Lady Gaga's music videos for "Paparazzi" and "Telephone" contain many intertextual references and homages to famous films and other music videos. The "Paparazzi" video references films like Sunset Boulevard and Chicago in its narrative and stylistic choices. "Telephone" imitates Quentin Tarantino films like Pulp Fiction and Kill Bill through its bold graphics, characters, and scenes that mirror moments from those films. Both videos also reference each other and Lady Gaga's own works, showing the director Jonas Akerlund's distinctive visual style and Lady Gaga's self-branding through intertextuality across her videos.
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Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
By David F. Larcker, Stephen A. Miles, and Brian Tayan
Stanford Closer Look Series
Overview:
Shareholders pay considerable attention to the choice of executive selected as the new CEO whenever a change in leadership takes place. However, without an inside look at the leading candidates to assume the CEO role, it is difficult for shareholders to tell whether the board has made the correct choice. In this Closer Look, we examine CEO succession events among the largest 100 companies over a ten-year period to determine what happens to the executives who were not selected (i.e., the “succession losers”) and how they perform relative to those who were selected (the “succession winners”).
We ask:
• Are the executives selected for the CEO role really better than those passed over?
• What are the implications for understanding the labor market for executive talent?
• Are differences in performance due to operating conditions or quality of available talent?
• Are boards better at identifying CEO talent than other research generally suggests?
A power-point presentation on intertextuality about what it is and some examples of music videos that use it. The examples which I used was Taylor Swift's music video Love Story, Iggy Azalea and Rita Ora's music video Black Widow and Madonna's music video Materiel Girl.
1. Lady Gaga is one of the most inspirational artists in terms of
pop culture and post modernism, as her music videos are
typically narrative based and feature huge amounts of
intertextuality from incredibly famous and iconic scenes in films
and music videos. Both Paparazzi and Telephone were directed
by Jonas Akerlund, he is an auteur and has developed his own
distinctive visual style which can be clearly seen in both
videos.
2. PAPARAZZI
The video uses generic
conventions of Hollywood
Films, a pastiche or homage
to the iconic film period, with
the use of classical titles,
which isn't typically used in
the music industry and within
music videos. (A similar
method of adding titles is used
in Telephone, starting to
recognise Akerlunds style?)
3. There are also intertextual references to Sunset Boulevard, both in
narrative and in style, a fading star desperate to be back in the
limelight and after murdering her "lover" is thrown back in to
the newspapers.
4. But the overall narrative is also very
Chicago, stylistic choices reference
the scene in which Roxie Hart is
taken to prison after murdering her
lover and which causes her fame to
escalate. This is shown through lens
shots, notice how the artists and
Roxie Hart both stand in similar
positions.
5. The video also makes homage to Hitchcock
and his film "Vertigo", there is also the use
of the icy blonde female lead who was
typically always used within Hitchcock's
films, also known as the "Femme Fatale"
who buggers up the heroes plan. Lady
Gaga's video also blurs fiction and reality
with the use of lens shots, as if photos are
being taken of the two characters.
6. TELEPHONE Telephone imitates the
stylistic features of Quentin
Tarantino, and features
intertextual references from
both Pulp Fiction and Kill Bill.
Telephone makes homage to
both films.
'Telephone' uses a similar bold
popping text to the Tarantino
Font used in Pulp Fiction,
with popping yellow and red
colours, adopting a retro(ish)
style.
7. 'Telephone' also makes intertextual references to the
characters in both films, Lady Gaga refers to
Beyoncé as "Honey Bee" similar to the character in
Pulp Fiction "Honey Bunny", although this may
seem coincidental, a scene in a cafe shows Beyoncé
sitting opposite another male character, the
framing and scene is very similar to the opening
scene in Pulp Fiction where "Honey Bunny" and
"Pumpkin" discuss robbing the cafe. There are also
intertextual references to the character of Ele Driver
in Kill Bill, as Lady Gaga takes on her role, in the
scene where Ele Driver dresses in a Nurse outfit in
order to kill the Bride. Lady Gaga wears a
similar outfit, however at the height of
postmodernism uses a telephone as an eye patch,
she also takes on a similar persona, by poisoning
the cafe customers.....very Ele Driver.
8. There is also an intertextual reference to the "Pussy Wagon"
used in Kill Bill, this is also a reference to the sexuality in the
music video but also a reference to the truck driven by the
Bride in Tarantinos Kill Bill film.
9. 'Telephone' also makes intertextual references to Lady Gaga's own music videos, audiences have
speculated that 'Telephone' is a continuation of 'Paparazzi', as we see the album cover image for
'Paparazzi' used as Lady Gaga's "Wanted" picture on the TV screen. There were also pop
culture references to Disneys Mickey Mouse when Lady Gaga wears a pair of glasses, these
same glasses are seen worn by Beyonce in 'Telephone'. Lady Gaga has successfully branded
herself so that intertextual references from her own works can be seen within others.