacy Act - Mary Kay Keller, MPA, PhD
Presented at the 2021 America's Conference on Ending Coercive Control.
This is a Powerpoint presentation that explains the history of segregation in the US. It is an important tool as it illustrates the background of racial tension that can exist today and open dialogue to create change and more progressive attitudes towards race. It helps promote diversity as the injustices of segregation call us all to look at our own biases. It also bolsters diversity, as Powerpoint accommodates many types of learners, both audio and visual. Powerpoint is an important technological tool to use in a class room, providing audio and visual help to students. This presentation illustrates my understanding of the program. I have uploaded this Powerpoint to a shared slide site, which further shows my comfort with the Internet in this age of technology.
THE ROI of the Tweet:
Twitter is often sited as a powerful marketing tool and even as a driver of sales. This pdf is a re-purposing of a post originally appearing on PhilBaumann.com
A pro forma analysis is provided as well as an examination of viewing Twitter in a broader perspective than as a traditional motor for revenues.
Freedom of the press is not the same as freedom of expressionMartin Hirst
This lecture discusses the concepts of freedom of expression, freedom of speech and freedom of the press. I argue they are not the same thing. I also talk about freedom of speech and freedom of the press under capitalism and conditions of class struggle. I am a Marxist, after all.
Until 1969, First Amendment freedoms were not considered to apply seriously to school-age children. However, the 1969 Supreme Court ruling in Tinker v. Des Moines Schools changed everything. Suddenly, students did not shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gates, as Justice Abe Fortas famously wrote. This slide presentation reviews the four major Supreme Court decisions that shape today's so-called school speech.
u or your {amily ever have)ased views thai contlicted.docxouldparis
u or your {amily ever have
)ased views thai contlicted
/ith events at your school?
ie your views c0nservative
.e., opposition to dancing,
ctance of evolution theory,
rparticipation when certajfl
s were shown, etc.)? Were
trictions imposed that you
believed unnecessary?
Perhaps the greatest point of tension concerning religion and cun'iculum is the
theory of evolution. In the so-called "scopes Monkey Trial" in -1,)25, a high school
teacher was convicted of violating a Tennessee regulation against teaching anything
that contradicted the biblical Genesis accolrnt of the creation of humans. Although the
conviction was overturned on a technicaliry controversy over the teaching of evolution
in schools has continue d.In L982 Louisiana passed the Balanced Treatment Act, which
required the teaching of both creationism and evolution. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled
the act illegal because it endorsed creationism, a Chrlstian view, to the exclusion of
other views. Some school districts, and even whole states, have afiempted to give equal
time both to what some Christians believe about creation as embodied in the literal
translation of the Bible and to evolution. Some districts have attempted to outlaw the
teaching of evolution or to require a disclaimer stating that it is only a theory, one of
many that try to explain the or:igin of humans.
As you can see, the rights and responsibilities of teachers and stridents often inter-
sect at the delicate point of separation of church and state. In some communities, and
at some times of the year, preserwing this separation is challenging.
What.[re the Legal Rights of Students?
Students do not leave their constitutional rights at the schooihouse door. You may no-
tice that there isn't a section of this chapter devoted to students' legal responsibilities.
If there were, the section would be short. Students have the responsibility to go to
school as long as it is cornpulsory (usually to age 1.6, but to age 1"8 in some locations).
That's about it in terms of legal responsibilities. dlthough we hope students take re-
sponsibility for their lear:ning and behavioq unless their behavior is deerned illegal or
extrernely disruptive, there are no other laws binding them.
Before 1969, students were not recognized as having First Amendment rights to free-
dom of expression. The U.S. Supreme Court's decision kt Tinker v. Des Moines Inde-
pend.ent Comnxunity Scbool District, 1,)6), provided a clear message that a student is
entitled to freedom of expression, In this case, three students wore armbands to school
to protest the war in Vietnam and were punished for doing so (LaMorte, 2012). The
Tinker case reversed the school's stance and has been cited repeateclly since 1969.
However, court challenges since Tinker have served to balance the rights of students
to express themselves and the necessity of limiting personal freedom to ensure the
safety and well-being of others. For students, understanding the need for this b ...
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Students Rights, Student Freedom of Speech, Student Expression, Pickering and other cases, Censsorship of Student Publications, Due Process, Discrimination, Diversity, Multicultural Issues, Personnel Administration
Professorial Roles
Dr. Kritsonis has served in professorial roles at Central Washington University, Washington; Salisbury State University, Maryland; Northwestern State University, Louisiana; McNeese State University, Louisiana; and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge in the Department of Administrative and Foundational Services.
In 2006, Dr. Kritsonis published two articles in the Two-Volume Set of the Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration published by SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California. He is a National Reviewer for the Journal of Research on Leadership, University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA).
In 2007, Dr. Kritsonis was invited to write a history and philosophy of education for the ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia of World History.
