This document discusses labor standards and the World Trade Organization. It makes the following key points:
1. While improving labor conditions in developing countries is an important goal, attaching strict labor standards to trade agreements will likely not achieve this and may make things worse for workers in poor countries by reducing employment opportunities.
2. Mandating higher labor standards that exceed a country's level of productivity will push more workers into informal sectors with even poorer conditions rather than improving wages and conditions overall.
3. A better approach is for developed countries to assist workers impacted by trade through retraining programs, and for developing countries to continue economic development efforts through organizations like the World Bank to raise living standards over the long run.
This study analyses a baseline dataset collected for an evaluation of a co-operation project that assists trade unions in Zambia to boost their activities. The data were collected from 51 establishments to study attitudes towards unions, working conditions and the views of employers and trade union representatives on each other. The results show that employees have, by and large, positive views on unions but turning to unions when there are problems is not particularly common. Wages are often considered to be too low and assumed to be lower than those of similar individuals elsewhere or even in the same establishment. Regression analysis shows that having positive views on unions per se has a positive association with satisfaction and negative correlation with resign intentions. Union membership, however, seems to be correlated with employees being more discontent with their wages in some instances, though the direction of causality is unclear. Union membership seems to be associated with higher awareness of malpractices.
Cultural aspects affecting Promotional strategies in International MarketsKaran Salla
This document discusses several cultural aspects that affect international marketing strategies. It provides examples of how McDonald's, Starbucks, and other multinational companies have adapted their products, packaging, and business practices to different cultural contexts. McDonald's offers localized menus in different countries to accommodate cultural preferences. Starbucks uses recycled materials in some packaging in response to cultural norms around sustainability. The document also discusses "grey markets" where authorized goods are exported to another country and sold at lower prices, undermining official distribution channels.
International forces in business environmentDr.B.B. Tiwari
For IAS, PCS, SSC, IBPS, Bank-PO,RBI, and Other One day Exams
MBA, BBA, M A , M Com
International forces in Business Environment
International Business
Trade
MNCs
Factor's Influencing International Business
Types of Environment: Micro and Macro
Types of Macro Environment:
Foreign Environment
Geographical Environment
Economic Environment
Socio- Cultural Environment
Political Environment
Legal Environment
Technical Environment
This document discusses a study that aimed to better understand how internal and external factors impact the market performance of small and medium businesses (SMBs) in Croatia, particularly fast-growing SMBs. The study examined how eight internal factors and three external factors influence the sales growth and goal achievement of SMBs. The results confirmed that the analyzed internal and external factors have more or less significant impacts on SMB performance depending on the business's lifecycle stage and general economic conditions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international business including definitions of globalization and globalism, factors of the global business environment, the mechanics of international trade transactions, the role of technology, cultural considerations, trade finance, logistics, relevant policies and regulations, and how to develop an international business plan. It discusses topics such as global supply chains, trade in services, high and low context cultures, business ethics, and transportation modes. The document aims to equip readers with foundational knowledge for understanding and engaging in global commerce.
Global business strategy is influenced by several key global factors. These include access to international markets, trade blocs, methods of international growth like acquisitions and becoming a multinational corporation, and the PEST factors of political, economic, social and technological considerations. Strategic decisions must account for these global realities to determine how competitive a business can be internationally and which new markets to enter or expand into.
Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan ammattirakenteiden polarisaatiota sekä yrityksissä että yritysrakenteiden muutoksen välityksellä. Aineistona käytetään Suomen yritys-työntekijäaineistoja, jotka ulottuvat pitkälle aikavälille ja kattavat suuren osan yrityksistä. Ammattirakenteiden polarisaatio on jatkunut Suomessa jo vuosikymmeniä. Keskitason tuotantotehtäviä ja toimistotehtäviä sisältävien ammattien osuus on pienentynyt. Samaan aikaan matalan osaamistason palveluammattien ja korkean osaamistason erityisasiantuntija-ammattien osuus on puolestaan ollut kasvussa. Kehityskulut ovat tapahtuneet osin jatkavien yritysten sisällä, mutta osin myös yritysten välillä tapahtuneiden rakennemuutosten kautta. Osa polarisaatiosta johtuu siitä, että kasvavien yritysten ammattirakenteet poikkeavat pienentyvien yritysten ammattirakenteista sekä siitä, että uusien yritysten ammattirakenteet poikkeavat poistuvien yritysten rakenteista. Palveluammattien osuutta on kasvattanut se, että uusissa yrityksissä palveluammattien osuus on ollut suuri ja poistuvissa yrityksissä pieni. Toisaalta palveluammattien osuus on kasvanut myös jatkavissa yrityksissä. Erilaisia keskitason rutiinitehtäviä on kadonnut sekä yritysten sisällä että yritysten vaihtuvuuden kautta. Sen sijaan korkean osaamistason ammattien osuuden kasvu selittyy ennen kaikkea yrityksien sisällä tapahtuneiden muutosten kautta. Jatkavissa yrityksissä tapahtunut ammattirakenteiden muutos on kytkeytynyt sekä tavaroiden ja palveluiden ulkomaankauppaan että tehtävien ulkoistamiseen maasta. Paljon T&K:hon panostavat ja ICT:tä käyttävät yritykset vähentävät tuotantotyöntekijöitä.
This study analyses a baseline dataset collected for an evaluation of a co-operation project that assists trade unions in Zambia to boost their activities. The data were collected from 51 establishments to study attitudes towards unions, working conditions and the views of employers and trade union representatives on each other. The results show that employees have, by and large, positive views on unions but turning to unions when there are problems is not particularly common. Wages are often considered to be too low and assumed to be lower than those of similar individuals elsewhere or even in the same establishment. Regression analysis shows that having positive views on unions per se has a positive association with satisfaction and negative correlation with resign intentions. Union membership, however, seems to be correlated with employees being more discontent with their wages in some instances, though the direction of causality is unclear. Union membership seems to be associated with higher awareness of malpractices.
Cultural aspects affecting Promotional strategies in International MarketsKaran Salla
This document discusses several cultural aspects that affect international marketing strategies. It provides examples of how McDonald's, Starbucks, and other multinational companies have adapted their products, packaging, and business practices to different cultural contexts. McDonald's offers localized menus in different countries to accommodate cultural preferences. Starbucks uses recycled materials in some packaging in response to cultural norms around sustainability. The document also discusses "grey markets" where authorized goods are exported to another country and sold at lower prices, undermining official distribution channels.
International forces in business environmentDr.B.B. Tiwari
For IAS, PCS, SSC, IBPS, Bank-PO,RBI, and Other One day Exams
MBA, BBA, M A , M Com
International forces in Business Environment
International Business
Trade
MNCs
Factor's Influencing International Business
Types of Environment: Micro and Macro
Types of Macro Environment:
Foreign Environment
Geographical Environment
Economic Environment
Socio- Cultural Environment
Political Environment
Legal Environment
Technical Environment
This document discusses a study that aimed to better understand how internal and external factors impact the market performance of small and medium businesses (SMBs) in Croatia, particularly fast-growing SMBs. The study examined how eight internal factors and three external factors influence the sales growth and goal achievement of SMBs. The results confirmed that the analyzed internal and external factors have more or less significant impacts on SMB performance depending on the business's lifecycle stage and general economic conditions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international business including definitions of globalization and globalism, factors of the global business environment, the mechanics of international trade transactions, the role of technology, cultural considerations, trade finance, logistics, relevant policies and regulations, and how to develop an international business plan. It discusses topics such as global supply chains, trade in services, high and low context cultures, business ethics, and transportation modes. The document aims to equip readers with foundational knowledge for understanding and engaging in global commerce.
Global business strategy is influenced by several key global factors. These include access to international markets, trade blocs, methods of international growth like acquisitions and becoming a multinational corporation, and the PEST factors of political, economic, social and technological considerations. Strategic decisions must account for these global realities to determine how competitive a business can be internationally and which new markets to enter or expand into.
Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan ammattirakenteiden polarisaatiota sekä yrityksissä että yritysrakenteiden muutoksen välityksellä. Aineistona käytetään Suomen yritys-työntekijäaineistoja, jotka ulottuvat pitkälle aikavälille ja kattavat suuren osan yrityksistä. Ammattirakenteiden polarisaatio on jatkunut Suomessa jo vuosikymmeniä. Keskitason tuotantotehtäviä ja toimistotehtäviä sisältävien ammattien osuus on pienentynyt. Samaan aikaan matalan osaamistason palveluammattien ja korkean osaamistason erityisasiantuntija-ammattien osuus on puolestaan ollut kasvussa. Kehityskulut ovat tapahtuneet osin jatkavien yritysten sisällä, mutta osin myös yritysten välillä tapahtuneiden rakennemuutosten kautta. Osa polarisaatiosta johtuu siitä, että kasvavien yritysten ammattirakenteet poikkeavat pienentyvien yritysten ammattirakenteista sekä siitä, että uusien yritysten ammattirakenteet poikkeavat poistuvien yritysten rakenteista. Palveluammattien osuutta on kasvattanut se, että uusissa yrityksissä palveluammattien osuus on ollut suuri ja poistuvissa yrityksissä pieni. Toisaalta palveluammattien osuus on kasvanut myös jatkavissa yrityksissä. Erilaisia keskitason rutiinitehtäviä on kadonnut sekä yritysten sisällä että yritysten vaihtuvuuden kautta. Sen sijaan korkean osaamistason ammattien osuuden kasvu selittyy ennen kaikkea yrityksien sisällä tapahtuneiden muutosten kautta. Jatkavissa yrityksissä tapahtunut ammattirakenteiden muutos on kytkeytynyt sekä tavaroiden ja palveluiden ulkomaankauppaan että tehtävien ulkoistamiseen maasta. Paljon T&K:hon panostavat ja ICT:tä käyttävät yritykset vähentävät tuotantotyöntekijöitä.
