This document analyzes the legal and institutional frameworks governing land, social, and environmental protection related to extractive industries in southern Africa. It finds that while countries have developed laws, implementation and enforcement vary. Many colonial-era laws prioritized resource extraction over indigenous rights. Post-colonial laws still vest mineral rights in states. Key issues include land ownership during displacement, and compensation which is often problematic. Weaknesses include lack of enforcement, weak land tenure systems, and insufficient community consent. It highlights both good practices and gaps, in order to strengthen regulatory frameworks.