Currently, Dr. Kritsonis is Professor of Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University – Member of the Texas A&M University System. He teaches in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership. Dr. Kritsonis taught the Inaugural class session in the doctoral program at the start of the fall 2004 academic year. In October 2006, Dr. Kritsonis chaired the first doctoral student to earn a PhD in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University. He has chaired over 18 doctoral dissertations. He lives in Houston, Texas.
DEBATE 22 EDUCATION POLICYASSIGNING STUDENTS TO SCHOOLS BA.docxedwardmarivel
DEBATE
22
EDUCATION POLICY
ASSIGNING STUDENTS TO SCHOOLS BASED ON RACE:
Justified or Unacceptable? ADVOCATE: National Education Association, et al.
JUSTIFIED
SOURCE: Amicus curiae brief to the U.S. Supreme Court in Parents
Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007) UNACCEPTABLE
ADVOCATE: Asian American Legal Foundation
SOURCE: Amicus curiae brief to the U.S. Supreme Court in Parents
Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007)
The intersection between education and race has long sparked emotional debate. Prior to the Civil War it was uncommon and in some places illegal to educate children who were not white. The Fourteenth Amendment (1868) requiring equal protection of the law for all citizens made it illegal to overtly deny children of color an education or to give them an expressly inferior one. However, the changes were more cosmetic that substantive. In many places, Jim Crow laws legalized accommo- dations that were supposedly “separate but equal,” but in reality were highly unequal. Blacks were the most numerous victims, but Asian Americans, Hispanics, and others also were relegated to second-class facilities and services. The Supreme Court upheld this fictitious equality in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), a case that involved railroad car accommodations but also applied to schools and many other points of segregation. That decision stood until the Supreme Court overturned it in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Writing for the unanimous court, Chief Justice Earl Warren opined that in “public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
Over the years, the application Brown v. Board of Education slowly eliminated the overtly intentional school segregation, but, like the Fourteenth Amendment, there was a large gap between theoretical importance and practical impact. Two factors lim- ited Brown. One was that some school districts build schools or drew district lines in ways that maintained or created schools that were de facto racially segregated. The second factor involved living patterns. Whites fled cities to the suburbs or sent their children to private schools to avoid racially integrated schools, and urban schools became more and more minority dominated. These population shifts also left cities with diminished tax bases, and the schools declined for want of adequate funding.
In response, the courts moved to a more proactive stance. In a case involving the region centered on Charlotte, North Carolina, where schools remained very segre- gated and the school board resisted moving to desegregate, a federal judge in 1965 found that the segregation was intentional, ordered that all 105 schools integrate, and specified that children be bussed between schools in necessary. The Supreme Court in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) unanimously backed
2
John T. Rourke, You Decide! 2012 Copy.
Education is a hallmark of civic life in America, so it’s no surpr.docxgidmanmary
Education is a hallmark of civic life in America, so it’s no surprise that it’s been at the center of many landmark controversies over the years. Here are 10 Supreme Court cases related to education that impacted both constitutional law and the public school experience.
10. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Arguably the most well-known ruling of the 20th century, Brown overturned Plessy v. Fergusonand established that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” The Warren Court’s unanimous decision explained that the separate-but-equal doctrine violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment, and ordered an end to legally mandated race-segregated schools. While the Brown decision marked only the beginning of a prolonged struggle to achieve actual integration, its impact cannot be understated.
9. Engel v. Vitale(1962) and 8. Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
This pair of cases shaped the modern understanding of how the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment constrains prayer in public schools. In Engel, the Court struck down a New York State rule that allowed public schools to hold a short, nondenominational prayer at the beginning of the school day. The Court decided that these prayers amounted to an “official stamp of approval” upon one particular kind of prayer and religious service, and said that, since teachers are agents of the federal government, the scheme violated the Establishment Clause.
The reasoning in Engel was also applied in Schempp, in which the Court struck down a Pennsylvania policy that required all students to read 10 Bible verses and say the Lord’s Prayer at the beginning of each day. While a student could get an exemption with a parent’s note, the Warren Court decided that this still amounted to an unconstitutional government endorsement of a particular religious tradition.
7. Lemon v. Kurtzman(1971)
This case adjudicated a different sort of Establishment Clause challenge, where the controversy dealt with a statute providing financial support for teacher salaries and textbooks in parochial schools. The Burger Court unanimously decided that this financial aid scheme violated the Establishment Clause and delineated the governing precedent for Establishment Clause cases known as the Lemon test. Under Lemon, statutes (1) must have a secular legislative purpose; (2) must have primary effects that neither inhibit nor advance religion; and (3) cannot foster an “excessive government entanglement with religion.” The Court held that this scheme violated the third prong of the Lemon test.
6. Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Among the litany of public school cases from the Warren and Burger eras is the landmark Free Exercise Clause decision in Yoder. Wisconsin mandated that all children attend public school until age 16, but Jonas Yoder, a devoutly religious Amish man, refused to send his children to school past eighth grade. He argued that his children didn’t need to be in school that long t ...