Globalization can increase production and manufacturing excellence as companies face international competition. However, it also leads to job losses in some countries as production shifts overseas. Economic downturns have also increased protectionism and nationalism as countries try to protect local industries from foreign competition. When expanding internationally, companies must consider factors such as cultural differences, government policies, competition and purchasing power in foreign markets to successfully implement strategies and alliances globally.
Unit -1- topic-6 (international business environment)Dr.B.B. Tiwari
This document discusses the various external factors that make up the business environment for multinational corporations operating internationally. It identifies factors such as geographical, economic, socio-cultural, political, legal, and technological forces in different countries that multinational companies must consider. These external environment factors can influence a company's decisions, operations, and strategic success on a global scale. The document also provides examples of some specific external factors within each category that are particularly relevant to international business.
Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Suomen ammattiliittojen solidaarisuuskeskuksen (SASK) kehitysyhteistyöhankkeen vaikuttavuutta Sambiassa. Hankkeessa tuettiin ammattiliittojen toimintaa osassa sambialaisia yrityksiä aineistossa olevien muiden yritysten muodostaessa verrokkiryhmän. Hanke vähensi työpaikkasyrjintää ja lisäsi työntekijöiden luottamusta liittoihin, vaikkakin moniin muihin tarkasteltaviin tulemiin hankkeella ei ollut vaikutusta.
This document discusses the political environment and risks faced by international businesses. It covers topics like forms of government, political parties, nationalism, and trade disputes that can lead to political instability. It also describes various economic and political risks such as expropriation, exchange controls, import restrictions, and terrorism. The document provides examples of how these risks have impacted companies operating abroad and gives strategies for lessening political vulnerability like forming joint ventures, expanding investments, and political bargaining.
Environment of international_business_1Sameer Vaish
This document discusses the various factors that make up a company's business environment, including the social, political, economic, legal and technological environments. It provides details on how each of these environments can influence a business, such as through social norms and beliefs impacting decisions, political decisions affecting economic conditions, and legal systems regulating business operations in different countries. Technological advancements are also noted as influencing business models and strategies. Overall, the document outlines the multiple internal and external factors that shape the context in which companies operate.
The document discusses the political and legal environments that affect global business. It provides an overview of different forms of government and political risks like confiscation and expropriation. It also describes different legal systems like common law, code law, and socialist law. Finally, it discusses international marketing research and the need to consider national differences in culture, language, and business practices when conducting research in foreign markets.
исследование как торговля влияет на половое неравенствоGeneSysAM
This document summarizes a working paper that examines how trade liberalization impacts gender inequality through technological changes. The paper builds a model where firms adopt new technologies that require less physically demanding "blue-collar" skills, making women relatively more productive in these jobs. The paper tests this model using Mexican establishment data around NAFTA tariff reductions. The results show that tariff cuts led new firms to enter exporting and adopt technologies replacing male blue-collar workers with female blue-collar workers, improving women's outcomes in these jobs. However, women's shares in white-collar jobs were largely unaffected, since physical skill demands did not change as much in those occupations.
Ppt 01 introduction to international businessPadmini Agrawal
This document provides an introduction to international business. It defines international business as economic transactions that occur across national boundaries between two countries. It discusses several theories of international trade and factors that influence international business such as different legal, political, and social environments between countries. The document also lists assignments for students and references for further reading on international business.
Unit 1: Environmental Context of International Business, Framework for analyzing international
business environment – Domestic, foreign and global environments and their impact on
international business decisions.
Global Trading Environment: World trade in goods and services – Major trends and developments;
World trade and protectionism – Tariff and non-tariff barriers; Counter trade.
Unit 2: International Financial Environment: Foreign investments -Pattern, Structure and effects;
Movements in foreign exchange and interest rates and then impact on trade and investment flows.
Unit 3: International Economic Institutions and Agreements: WTO, IMF, World Bank UNCTAD,
Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), GSP, GSTP and other International agreements;
International commodity trading and agreements.
Unit 4: Multinational Corporations and their involvement in International Business: Issues in
foreign investments, technology transfer, pricing and regulations; International collaborative
arrangements and strategic alliances.
Unit 5: Regional Economic Groupings in Practice: Regionalism vs. multilaterallism, Structure and
functioning of EC and NAFTA; Regional economic cooperation. Emerging Developments and
Other Issues: Growing concern for ecology; Counter trade; IT and international business.
The document discusses the debate around free trade in the 2016 US presidential election. It provides background on the US shift towards expanding trade agreements since 2000 and the economic and foreign policy reasons for this. While trade has largely benefited the US economy overall, it has had uneven impacts across regions and industries. This has contributed to populism and criticism of trade agreements by candidates like Trump and Sanders, who have tapped into voter concerns about the economy. The impacts and politics of trade are expected to continue playing a role in the election.
Market-Insight_Chinese Manufacturings Low-Cost RunTevia Arnold
- China's low labor costs have attracted manufacturers for years, but wages are growing rapidly and are expected to outpace countries like Indonesia, Vietnam, and Mexico by the end of the decade. Currently 10% of U.S. wages, Chinese wages will rise to 25% of U.S. wages by 2015.
- Productivity gains in China have nearly doubled since 2005, but wages are still expected to more than double in the next 10 years, threatening China's competitive advantage for low-cost, labor intensive manufacturing.
- While China still retains some manufacturing advantages and costs are still lower than the U.S., the margins are narrowing rapidly. Manufacturers need to consider total costs and look at alternative countries
This document provides an overview and guidance for U.S. companies on doing business in Mongolia. It covers Mongolia's political and economic environment, opportunities and challenges for trade and investment, and strategies for entering the Mongolian market. Some key points:
- Mongolia has experienced strong GDP growth in recent years from mining but faces challenges managing boom/bust cycles and developing non-mining sectors as China's economy slows. Recent government policies have also created uncertainty.
- Major opportunities exist in mining, construction, and meat processing, but infrastructure and regulatory development is still needed.
- To succeed in Mongolia, companies should establish personal relationships, engage local advisors, and be aware that Mongol
International Marketing An Asia Pacific Perspective 7th Edition Fletcher Solu...Morsesaa
This instructor's manual provides teaching materials to accompany an international marketing textbook. It includes:
1. Learning objectives for each textbook chapter.
2. Sample answers to discussion questions, case study questions, and additional assessment questions from the textbook.
3. Suggestions for teaching tools and activities like tutorials, lectures, assignments, and videos to supplement textbook content.
4. Links to external websites for additional teaching resources.
The manual is designed to help instructors effectively teach the concepts in the international marketing textbook. It provides answers to textbook questions and ideas for classroom activities and assignments.
This document discusses the challenges facing Minnesota's iron mining industry. It summarizes that iron mining has historically played an important economic role in Minnesota but has faced difficulties recently due to falling iron ore prices and steel imports. The US steel industry argues that China and other countries are illegally dumping steel at below-cost prices. This has led to layoffs in Minnesota's iron mines and economic impacts on surrounding communities. The steel industry and politicians are pushing for stronger trade laws and enforcement to address unfair trade practices from countries like China.
This presentation by Frédéric Jenny, Chair, OECD Competition Committee, was made during the discussion “How can competition contribute to fairer societies?” held during the 17th OECD Global Forum on Competition on 29 November 2018. More documents and presentations on this topic can be found at oe.cd/cfs.
Prompted initially by the economic success of the North American Free Trade Agreement, trade cooperation around the world is on the rise, leading to a flurry of new Free Trade Agreements. While economies in developed countries such as the US have achieved growth due to the lowering of trade barriers that follow completed FTA's, coinciding tensions have escalated from factions within the industrial sectors of the economy who claim that overall imports increase but at the expense of overall domestic output and export growth.The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China, has concurrently seen unprecedented economic success with their own successfully negotiated FTA's, driven by the access to new markets which allow for the export of their manufactured goods. As a result of the economic success of this phenomenon, races to pursue new FTA's have emerged, along with resistance from a variety of international actors. For example, the proposed Trans-Pacific
Partnership, a FTA linking the US to East Asian countries specifically not including China, has escalated tensions from labor groups within the US who claim that FTA's hurt US manufacturing growth. This study assesses trends in trade with recently completed US FTA partners in order to determine the merits of domestic industrial factions in their claims that FTA's hurt overall US exports.
Business environment 1 st module mba Management Babasab Patil
This document provides an overview of business environment. It discusses the nature of modern business including factors like large size, oligopolistic character, diversification, global reach, technological orientation, and government control. It also covers internal factors like goals, management structure, and resources as well as external factors including the economic, political, legal, and socio-cultural environment. Environmental scanning is introduced as the process of monitoring changes in the external environment to facilitate decision making.
The document discusses several topics related to business and economics including human resource management, price elasticity, forming an LLC called JJ Motor Company to manufacture wind-powered vehicles, evaluating communication tools for internal stakeholders, personal finance topics like allowances and bill paying, consumption and capital budgeting, imposing a pizza tax, a case study on workplace safety, arguments for and against the death penalty, responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies, and analyzing organizational behavior.
This document discusses regulating labor standards in global supply chains. It provides background on the establishment of the International Labour Organization (ILO) after World War I to set international standards for workers' rights. In the 1990s, globalization led to concerns about working conditions in newly industrializing countries. The ILO and UN responded by defining fundamental labor principles and establishing initiatives like the UN Global Compact. However, challenges remain in enforcing these principles on private companies and their suppliers across borders through voluntary codes of conduct alone. International agreements through conventions remain important for achieving social justice in global supply chains.
Impact of globalization on labour, commerce and industry and their response t...Andre_silburn1
Globalization has impacted labour, industry, and commerce in several ways. For labour, it has increased demand for skilled workers while decreasing demand for unskilled workers. This has led to both positive and negative impacts. For industry, globalization has made production more responsive to costs across countries, leading some industries like manufacturing to offshore operations. It has also improved efficiency. For commerce, trade as a percentage of GDP has increased and developing countries now represent a larger share of exports from advanced economies. In response, labour markets have decentralized, industries have shifted production, and policies aim to facilitate adjustment to globalization.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). Key points:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 153 member countries. It aims to liberalize trade and settle trade disputes.
- Globalization refers to increasing economic and cultural integration between countries due to advances in technology and infrastructure. The WTO promotes globalization by reducing trade barriers.
- The WTO aims to raise living standards, ensure full employment, develop global resources, and expand trade and production worldwide. It settles disputes and reviews members' trade policies.
Globalization can increase production and manufacturing excellence as companies face international competition. However, it also leads to job losses in some countries as production shifts overseas. Economic downturns have also increased protectionism and nationalism as countries try to protect local industries from foreign competition. When expanding internationally, companies must consider factors such as cultural differences, government policies, competition and purchasing power in foreign markets to successfully implement strategies and alliances globally.
Unit -1- topic-6 (international business environment)Dr.B.B. Tiwari
This document discusses the various external factors that make up the business environment for multinational corporations operating internationally. It identifies factors such as geographical, economic, socio-cultural, political, legal, and technological forces in different countries that multinational companies must consider. These external environment factors can influence a company's decisions, operations, and strategic success on a global scale. The document also provides examples of some specific external factors within each category that are particularly relevant to international business.
Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Suomen ammattiliittojen solidaarisuuskeskuksen (SASK) kehitysyhteistyöhankkeen vaikuttavuutta Sambiassa. Hankkeessa tuettiin ammattiliittojen toimintaa osassa sambialaisia yrityksiä aineistossa olevien muiden yritysten muodostaessa verrokkiryhmän. Hanke vähensi työpaikkasyrjintää ja lisäsi työntekijöiden luottamusta liittoihin, vaikkakin moniin muihin tarkasteltaviin tulemiin hankkeella ei ollut vaikutusta.
This document discusses the political environment and risks faced by international businesses. It covers topics like forms of government, political parties, nationalism, and trade disputes that can lead to political instability. It also describes various economic and political risks such as expropriation, exchange controls, import restrictions, and terrorism. The document provides examples of how these risks have impacted companies operating abroad and gives strategies for lessening political vulnerability like forming joint ventures, expanding investments, and political bargaining.
Environment of international_business_1Sameer Vaish
This document discusses the various factors that make up a company's business environment, including the social, political, economic, legal and technological environments. It provides details on how each of these environments can influence a business, such as through social norms and beliefs impacting decisions, political decisions affecting economic conditions, and legal systems regulating business operations in different countries. Technological advancements are also noted as influencing business models and strategies. Overall, the document outlines the multiple internal and external factors that shape the context in which companies operate.
The document discusses the political and legal environments that affect global business. It provides an overview of different forms of government and political risks like confiscation and expropriation. It also describes different legal systems like common law, code law, and socialist law. Finally, it discusses international marketing research and the need to consider national differences in culture, language, and business practices when conducting research in foreign markets.
исследование как торговля влияет на половое неравенствоGeneSysAM
This document summarizes a working paper that examines how trade liberalization impacts gender inequality through technological changes. The paper builds a model where firms adopt new technologies that require less physically demanding "blue-collar" skills, making women relatively more productive in these jobs. The paper tests this model using Mexican establishment data around NAFTA tariff reductions. The results show that tariff cuts led new firms to enter exporting and adopt technologies replacing male blue-collar workers with female blue-collar workers, improving women's outcomes in these jobs. However, women's shares in white-collar jobs were largely unaffected, since physical skill demands did not change as much in those occupations.
Ppt 01 introduction to international businessPadmini Agrawal
This document provides an introduction to international business. It defines international business as economic transactions that occur across national boundaries between two countries. It discusses several theories of international trade and factors that influence international business such as different legal, political, and social environments between countries. The document also lists assignments for students and references for further reading on international business.
Unit 1: Environmental Context of International Business, Framework for analyzing international
business environment – Domestic, foreign and global environments and their impact on
international business decisions.
Global Trading Environment: World trade in goods and services – Major trends and developments;
World trade and protectionism – Tariff and non-tariff barriers; Counter trade.
Unit 2: International Financial Environment: Foreign investments -Pattern, Structure and effects;
Movements in foreign exchange and interest rates and then impact on trade and investment flows.
Unit 3: International Economic Institutions and Agreements: WTO, IMF, World Bank UNCTAD,
Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), GSP, GSTP and other International agreements;
International commodity trading and agreements.
Unit 4: Multinational Corporations and their involvement in International Business: Issues in
foreign investments, technology transfer, pricing and regulations; International collaborative
arrangements and strategic alliances.
Unit 5: Regional Economic Groupings in Practice: Regionalism vs. multilaterallism, Structure and
functioning of EC and NAFTA; Regional economic cooperation. Emerging Developments and
Other Issues: Growing concern for ecology; Counter trade; IT and international business.
The document discusses the debate around free trade in the 2016 US presidential election. It provides background on the US shift towards expanding trade agreements since 2000 and the economic and foreign policy reasons for this. While trade has largely benefited the US economy overall, it has had uneven impacts across regions and industries. This has contributed to populism and criticism of trade agreements by candidates like Trump and Sanders, who have tapped into voter concerns about the economy. The impacts and politics of trade are expected to continue playing a role in the election.
Market-Insight_Chinese Manufacturings Low-Cost RunTevia Arnold
- China's low labor costs have attracted manufacturers for years, but wages are growing rapidly and are expected to outpace countries like Indonesia, Vietnam, and Mexico by the end of the decade. Currently 10% of U.S. wages, Chinese wages will rise to 25% of U.S. wages by 2015.
- Productivity gains in China have nearly doubled since 2005, but wages are still expected to more than double in the next 10 years, threatening China's competitive advantage for low-cost, labor intensive manufacturing.
- While China still retains some manufacturing advantages and costs are still lower than the U.S., the margins are narrowing rapidly. Manufacturers need to consider total costs and look at alternative countries
This document provides an overview and guidance for U.S. companies on doing business in Mongolia. It covers Mongolia's political and economic environment, opportunities and challenges for trade and investment, and strategies for entering the Mongolian market. Some key points:
- Mongolia has experienced strong GDP growth in recent years from mining but faces challenges managing boom/bust cycles and developing non-mining sectors as China's economy slows. Recent government policies have also created uncertainty.
- Major opportunities exist in mining, construction, and meat processing, but infrastructure and regulatory development is still needed.
- To succeed in Mongolia, companies should establish personal relationships, engage local advisors, and be aware that Mongol
International Marketing An Asia Pacific Perspective 7th Edition Fletcher Solu...Morsesaa
This instructor's manual provides teaching materials to accompany an international marketing textbook. It includes:
1. Learning objectives for each textbook chapter.
2. Sample answers to discussion questions, case study questions, and additional assessment questions from the textbook.
3. Suggestions for teaching tools and activities like tutorials, lectures, assignments, and videos to supplement textbook content.
4. Links to external websites for additional teaching resources.
The manual is designed to help instructors effectively teach the concepts in the international marketing textbook. It provides answers to textbook questions and ideas for classroom activities and assignments.
This document discusses the challenges facing Minnesota's iron mining industry. It summarizes that iron mining has historically played an important economic role in Minnesota but has faced difficulties recently due to falling iron ore prices and steel imports. The US steel industry argues that China and other countries are illegally dumping steel at below-cost prices. This has led to layoffs in Minnesota's iron mines and economic impacts on surrounding communities. The steel industry and politicians are pushing for stronger trade laws and enforcement to address unfair trade practices from countries like China.
This presentation by Frédéric Jenny, Chair, OECD Competition Committee, was made during the discussion “How can competition contribute to fairer societies?” held during the 17th OECD Global Forum on Competition on 29 November 2018. More documents and presentations on this topic can be found at oe.cd/cfs.
Prompted initially by the economic success of the North American Free Trade Agreement, trade cooperation around the world is on the rise, leading to a flurry of new Free Trade Agreements. While economies in developed countries such as the US have achieved growth due to the lowering of trade barriers that follow completed FTA's, coinciding tensions have escalated from factions within the industrial sectors of the economy who claim that overall imports increase but at the expense of overall domestic output and export growth.The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China, has concurrently seen unprecedented economic success with their own successfully negotiated FTA's, driven by the access to new markets which allow for the export of their manufactured goods. As a result of the economic success of this phenomenon, races to pursue new FTA's have emerged, along with resistance from a variety of international actors. For example, the proposed Trans-Pacific
Partnership, a FTA linking the US to East Asian countries specifically not including China, has escalated tensions from labor groups within the US who claim that FTA's hurt US manufacturing growth. This study assesses trends in trade with recently completed US FTA partners in order to determine the merits of domestic industrial factions in their claims that FTA's hurt overall US exports.