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Marilyn Gardner, Lawyer, spent years teaching Advanced School Law at the Doctoral Level. Her focus was court decisions at all levels of government which have had an impact on the governance of schools and what school personnel can do in terms of the operation of schools, curriculum, instruction, assessment and school personnel, and treatment of candidates. Marilyn would always stress that failure to comply with school law can have far reaching and costly implications.
In this section, Marilyn Gardner teaches about Students' Freedom of Speech.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
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ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
8. Morse v. Fredrick
Bong Hits for Jesus
Olympic torch Coming Through Juneau, Alasksa
At a school-supervised event, Joseph Frederick
held up a banner with the message "Bong Hits 4
Jesus," a slang reference to marijuana smoking.
Principal Deborah Morse took away the banner
and suspended Frederick for ten days.
8
9. Morse v. Fredrick
Bong Hits for Jesus
Court Said
school officials can prohibit students from displaying
messages that promote illegal drug use.
Schools have a legitimate interest keeping their
students safe from harms such as nationwide
problems with drugs
9
10. In Loco Parentis
Step in the Shoes of the parent
Vernonia v. Acton
“restrain and correct” students, in a way that is
“necessary to answer the purposes for which the
school is employed.”
10
11. Policy for
Because principals are hired by democratically
elected officials
Approve the educational & custodial standards
Of the citizens of this dist.
Representing the interests of the student & parents
in the dist.
& If don’t like the standards taught, school boards
can be removed by the democratic process
11
12. Precedence
How the Legal System Works
Law passed by Congress or in the Constitution
Court’s interpretation of Laws
Application of
Court’s Interpretation
on Current Case
12
13. Factors that apply to schools
1. Vulgar, lewd, obscene, and plainly offensive
speech
2. School-sponsored speech
3. Political Speech
13
14. Fraser Case
Lewd Speech
Facts
Fraser had a friend who was running for student
counsel
Used suggestive words while describing his friend
Asked Teachers before if he should do it
The 2 he asked said NO
Why is this a bad idea?
High school maturity
Is this speech Protected?
14
15. Fraser Case
Court said
Schools can protect from “exposure to sexually
explicit” speech. Even sexual innuendos
Rule
Vulgar, lewd, obscene, and plainly offensive
speech is not protected by the First Amendment
15
16. School Sponsor Speech
Hazelwood Case
Facts
Two of the articles submitted for the school
newspaper:
The divorce article featured a story about a girl who
blamed her father's actions for her parents' divorce.
The teenage pregnancy article featured stories in
which pregnant students at Hazelwood East shared
their experiences.
16
17. Hazelwood Case: Limits on
Speech in Schools
Rule
It’s in the school paper so the school can keep it
out
Paper has the school name and logo on it
Paper given mostly to students and families of
students
17
18. Hazelwood Case
Why can the court Do this?
In Loco Parentis
“the rights of children are not coextensive to the
rights of adults.”
References to sexual activity are under the scope
of what the Court considers appropriate for
editorial control in a school newspaper
18
19. Tinker
Political Speech
In 1965, John Tinker, his sister Mary Beth, and
a friend were sent home from school for
wearing black armbands to protest the
Vietnam War.
The school had established a policy permitting
students to wear several political symbols, but
had excluded the wearing of armbands
protesting the Vietnam War.
Their fathers sued
19
20. Tinker
Rule
Purely Political speech is the most protected
speech
The armband does not interfere enough with the
class room to deny the right to political speech.
What if the arm band was a disruption?
Not protected
Still protected
20
21. B.H. v. Easton Area School
District
Use Fraser, Tinker, and Hazelwood cases to analyze whether “I Love Boobies”
breast cancer awareness bracelets are protected in schools by the First
Amendment.
21
22. B.H. v. Easton Area School
District
Are the bracelets plainly lewd, vulgar, or
profane speech that offends the listener?
Could the listener instead interpret the bracelets
as commenting on a social or political issue?
Are the bracelets a specific, significant fear of
disruption?
Or is it just some remote, apprehension of
disturbance?
Do they express support for breast cancer?
Do they convey sexual attraction to the female
breast?
22
23. Cohen
&^@K the Draft!
The Defendant, Cohen’s (Defendant) conviction,
for violating a California law by wearing a jacket
that had “f— the draft”
Not in School
outside the municipal courthouse during the Vietnam
War.
The Defendant did not threaten or engage in any
act of violence.
Protected Speech?
23
24. Different when not in school
Rule - The Jacket was OK
Not in school
Not vulgar
Not erotic
Why is it different in and out of school?
What have you learned so far?
In loco parentis
Schools like parents and they have boards that are
elected teach the children in a manner that the people in
the district approve of
If we don’t like it we can vote them out
24