Business environment 1 st module mba Management Babasab Patil
This document provides an overview of business environment. It discusses the nature of modern business including factors like large size, oligopolistic character, diversification, global reach, technological orientation, and government control. It also covers internal factors like goals, management structure, and resources as well as external factors including the economic, political, legal, and socio-cultural environment. Environmental scanning is introduced as the process of monitoring changes in the external environment to facilitate decision making.
The document discusses several topics related to business and economics including human resource management, price elasticity, forming an LLC called JJ Motor Company to manufacture wind-powered vehicles, evaluating communication tools for internal stakeholders, personal finance topics like allowances and bill paying, consumption and capital budgeting, imposing a pizza tax, a case study on workplace safety, arguments for and against the death penalty, responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies, and analyzing organizational behavior.
This document discusses regulating labor standards in global supply chains. It provides background on the establishment of the International Labour Organization (ILO) after World War I to set international standards for workers' rights. In the 1990s, globalization led to concerns about working conditions in newly industrializing countries. The ILO and UN responded by defining fundamental labor principles and establishing initiatives like the UN Global Compact. However, challenges remain in enforcing these principles on private companies and their suppliers across borders through voluntary codes of conduct alone. International agreements through conventions remain important for achieving social justice in global supply chains.
Impact of globalization on labour, commerce and industry and their response t...Andre_silburn1
Globalization has impacted labour, industry, and commerce in several ways. For labour, it has increased demand for skilled workers while decreasing demand for unskilled workers. This has led to both positive and negative impacts. For industry, globalization has made production more responsive to costs across countries, leading some industries like manufacturing to offshore operations. It has also improved efficiency. For commerce, trade as a percentage of GDP has increased and developing countries now represent a larger share of exports from advanced economies. In response, labour markets have decentralized, industries have shifted production, and policies aim to facilitate adjustment to globalization.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). Key points:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 153 member countries. It aims to liberalize trade and settle trade disputes.
- Globalization refers to increasing economic and cultural integration between countries due to advances in technology and infrastructure. The WTO promotes globalization by reducing trade barriers.
- The WTO aims to raise living standards, ensure full employment, develop global resources, and expand trade and production worldwide. It settles disputes and reviews members' trade policies.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the significance of the WTO as the international organization dealing with global trade rules. It summarizes the key functions of the WTO, including facilitating trade agreements, dispute settlement, and review of member trade policies. It also outlines some of the major agreements reached under the WTO, such as those related to goods, services, intellectual property, agriculture, and textiles.
Inernational labour organization by Maged ElsakkaMaged Elsakka
The ILO was created in 1919, as part of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I, to reflect the belief that universal and lasting peace can be accomplished only if it is based on social justice.
Wto,Regional blocs,International commodity agreement and global tradechinchuthomas249
The document discusses several topics related to global trade, including:
1) The World Trade Organization (WTO), which oversees global trade rules and settles disputes between members.
2) Regional trade blocs like the European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN, and SAARC which aim to reduce trade barriers between participating countries.
3) International commodity agreements which aim to stabilize prices of commodities like coffee, tea, and sugar through mechanisms like production quotas and buffer stocks.
4) An overview of global trade and some of its benefits like competitiveness and access to new technologies and markets.
Globalization has led to increased interdependence between nations through the free movement of goods, services, capital and labor. Key factors driving globalization include reductions in transportation and communication costs as well as technological advancements. While globalization offers economic opportunities through expanded trade and access to new markets, it also poses challenges such as threats to local industries and concerns over the impacts on cultural identity. International organizations like the WTO, IMF and World Bank facilitate globalization through policies promoting open trade, financial cooperation and development assistance.
Module 3 international labour standards an introductionJinha
The document discusses international labour standards (ILS), which are legal instruments created by the ILO that set out basic principles and rights at work. ILS take the form of conventions, which are binding treaties that countries can ratify, and recommendations, which are non-binding guidelines. Conventions deal with fundamental principles, while recommendations provide more detailed guidance. ILS are created through a tripartite process involving governments, employers, and workers and aim to promote decent and productive work worldwide.
The document summarizes how various ILO conventions have been implemented in Indian law. It discusses conventions related to forced labour, equal remuneration, discrimination, technical standards, minimum age, hours of work, weekly rest, occupational safety and health, and social security. For each convention, it lists the relevant Indian laws that incorporate the standards, such as the Factories Act, Mines Act, Building and Other Construction Workers Act, Workmen's Compensation Act, and others.
This document discusses the implications of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on India's agricultural sector. It provides background on GATT, the predecessor to WTO, and explains key aspects of the WTO including its formation, purpose, and differences from GATT. The document then discusses India's large and historically important agricultural industry. It outlines issues such as low productivity and government interventions that impact the sector. Finally, it analyzes India's commitments under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, including maintaining quantitative restrictions on imports and not providing direct export subsidies.
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a UN agency that deals with labour issues and sets international labour standards. It was founded in 1919 to promote social justice and decent work. The ILO has a tripartite governing structure with representatives from governments, employers, and workers. It aims to advance workers' rights, employment opportunities, and social protection through setting and enforcing international labour standards. The ILO holds an annual International Labour Conference where its 194 member states establish labour policies and programs.
The document provides an overview of the International Labour Organization (ILO):
1) The ILO promotes opportunities for men and women to obtain decent work through standards and technical assistance to member states.
2) It has a tripartite structure involving governments, employers, and workers in setting policies and has a mandate to promote fundamental labor rights and standards.
3) The ILO was established in 1919 and provides technical assistance to implement its goal of decent work worldwide.
The document provides information about the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established on January 1, 1995 and succeeded the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO aims to supervise and liberalize international trade between its 153 member countries. It has an annual budget of 196 million Swiss francs and 629 staff members. The WTO seeks to promote free trade and resolve trade disputes between countries.
1) The document discusses the debate around whether labour standards should be included in trade agreements. Supporters argue it prevents a "race to the bottom" in labour conditions, while critics argue it risks reducing developing countries' competitiveness.
2) The key organizations involved in this issue are the WTO, ILO, and labour unions. The WTO focuses on international trade but has faced challenges incorporating labour standards. The ILO is responsible for international labour standards and ensuring core rights are respected globally. Labour unions represent workers' interests within the debate.
3) There is currently no consensus on the extent these organizations should be involved in labour issues or how standards may interact with trade rules. Governments must balance economic and social
Discussion #1As described here, Free Trade Agreements with 20 Co.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion #1
As described here,
Free Trade Agreements with 20 Countries,
the United States has free trade agreements in force with multiple countries. Compare and contrast two of the agreements.
Discussion #2
Most unions have opposed free trade agreements, such as NAFTA. On the other hand, most employer lobbying groups have supported such agreements. Create an argument for one side or the other.
Please use at least three references from class resources to support your argument.
Writing a Thesis and Making an Argument
References 1.
http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/oecon/chap9.htm
https://ustr.gov/about-us/benefits-trade
https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/employee-rights-when-working-multinational-employers
Codes of Conduct for Multinational
Corporations: An Overview
James K. Jackson
Specialist in International Trade and Finance
References number 2.
Module 4: Labor Relations in a Global Environment
Topics
Unions, the Global Economy, and Free Trade
Labor Relations and Multinational Corporations
The Labor Relations Environment in Foreign Countries
1. Unions, the Global Economy, and Free Trade
Today international trade and global economic activity are enormous. In recent years, the focus has shifted from the national economy to a more global perspective. Many developing nations are experiencing newfound prosperity, and U.S. firms are rapidly expanding their overseas markets. However, the net benefits of globalization have been uneven. Many American jobs have been lost. Among the hardest hit have been industries with a strong union presence—steel, automobiles, textiles, and consumer electronics. An estimated 17 million American workers have been displaced since the early 1980s. About one-third of these jobs were in manufacturing.
The AFL-CIO has begun to recognize that unions must broaden their perspective. They can no longer concern themselves exclusively with U.S.-based corporations and the domestic economy. If unions are to survive and prosper, they must incorporate a more global perspective. Speaking at a gathering of worldwide trade unions in 2001, AFL-CIO President John Sweeney stated:
[t]he global economy that corporations have forged can only be tamed by the international solidarity of working families everywhere…[w]e must commit to pressuring our governments to champion the cause of building enforceable workers' rights into the rules of the global market. (Sweeney, 2006)
Sweeney and other union leaders acknowledge the benefits of expanding global trade. They also point out that these new economic realities come with some costs. To fuel their growing economies, countries are sometimes forced to compete among themselves to attract investment capital. This competition does not always translate into higher wages or an enhanced standard of living. In fact, in some instances, competition for new plants and new investment may actually drive down wages. Organized labor also believes that expanding global competition can erode workers' righ.
The document summarizes a study that analyzes the impact of introducing a minimum wage in South Africa's domestic worker sector in 2002. The authors exploit variations in the intensity of the minimum wage law across areas and over time using labor survey data from 2001-2004. They find that domestic worker wages increased by about 20% in the 16 months after the law, with additional increases of 10-15% in areas where the minimum wage was more binding. They also find the probability of a formal employment contract doubling but no significant effects on employment or hours worked. This provides evidence that labor legislation can impact informal sectors even without enforcement, potentially beginning the process of formalization.
Jennell Brown DB 4Top of Form The United States has.docxchristiandean12115
Jennell Brown
DB 4
Top of Form
The United States has a very free labor market, and organizations both small and large have the freedom to produce, buy, and sell products as long as it is in compliance with the law. Every organization has their rules and policies that all employees must follow. These polices can be in reference to work schedules, education, skill set, or benefits offered. When employees do not follow company policy, they will have to face the consequences of the organization. Under certain laws employers have the freedom to make these rules for their employees to follow, but the employees are also protected by these same laws that will prevent unfair labor practices from taking place in the workplace. In addition to these company policies, there are also regulations that the organization must stay in compliance with in order to uphold the laws of the local and state governments. When employers fail to follow these regulations they are putting the company at risk of fines and sometimes company shutdowns.
In my local area there is a high percentage of government regulated labor markets because there is a large percentage of workers that are employed by the government in the Maryland and Washing DC area. One example of the pros of a free labor market would be the regulations that are put in place to protect the employees, and the consumers of the products and services such as OSHA and the FDA. Organizations like OSHA ensure that employers are maintaining a safe work environment by offering employees with the proper safety equipment and protection in the workplace (OSHA, 2015). This may seem like disadvantage for the employer, but when companies are meeting regulator standards, they will potentially meet or exceed production when they are able to operate more efficiently. The cons of a free labor market are the fluctuation of the economy.
Because organizations have the freedom to buy from certain suppliers and sell to consumers, their products are only as good as economic demands. If consumers are not purchasing products or services, from private sector businesses, the company will have serious financial issues. The labor market definitely needs to be regulated by the government to protect the employees and consumers. This is why there are government regulated agencies that put labor laws in place such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which protects workers from being discriminated against based on age, race, gender, and religion (Bent-Goodley, 2014). This is a very important reason why government needs to regulate the free market. Many business owners may not follow these rules if they were not regulated.
References
Bent-Goodley, T. B. (2014). Social work and the civil rights act of 1964. Social Work, 59(4), 293-295. doi:10.1093/sw/swu040
OSHA adds key hazards for investigators' focus in healthcare inspections. (2015, August). J. J. Keller's Workplace Safety Advisor, 25(8), 6. Retrieved fromhttp.
This document discusses international industrial relations. It describes key players like multinational corporations, employees/unions, and governments. Trade unions can influence multinationals by affecting wage levels, constraining employment changes, and hindering global operations integration. Multinationals generally delegate industrial relations to subsidiaries but coordinate on agreements and strategy. A subsidiary's integration level, ownership nationality, and management attitudes all impact industrial relations centralization.
The document examines how mergers and lobbying groups influence subsidy policies in a partial equilibrium model. Domestic and foreign firms compete in a host country's market for a homogeneous good. The optimal output of foreign firms can be ambiguously affected by the host country's subsidy policy. Domestic firms offer political contributions tied to the government's policy decision. The government sets subsidies to maximize contributions and social welfare, taking domestic firm mergers into account.
The document discusses the need for labour law reforms in the context of globalized markets. It notes that globalization has led to increased competition, changing business practices, and mobility of labour. Laws need to adapt to these changing times. There are debates around how countries can comply with international labour standards without harming industry. The document examines arguments around linking trade and labour standards, and proposes selecting core standards related to issues like child labour, forced labour, discrimination and working conditions. It stresses the need for uniformity and focus on growth while ensuring minimum standards.
This document is a literature review and introduction to a research paper analyzing the economic, political, and social impacts of global offshoring. It provides background on the history and evolution of offshoring, beginning in the 1980s when companies opened factories in low-cost countries like India, China, and Mexico. While offshoring increased profits, it also decreased domestic employment. Current challenges include differing impacts on developing and developed countries, with developed countries facing job losses and lower tax revenue and developing countries gaining jobs but not always economic benefits. The research aims to analyze these impacts and potential solutions through qualitative and quantitative research methods.
193
9The 21st Century and the Changing Face of Unions
Carlow Osorio/Associated Press
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Analyze the impact globalization and transnational corporations have on the power of unions.
• Describe the major changes in attitudes toward labor.
• Evaluate some of the alternatives open to labor organizations if they are to survive in the 21st century.
sea81813_09_c09_193-210.indd 193 12/10/14 3:13 PM
Section 9.1 Globalization
Introduction
When considering the future of unions, one of the most important questions to ask is
whether they will survive in the 21st century. We have seen that union membership is not
what it once was. Private unions have seen a drop from an all-time high in 1954 of 34.8%
to today’s low, which is nearing 6.7% (DeSilver, 2014). Although public unions grew stron-
ger in the late 20th century, their numbers are declining as well. Many factors are working
against these organizations, and if they are to survive, it will require that they make signifi-
cant changes. This chapter will explore some of the most salient reasons for this decline, as
well as possible ways that labor organizations might be configured in the future.
9.1 Globalization
Globalization refers to the way in which business is no longer confined within a particu-
lar country, but rather takes place across boundaries, time zones, cultures, and borders. It
describes the expansion of a business outside its home or domestic country to other coun-
tries, be it in trade, finance, or investments, such that the business is dependent financially on
operations in two or more countries (Greer & Singh, 2000). The global expansion of business
has had many effects on labor. This section will explore some of those consequences, includ-
ing how globalization makes organizing labor more difficult and the impact of treaties on
labor, global unions, and collective bargaining.
Globalization and Transnational Corporations
One of the primary reasons that unions must change is because the world itself is changing.
Perhaps the biggest shift underway is the transition from local domestic business to business
conducted by global enterprises. Companies that conduct business in just one country are
referred to as domestic corporations. Companies that conduct business in multiple coun-
tries are transnational corporations (TNCs).
Transnational corporations are usually characterized by the breadth of their reach into
other markets, the size of their workforce, and the value of their assets. Consider the Ameri-
can corporation Walmart, which is the largest employer in the world. Walmart has 2.2 mil-
lion workers worldwide and 11,000 stores in 27 countries (Walmart, 2014), with assets of
$59.69 billion (Wikinvest, 2014).
The “universe of transnationals is large, diverse, and expanding. By the early 1990s there
were an estimated 37,000 TNCs in the world with 170,000 foreign affiliates..
Attitudes to employment lawand the consequent impactof l.docxikirkton
Attitudes to employment law
and the consequent impact
of legislation on employment
relations practice
Deirdre Curran and Mary Quinn
National University of Business and Economics, Galway, Ireland
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore attitudes to employment law and the consequent
impact of legislation on Irish employment relations practice.
Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts a comparative approach using two separate
pieces of employment law governing race equality, and employee information and consultation,
respectively. Semi-structured interviews with key informants are the main data source, augmented
in the case of the information and consultation legislation by focus groups in individual workplaces.
Findings – The empirical evidence presented suggests that legislation is not the primary initiator
of change. In the case of race equality the market was found to be a key determinant of practice
(termed “market-prompted voluntarism”). However, it is argued that regulation can influence change in
organisations, depending on the complex dynamic between a number of contingencies, including the
aspect of employment being regulated, the presence of supportive institutions, and organisation-
specific variables.
Practical implications – The comparative findings in this research allow some important inferences
to be made regarding the use of law to mandate change in employment relations practice. They, in
turn, provide useful lessons for future policy makers, managers, trade unionists and workers.
Originality/value – This paper is unique in its comparison of two separate pieces of legislation.
In both cases considered, the legislation was prompted by EU Directives, and the obligation on
member states to transpose these Directives into national law. The findings suggest that readiness for
legislation, based on length of national debate and acceptance of the underlying concept, can influence
its impact. The concept of equality seems to have gained widespread acceptance since the debate
provoked by the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, understanding and
acceptance of the concept of employee voice has been much less pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon world.
Keywords Ireland, European Union, Legislation, Labour law, Social policy, Employment law,
Employment relations, Race equality, Information and consultation
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to explore attitudes to regulation and the consequent
impact on employment relations practice. The paper draws on detailed analysis of
two pieces of Irish legislation, relating to Oireachtas na hEireann, employment equality
and information and consultation (hereafter I&C), respectively.
The empirical evidence presented suggests that the nature of the issue, in terms
of its broader societal acceptance, is important in determining the degree of impact of
legislation providing for it. Consistent with previous research, however, empl ...
Student 1 – TanyettaAccording to Budd, (2012, p.385) in the 21.docxflorriezhamphrey3065
Student 1 – Tanyetta
According to Budd, (2012, p.385) in the 21st Century in the United States and around the world, one of the most important pressures on labor relations and employment is due to globalization. Globalization has increased economic integration among countries. Some policy makers, business executives and economists also agreed that global business promotes economic development and reduce world poverty (Ho, 2003). Globalization implications are to advance free trade, promote economic development, for the people of various countries and countries that are less developed. There are some who have concerns of moral implications of global business on labor issues, human rights and the environment.
Free trade agreement and their standards is to allow a faster and more business between the countries involved where both are being benefited. Budd, (2012, p.388) suggest the reduction of trade barriers and the creation of a more stable and transparent trading and investment environment make it easier and cheaper for U.S. companies to export their products and services to trading partner markets. Still some disagree that free trade may not benefit U.S. or the partners of free trade due to job losses.
Some may embrace globalization and free trade, while other do see it as controversial. The impact of globalization on vital, social, cultural, personal and religious values are somewhat questionable. Globalization's supporters discuss that wealth revitalizes culture, and that trade and access to international markets are the best way to create wealth (Ho, 2003). Proverbs 19:21 (KJV) states; There are many devices in a man's heart; nevertheless the counsel of the Lord, that shall stand. God is the creator and in control of this world, he allows us to make wise decisions to make the world better through debateable issues. We must remember as the scriptures states in Deuteronomy 8:18 (KJV); It is the Lord thy God: for it is he that giveth thee power to get wealth, that he may establish his covenant which he sware unto thy fathers, as it is this day.
References
Budd, J. W. (2012). Labor relations: Striking a balance (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. ISBN: 9780078029431.
Ho, A. (2003). International Business vs. Globalization: Implications for Business Ethnics. Business & Professional Ethics Journal, (22), 51-69.
Student 2 – Kayla
Isaiah 43:9 (KJV) “Let all the nations be gathered together, and let the people be assembled: who among them can declare this, and shew us former things? let them bring forth their witnesses, that they may be justified: or let them hear, and say, [It is] truth.” The Bible tells us that all nations should come together; this verse has been carried out through globalization. Globalization is defined in Budd’s textbook as “increased economic integration among countries, and it is one of the most important pressures on labor relations – employment more generally – in the United States and around the world in.
Policy support for harnessing informal sector entrepreneurs Dr Lendy Spires
This document analyzes policy support and regulatory interventions for informal sector entrepreneurs across different country contexts through a comparative analysis. It discusses two main approaches to understanding informal sector entrepreneurship: the institutionalist perspective that focuses on regulations and structures, and the opportunity-driven perspective that examines individual entrepreneurs and opportunities. The document then examines specific country examples, categorizing national perspectives as either supportive or focused on control. It analyzes regulatory changes made by transition economies like Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary, as well as developing economies like India, Kenya, and Ethiopia. The approaches taken by different countries range from facilitation and recognition of the informal sector to strict regulatory control.
The document discusses five key environmental factors that affect multinational corporations: competitors, creditors, customers, labor market, and suppliers. It explains how each of these factors can influence a company's strategy and ability to compete. The document also discusses four additional external factors: the economy, politics, society, and technology. It emphasizes that corporate leaders must understand how these environmental factors impact their business and account for them when planning strategy.
Week Two Annotated Bibliography WorksheetReminders Each of .docxgertrudebellgrove
Week Two Annotated Bibliography Worksheet
Reminders: Each of the four sources here, will need to be peer-reviewed scholarly sources obtained through the AU Library Databases. Before you begin, be sure you have critically read ALL of the instructions and that you have watched the video tutorial for creating an APA formatted Annotated Bibliography and reviewed the Model APA formatted Annotated Bibliography example .
A. Topic: A. Civil Rights Act 1964
The act is characterized as the US landmark of civil rights as well as labor laws o united states of America. The primary concern of the act is to outlaw all form of discrimination regarding religion, nationality, race and gender. This topic will focus on policy of ensuring justice free American citizen. The policy will also revolve around the people who discriminate against others in relations to aspects such as gender, ethnicity, race and nationality. The policy will explain how respecting civil rights of every citizen will create the favorable atmosphere for people in every state. The civil right act also plays the role of prohibiting unequal application of public accommodations, voter’s registration requirements as well as employment. In the beginning the powers enforced into the act were weak however amendment process later took place. At the same time the congress applied authority to legislate various region of US constitution by specifically regulating interstate commerce. The key aim of the arrangement was to ensure that citizen enjoyed equal law protection via14th amendment therefore, protecting the voting rights of every citizen
B. Annotated Bibliography Sources (Jones, D.M.(1994). No time for trumpets:Title VII, equality, and the fin de siecle):
1. Jones, D.M.(1994). No time for trumpets:Title VII, equality, and the fin de siecle, Michigan Law review, (80,2311).
2. The Supreme Court’s examination of the equality through civil right act of 1964 has failed to attain the social justice for the African American individuals. The adoption of societal view by the Supreme Court has led to policing of individuals violation instead of achievement of the soil justice of the black people. The societal view asserts that discrimination can only occur if the employer decides to treat individual differently given the similar situation or event. White society decided the on the meaning of equality as well as discrimination and the decision is the poor reflection of the African American’s experience. Contrarily according to black individuals, discrimination is a form of evil perpetrated on their race by the country. Thus, the Supreme Court should alter its way of thinking.
C.
1. Simpson, W. (2016). Above Reproach: How The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Escapes Constitutional Checks and Balances. Review of banking & Financial Law, 36(1),343.
2. The CFPB drew a lot of constitutional issues such as the one the US court of appeal for DC circuit held the CFPPB’s single agency director is structu ...
Week Two Annotated Bibliography WorksheetReminders Each of .docxgertrudebellgrove
Week Two Annotated Bibliography Worksheet
Reminders: Each of the four sources here, will need to be peer-reviewed scholarly sources obtained through the AU Library Databases. Before you begin, be sure you have critically read ALL of the instructions and that you have watched the video tutorial for creating an APA formatted Annotated Bibliography and reviewed the Model APA formatted Annotated Bibliography example .
A. Topic: A. Civil Rights Act 1964
The act is characterized as the US landmark of civil rights as well as labor laws o united states of America. The primary concern of the act is to outlaw all form of discrimination regarding religion, nationality, race and gender. This topic will focus on policy of ensuring justice free American citizen. The policy will also revolve around the people who discriminate against others in relations to aspects such as gender, ethnicity, race and nationality. The policy will explain how respecting civil rights of every citizen will create the favorable atmosphere for people in every state. The civil right act also plays the role of prohibiting unequal application of public accommodations, voter’s registration requirements as well as employment. In the beginning the powers enforced into the act were weak however amendment process later took place. At the same time the congress applied authority to legislate various region of US constitution by specifically regulating interstate commerce. The key aim of the arrangement was to ensure that citizen enjoyed equal law protection via14th amendment therefore, protecting the voting rights of every citizen
B. Annotated Bibliography Sources (Jones, D.M.(1994). No time for trumpets:Title VII, equality, and the fin de siecle):
1. Jones, D.M.(1994). No time for trumpets:Title VII, equality, and the fin de siecle, Michigan Law review, (80,2311).
2. The Supreme Court’s examination of the equality through civil right act of 1964 has failed to attain the social justice for the African American individuals. The adoption of societal view by the Supreme Court has led to policing of individuals violation instead of achievement of the soil justice of the black people. The societal view asserts that discrimination can only occur if the employer decides to treat individual differently given the similar situation or event. White society decided the on the meaning of equality as well as discrimination and the decision is the poor reflection of the African American’s experience. Contrarily according to black individuals, discrimination is a form of evil perpetrated on their race by the country. Thus, the Supreme Court should alter its way of thinking.
C.
1. Simpson, W. (2016). Above Reproach: How The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Escapes Constitutional Checks and Balances. Review of banking & Financial Law, 36(1),343.
2. The CFPB drew a lot of constitutional issues such as the one the US court of appeal for DC circuit held the CFPPB’s single agency director is structu.
Ilo and international standards projectreynoldsteph
The document provides information about the International Labour Organization (ILO) and its role in establishing International Labor Standards for Occupational Health and Safety. The ILO originated with nations signing the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and aims to promote decent work opportunities. It is the only UN agency that incorporates input from governments, employers, and unions. The ILO establishes International Labor Standards through a process of analysis, consultation, and adoption at the International Labor Conference. These standards are then implemented by governments and used to shape national policies on issues like health, safety, and employment.
The document discusses the various factors of a business environment and their influence on business operations. It defines business environment as the total external and internal factors that influence business decisions and functioning. The key factors discussed include economic, social, political, legal, demographic, technological and natural environment factors. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the business environment for successful business operations.
There is general agreement over the need to pay attention to the informal sector because of its importance to employment and poverty issues. There are also an increasing number of programmes aimed at supporting similar informal activities in highly diverse national contexts.
This consensus is backed through the adoption, at the highest level, of policy measures that are meeting with growing acceptance and, sometimes, the active support of social actors, in particular among entrepreneurial and trade union organizations. Such a stand is also based on evidence to the effect that policies to promote the informal sector are viable and profitable, even during economic downswings, and have international financial support. Nevertheless, to the extent that it fails to embrace a shared strategic vision, this is a limited consensus that hinders the eff ectiveness of policies implemented in this area.
While often adequate on an individual basis, they are insufficient and produce limited effects by failing to respond to a more comprehensive approach. The lack of a shared approach is related to the absence of a common definition of the informal sec-tor, which has grown increasingly complex since it was first described in a pioneering ILO report on Kenya in 1972.
Along with the heterogeneous nature of informal economic activities, different perceptions lead to different strategies. These are reviewed in the first section. Too great an emphasis on the regulatory perspective has identified informality with illegality and labour precariousness.
In spite of their ties to informality, however, the two categories are conceptually different. Th e second section is devoted to these subjects and, particularly, to the precariousness of the employment relationship. Lastly, the third section explores strategic options to regulate the informal sector, tracing the features of a different approach to formalizing informal activities, to facilitate their full integration in the modernization process.
For the purpose of this paper, the latter concept is defined as the most dynamic part of the economy operating under a common regulatory framework. Facts and concepts Interpretations and trends The notion of the informal sector was brought forward in a 1972 ILO report on Kenya (ILO, 1972), follow-ing a 1971 paper (Hart, 1973). They highlighted that the problem of employment in less-developed countries is not one of unemployment but rather of employed workers who do not earn enough money to make a living.
They are ‘working poor’. Th is conceptual interpretation was based on their opposition to formality and their lack of access to the market and productive resources. Th is was followed by several contributions (see Tokman, 1978).
This document discusses strategies for modernizing the informal sector. It begins by reviewing different interpretations of the informal sector and how it has evolved over time. It then discusses three main policy approaches: supporting microenterprise development, providing social welfare for informal workers, and reforming the regulatory framework. The document focuses on the third approach and explores options for altering regulations to facilitate integrating informal activities into the formal economic system and modernization process. It argues that while informality is not solely caused by regulatory issues, regulatory improvements can help foster inclusion of the informal sector.
The Impact of International Businesses in a Global Economy: An Interdisciplin...IOSR Journals
This study is an analysis of the impact of international businesses in the world economy. It examined the effect of globalization in the economic growth of international businesses and the world economy; and the organizations that act as alliances in international business, such as the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund. The study observed that while some countries may be favoured by particular changes in international business, others may be adversely affected. This does not mean that international business does not have unfavorable effects. Major changes in international business will also produce major adjustments. The process of adjustments may be a gainful one. The study concludes that in spite of the national economic policies of each country, politics and law play important role in international business, which does not tend to restrict its views to the interest of one country, but it tries to analyze the different national interests which are relevant to the national level of decision-making.
Organisational transformation of securities brokerage firmsArun Verma
This document discusses the organizational transformation of securities brokerage firms under electronic commerce environments. It presents a model relating environmental factors, transformation strategies, and performance. The strategies examined include adding product value, technology adoption, organizational changes, diversification, management systems, and marketing. The document reviews relevant literature and proposes relationships between the constructs. It describes a study using survey data and case studies to validate relationships in the model and understand brokerage firm behaviors under electronic commerce.
Marketing of stocks by brokerage firms role of financial analystsArun Verma
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can have mental and physical health benefits over time by helping people feel more relaxed and focused.
Negotiated brokerage commissions and the individual investorArun Verma
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Labour standard
1. RESEARCH SEMINAR IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1220
Discussion Paper No. 499
Labor Standards and the World Trade Organization
Robert M. Stern and Katherine Terrell
University of Michigan
August 2003
Recent RSIE Discussion Papers are available on the World Wide Web at:
http://www.fordschool.umich.edu/rsie/workingpapers/wp.html
2. LABOR STANDARDS AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
A Position Paper
Robert M. Stern and Katherine Terrell
University of Michigan*
August 2003
*Robert M. Stern is Professor of Economics and Public Policy (Emeritus) in the Department of
Economics and Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy and Faculty Associate in the William
Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan.
*Katherine Terrell is Professor of Business Economics and Public Policy at the Business School
and Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan. She is also the Director
of Labor Markets and Human Resources at the William Davidson Institute.
Address Correspondence To:
Katherine Terrell
William Davidson Institute
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1220
Tel.: 734-615-4558
E-mail: terrell@umich.edu
1
3. LABOR STANDARDS AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
1. Introduction
The interaction of labor standards and international trade has become a key issue in the
relations between the advanced industrialized and developing countries in the past decade.
Proponents of the international enforcement of labor standards present two lines of argument. First,
organized labor and social activists in the United States and other industrialized countries argue that
“unfair” labor practices and conditions exist in many developing country trading partners and need
to be offset by appropriate trade policy measures in order to “level the playing field.” Second,
many social activists argue that workers in developing countries are subject to exploitative and
abusive working conditions, and that their wages are suppressed. The proposed solution is for the
United States and other industrialized countries to take steps to ensure that labor standards are
enforced through mechanisms such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and bilateral and
regional trade agreements.
While we embrace the goal of improving the wages and working conditions of workers in
poor countries, we take the position that attaching labor standards to the WTO and trade agreements
will not achieve this goal, nor will it have the desired effect of keeping more jobs in the
industrialized countries. In fact, such a policy could make things worse for many workers in
developing countries. Alternative policies and existing institutions must be deployed to ensure that:
(a) workers in industrialized countries will not be adversely affected by freer trade and globalization
in general; and (b) wages and working conditions of workers in the developing countries can be
improved at a sustainable pace.
2
4. 2. Definition and Scope of Labor Standards
Although existing codified labor standards vary from country to country, depending on the
stage of development, per capita income, political, social, and cultural conditions and institutions,
efforts have been made to identify and achieve consensus on a group of so-called core labor
standards that ideally should apply universally. According to the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (2000, p. 20), there are eight fundamental International Labor
Organization Conventions that form the basis of consensus among the ILO’s constituents. These
include: (1) prohibition of forced labor (ILO Convention No. 29 and 105); (2) freedom of
association and protection of the rights to organize and to collective bargaining (No. 87 and 98); (3)
equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value (No. 100); (4) nondiscrimination
in employment and occupation (No. 111); and (5) minimum age of employment of children and
abolition of the worst forms of child labor (No. 138 and 182).
Agreement on the universality of these core labor standards derives ostensibly from adop-
tion of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, acceptance (though not
necessarily ratification) of the pertinent ILO Conventions that deal with human rights and labor
standards, and the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work in 1998. In
addition to these aforementioned core standards, there are other labor standards that are currently
being discussed by labor advocates that relate to “acceptable conditions of work,” which include: a
minimum (living) wage; limitations on hours of work; and occupational safety and health in the
workplace.1 These core plus “other” standards are supported by the many non-governmental or-
ganizations (NGOs) that deal with the international monitoring of labor rights.
1
See Brown, Deardorff, and Stern (1996, Appendix Table 1) for the definitions and principles of the core and other
labor standards that are articulated in U.S. trade law, based on Lyle (1991, pp. 20-31).
3
5. 3. Effects of Labor Standard
Advocates argue that enforcement of labor standards through trade agreements will improve
the working conditions and wages of workers in poor countries, thereby reducing the wage differen-
tials between rich and poor countries. They believe that this will protect jobs of workers in the rich
countries. The question is whether working conditions in poor countries can be raised, and whether
jobs of workers in rich countries can be protected with the application of standards that are designed
and enforced by the rich countries.
In this connection, there is evidently a marked difference between the worldview of most
advocates linking international labor standards to trade and most economists, including ourselves.
Advocates of attaching labor standards to trade agreements seem to see the world in terms of a
struggle between capital and labor for the rewards from production, without much regard to the
determinants of the size of the output that each party gets. These advocates see the outcome as
depending on power, not on economics. Economists see the world in terms of how resources are
allocated to production with a view to maximizing the total output. They see the distribution of that
output between capital and labor as depending on scarcity and productivity, not on power. There-
fore labor standards advocates favor the use of intervention to tilt the balance of power in favor of
labor, believing then that labor will get a larger share of a fixed pie. Economists have found that
those same policies shrink the pie while altering the slices, i.e., by making poor workers in develop-
ing countries poorer and more numerous. This, we argue is not a result of changing power but due
to changing the markets within which scarcity determines the rewards to capital and labor.
3.1 Effect on Rich Countries of Low Labor Standards in Poor Countries
In order to establish the need for “leveling the playing field,” it must first be demonstrated
that low labor standards in poor countries negatively impact workers in rich countries. Proponents
4
6. of attaching labor standards to trade agreements argue that low labor standards act through two
channels: a) goods from low labor standard countries displace products made by workers in high
labor standard countries and hence reduce employment in the latter; b) multinational enterprises
outsource jobs to countries with lower labor standards to take advantage of lower labor costs. The
evidence suggests, however, that the observed patterns of traded goods and foreign direct
investment (FDI) do not reflect inter-country differences in labor standards.
Regarding traded goods, the OECD study of Trade, Employment and Labour Standards
(1996, pp. 12-13) concludes that:2
...a detailed analysis of US imports of textile products (for which competition from
low-standards countries is thought to be most intense) suggests that imports from
high-standards’ countries account for a large share of the US market. Moreover, on
average, the price of US imports of textile products does not appear to be associated
with the degree of enforcement of child labor standards in exporting countries….
Aggarwal (1995) investigated the relationships of labor standards and the pattern of U.S.
imports from ten major developing countries that accounted for 26.5 percent of U.S. imports in
1994. She concludes that:
Sectors typically identified as having egregious labor conditions do not occupy the
only or even the primary share of these countries' exports.
Comparisons across more export-oriented and less export-oriented sectors indicate
that core labor standards are often lower in less export-oriented or non-traded
sectors such as agriculture and services.
Similarly, within an export-oriented sector, labor conditions in firms more involved
in exporting are either similar to or better than those in firms that are less involved
in exporting.
Changes in technology and the structure of international trade are leading
developing countries to compete in a race upward in terms of product quality rather
than a race downward with respect to price.
2
See also OECD (2000, esp. pp. 31-42) for further discussion and references.
5
7. With respect to FDI, there is evidence indicating that multinational enterprises are not
seeking low labor standards. This is borne out by the fact that the vast majority (approximately two-
thirds) of all FDI flows each year are between the high labor standards industrialized countries
(UNCTAD, 2001). Rodrik (1996, p. 22), concluded that low labor standards may be a hindrance,
rather than an attraction, for foreign investors. Aggarwal (1995, p. 7) reached a similar conclusion,
as did the OECD (1996, p. 13). Along these same lines, Brown, Deardorff, and Stern (2002, p. 51)
concluded in their literature review that “…there is no solid evidence that countries with poorly
protected labor rights attract FDI.”
We do not ignore the fact that in the past two decades, wages of low-skilled workers in the
US (and in many other industrialized and developing countries) have been growing at a slower pace
than wages of high-skilled workers. Brown (2000), who has surveyed the relevant empirical
evidence on wages and trade in the industrialized countries, found that that there is a preponderance
of evidence suggesting, for the US at least, that trade was not the major reason for the observed
widening of the skilled/unskilled wage differential. The literature suggests that biased technical
change rather than trade may have increased the demand for skilled workers, thus widening the US
wage gap. This further suggests that, since imports from developing countries account for a
relatively small proportion of total industrialized country imports, trade may more generally have a
limited impact on the wages of unskilled workers in the industrialized countries.
Thus, the empirical evidence suggests that there is no basis for claiming that allegedly low
labor standards in developing countries have a significantly adverse effect on wages in
industrialized countries, provide developing countries with an unfair advantage in their export
trade, or distort the geographic distribution of FDI between low and high standards countries.
6
8. 3.2 Effect on Poor Countries of Raising Labor Standards
If raising labor standards of workers in poor countries will not help protect jobs in the in-
dustrialized countries, can we perhaps expect that mandated standards will at least improve wages
and working conditions of workers in poor countries? We find this prospect highly unlikely since
several of the labor standards being proposed will raise the cost of labor above its level of produc-
tivity. As economic theory has shown, workers may suffer negative consequences when their
wages are raised above the market value of their productivity. There is a large body of literature
supporting this premise. For example, numerous empirical studies using data from around the
world have measured the degree to which workers were displaced when mandated minimum wages
were raised by different amounts. Given that that the level of the minimum wage has been rela-
tively low and increases small in the US, we see small (and sometimes no) negative employment
effects in this country (see for e.g., Brown, 1999 for a review of the US evidence). However in
countries where the minimum wage is high and increases are large, the employment effects are
significant (see e.g., Gindling and Terrell, 2003, for Costa Rica; and Rama, 2001, for Indonesia).
Similarly, protective labor legislation can backfire when the measures are too costly for the em-
ployer. Heckman and Pages (2000) have shown that high levels of severance pay have resulted in
reducing the hiring rate in some countries in Latin America. In Senegal, attempts to create more
secure employment in the Labor Code resulted in a larger share of the workforce employed on
short-term (three month) contracts (Terrell and Svejnar, 1989). There is anecdotal evidence of
companies being driven out of a sector as unions made very costly demands (e.g., United Fruit in
Costa Rica). Finally, child labor laws are often circumvented by the poor families hurt by them.
It is widely known that developing countries are characterized by “dual economies,” one
part which affords workers employment with higher wages, better working conditions and some
7
9. labor protection, and the other part (the “informal sector” or the “shadow economy”) which resides
out of the reach of government regulation and taxation and tends to provide workers poorer wages
and working conditions. The imposition of labor standards that are too high (e.g., minimum living
wages that are set above the level of labor productivity) will push more workers out of the “formal”
sector (which tries to abide by them) and into the “informal” sector, thus exacerbating rather than
diminishing the existing inequality in terms of wages and working conditions within the developing
countries. By making the poor workers poorer, this policy will lead to a reduction of the true (rather
than official) average wage in the poor country – counter to the professed goal.
More generally, we have learned from decades of experience with economic development
that imposing “outside” institutions or policies on countries that are not ready for them, is a recipe
for failure. Numerous stories abound from the 1960s when modern plants built by a developing
country government rusted away as the needed infrastructure, human resources and input markets
were not there to sustain them. Unless a country has the resources to uphold these institutions or
policies, they will not be sustainable. In sum, there is little compelling empirical evidence
suggesting that mandating higher labor standards will improve wages and working conditions in
developing countries and some evidence that it may make poorer workers worse off.
4. An Alternative Route
It seems inevitable that the process of globalization will continue and trade and international
capital flows will expand. In this process, as countries continue to specialize based on their factor
endowments and technology and as economies adjust, some workers will gain and some will lose in
the short-run. However, if the process continues to increase the size of the pie (as expected), all
workers can gain over time. Hence, we argue that the way to protect workers in rich countries and
to improve the wages and conditions of workers in poor countries is not through mandating labor
8
10. standards which are enforced by the rich on the poor through the WTO or regional and bilateral
trade agreements. It is rather to devise economic policies that can help provide new opportunities
for workers that may be adversely affected by globalization (in either rich or poor countries) and at
the same time improve the earnings of workers in the poor countries.
In rich countries there is a need for public sector involvement to assist workers to transition
from jobs in the declining to the growing sectors. This means making sure that displaced workers
are given temporary financial assistance and retraining opportunities to take advantage of growing
sectors in those economies. Many rich countries already have such programs in place, and there is a
continuing need to adequately fund these programs.
In poor countries, it is necessary to continue the many existing economic and social
development efforts, deployed by the international organizations (such as the OECD, UN agencies
and the World Bank), government aid agencies, NGOs, etc. These organizations must continue to
provide both financial and technical assistance to deal with the underlying causes of poverty in poor
countries, especially the low levels of education. For example, programs, such as Progressa in
Mexico, which have proven to be effective in increasing school attendance among poor children as
the poor families are compensated for the child’s foregone earnings, are effective in both reducing
child labor and providing opportunities for a brighter future for these children. The problem of bad
working conditions and poor labor standards can be addressed effectively only in the context of
improving opportunities and living conditions.
In addition to these development agencies, multinational corporations (MNCs) are showing
they too can play a role. Many MNCs have developed international codes of conduct that can assist
in improving labor standards and working conditions in their affiliates and subcontractors in host
developing countries. While these codes of conduct are essentially voluntary in nature, and there is
9
11. no guarantee that they will be effective in all circumstances in developing countries, they serve an
important role insofar as they help to focus attention on the importance of the root causes of
underdevelopment and the types of business practices that may help developing countries to raise
per capita incomes and improve conditions of work.3
Finally, the role of consumers in rich countries is worth mentioning. There has been a
groundswell among a group of “conscientious consumers” who are willing to pay more for products
not made under “sweatshop” or exploitative conditions in poor countries (e.g., fair trade coffee). In
this regard, consumer labeling can be used to provide a market-based method for improving labor
standards. The advantage of labeling is that it provides information about production processes and
allows consumers in making their consumption choices to reflect the satisfaction that they derive
from the presumed realization of higher labor standards internationally. An example cited by
Arggarwal (1995, pp. 39-40) is the Child Labor Coalition, which was formed in 1989 by several
religious, human rights, and union groups and has sponsored the so-called Rugmark campaign that
provides producers with a certifying label that they can attach to their exports indicating that they
do not employ child labor. A similar labeling system could be extended to clothing and other
products.4
What is important is that these various public and private actions can be carried out without
the coercion that may be involved when efforts are made internationally to influence governments
to change their domestic labor-market policies.
3
See Brown et al. (2002) for an elaboration of the case to be made for voluntary codes of conduct and an assessment of
the role and activities of the Fair Labor Association (FLA) and Workers Rights Consortium (WRC) that monitor the
MNC production and sale of clothing articles bearing US university and college logos.
4
Obviously, firms/countries that do not obtain this labeling will be negatively impacted. However, the higher price that
consumers are willing to pay for these goods will provide a market based incentive for firms in those countries to
improve working conditions.
10
12. 5. Conclusions
The motivation for this policy brief has been to consider whether international labor
standards should be incorporated into the WTO and other trade agreements. The empirical
literature summarized above suggests that mandating unsustainably high labor standards will not
improve average wages and working conditions in poor countries. In fact, such mandates can both
reduce the number of workers with better pay and working conditions and increase the number in
poorer conditions, hence creating further inequality. The literature also shows that low labor
standards do not provide developing countries with an unfair advantage in their export trade nor do
they drive FDI. Hence, raising labor standards in poor countries will not protect jobs of workers in
industrialized countries. What then should be done on the global level?
If one looks at the economic development of the United States, Western Europe, Japan and
other advanced industrialized countries over the past century, it is evident that the real incomes of
workers have increased dramatically and that the conditions of work have improved concomitantly.
In recent decades, there have been similar improvements in a substantial number of developing
countries, especially in East and Southeast Asia as well as in Latin America. What the historical
record suggests therefore is that it is not through the external enforcement of labor standards that
improvements have been realized, but through internal economic and social development and
growth in a country’s GNP. This means that governments in poor countries must implement solid
growth strategies and target policies to eradicate poverty. Governments in rich countries can also
help increase demand for poor countries’ output by reducing the barriers to imports from these
countries. Finally, conscientious consumers in rich countries can also play a small role in increasing
demand for products that are not produced by children or sweatshops, while MNCs can ensure their
affiliates also follow better labor practices. Although this strategy is more multifaceted and will
11
13. seem to take longer than mandates, it will achieve the goal of improved labor standards and wages
that are sustainable in the currently poorer countries.
As for the rich countries, their governments should assist workers in recognizing they can
benefit from the globalization process. Rather than setting up barriers to imports from poor
countries and seeking to enforce labor standards in poor countries, efforts should be focused on
preparing workers to be more flexible and able to adapt to the evolving global economy. In
particular, more resources can be allocated to retraining workers in declining sector jobs so they
may unleash their talent in the growing sectors.
The process of economic change is complex and cannot be managed by mandates. The
alternative policies we propose will be far more effective in making workers and the economies
better off than trying to mandate change.
12
14. References
Aggarwal, Mita. 1995. “International Trade, Labor Standards, and Labor Market Conditions: An
Evaluation of the Linkages,” USITC, Office of Economics Working Paper No. 95-06-C
(June).
Brown, Charles. 1999. “Minimum Wages, Employment, and the Distribution of Income,” in Orley
Ashenfelter (ed.) Handbook of Labor Economics. North Holland Press.
Brown, Drusilla K. 2000. “International Trade and Core Labour Standards: A Survey of the
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