Unit 1: Environmental Context of International Business, Framework for analyzing international
business environment – Domestic, foreign and global environments and their impact on
international business decisions.
Global Trading Environment: World trade in goods and services – Major trends and developments;
World trade and protectionism – Tariff and non-tariff barriers; Counter trade.
Unit 2: International Financial Environment: Foreign investments -Pattern, Structure and effects;
Movements in foreign exchange and interest rates and then impact on trade and investment flows.
Unit 3: International Economic Institutions and Agreements: WTO, IMF, World Bank UNCTAD,
Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), GSP, GSTP and other International agreements;
International commodity trading and agreements.
Unit 4: Multinational Corporations and their involvement in International Business: Issues in
foreign investments, technology transfer, pricing and regulations; International collaborative
arrangements and strategic alliances.
Unit 5: Regional Economic Groupings in Practice: Regionalism vs. multilaterallism, Structure and
functioning of EC and NAFTA; Regional economic cooperation. Emerging Developments and
Other Issues: Growing concern for ecology; Counter trade; IT and international business.
Unit 1: Environmental Context of International Business, Framework for analyzing international
business environment – Domestic, foreign and global environments and their impact on
international business decisions.
Global Trading Environment: World trade in goods and services – Major trends and developments;
World trade and protectionism – Tariff and non-tariff barriers; Counter trade.
Unit 2: International Financial Environment: Foreign investments -Pattern, Structure and effects;
Movements in foreign exchange and interest rates and then impact on trade and investment flows.
Unit 3: International Economic Institutions and Agreements: WTO, IMF, World Bank UNCTAD,
Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), GSP, GSTP and other International agreements;
International commodity trading and agreements.
Unit 4: Multinational Corporations and their involvement in International Business: Issues in
foreign investments, technology transfer, pricing and regulations; International collaborative
arrangements and strategic alliances.
Unit 5: Regional Economic Groupings in Practice: Regionalism vs. multilaterallism, Structure and
functioning of EC and NAFTA; Regional economic cooperation. Emerging Developments and
Other Issues: Growing concern for ecology; Counter trade; IT and international business.
Unit 1: Environmental Context of International Business, Framework for analyzing international
business environment – Domestic, foreign and global environments and their impact on
international business decisions.
Global Trading Environment: World trade in goods and services – Major trends and developments;
World trade and protectionism – Tariff and non-tariff barriers; Counter trade.
Unit 2: International Financial Environment: Foreign investments -Pattern, Structure and effects;
Movements in foreign exchange and interest rates and then impact on trade and investment flows.
Unit 3: International Economic Institutions and Agreements: WTO, IMF, World Bank UNCTAD,
Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), GSP, GSTP and other International agreements;
International commodity trading and agreements.
Unit 4: Multinational Corporations and their involvement in International Business: Issues in
foreign investments, technology transfer, pricing and regulations; International collaborative
arrangements and strategic alliances.
Unit 5: Regional Economic Groupings in Practice: Regionalism vs. multilaterallism, Structure and
functioning of EC and NAFTA; Regional economic cooperation. Emerging Developments and
Other Issues: Growing concern for ecology; Counter trade; IT and international business.
Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie instytucjonalnych aspektów internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstw. Autorzy koncentrują uwagę Czytelnika na roli, jaką odgrywają formalne instytucje
w procesach umiędzynarodowienia przedsiębiorstw, w szczególności w zakresie zagranicznych
inwestycji bezpośrednich. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja oraz próba oceny polityki wsparcia
zagranicznych inwestycji bezpośrednich wychodzących z Polski po okresie globalnego kryzysu ekonomicznego 2008. Autorzy najpierw podjęli studia literaturowe w odniesieniu do instytucjonalnych aspektów umiędzynarodowienia, następnie przeprowadzili badania jakościowe
z zastosowaniem metody wywiadu bezpośredniego z reprezentantami instytucji makro- i mezoszczebla (ministerstwo, władze regionalne, organizacje otoczenia biznesu). Wywiady pozwoliły na scharakteryzowanie podmiotowego oraz przestrzennego zorientowania polityki wsparcia zagranicznych inwestycji bezpośrednich wychodzących z Polski oraz na zasygnalizowanie
wyzwań, jakie rysują się przed tą polityką po 2008 roku. Uzyskane rezultaty stanowią punkt
wyjścia do dalszych, bardziej szczegółowych badań w przyszłości.
* Projekt badawczy: No. 11430010 Small Grants Program of the International Visegrad
Fund „Outward FDI policies in Visegrad Countries”.
Running Head: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 2
International Business
Student Name
University Name
Date
Instructor Name
Discuss a “real world” MNC’s international strategy. The discussion should identify the company’s strategic plans, how the factors of international strategy, above, affected them, location efficiencies, a SWOT analysis, their application of the steps in international strategy formulation, and so on.
Support your paper with a minimum of five (5) external resources In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources, including older articles, may be included.
Length: 5-7 pages not including title and reference pages
Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Introduction:
Dawn of economic process has raised up, where international business is changing into more and more common. Transnational organizations will measure among the foremost profitable within the world. An organization must bear in mind of the speech and civilization of the country wherever it plans to board with its asset. Politics and laws of the condition will moreover produce international trade simple or onerous. With the achievement of international business, its outlook is polished, on a planet scale. Effective organization of international business process includes inexpensive organization of money, workers, expansion, advertising, and announcement. This is over and over again so the association, completion and organization of the operation go well. The long lope of international business is intense as fiscal process and therefore they would similar to for catholicity persistence. Even though the business goes globally there are some issues to be considered around as such
1. Social Issues
2. Ethical Issues
3. Labour Issues
4. Environmental Issues
Impacts of Political, Legal and Economic System:
Political, economic, and legal assortment and change within the international souk, and the way executive reply to the confront with data and considerate resulting not exclusively from the business regulation though conjointly from economic expansion, sociology, faith, topography, and the past. Early labors to tie together technology and take manufactured goods into foreign markets; the crash of dispersion catalysts like super language, script, print technology, transport innovation, transmit medium, electronic medium, and advertising institution; and consequently the appearance of recent companies will calculate to manage to level back the crash. Largely North America or Western Europe is that the specific regions were these impacts have taken place. Political modification happens as nations look for to ascertain stability and order.
Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie instytucjonalnych aspektów internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstw. Autorzy koncentrują uwagę Czytelnika na roli, jaką odgrywają formalne instytucje
w procesach umiędzynarodowienia przedsiębiorstw, w szczególności w zakresie zagranicznych
inwestycji bezpośrednich. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja oraz próba oceny polityki wsparcia
zagranicznych inwestycji bezpośrednich wychodzących z Polski po okresie globalnego kryzysu ekonomicznego 2008. Autorzy najpierw podjęli studia literaturowe w odniesieniu do instytucjonalnych aspektów umiędzynarodowienia, następnie przeprowadzili badania jakościowe
z zastosowaniem metody wywiadu bezpośredniego z reprezentantami instytucji makro- i mezoszczebla (ministerstwo, władze regionalne, organizacje otoczenia biznesu). Wywiady pozwoliły na scharakteryzowanie podmiotowego oraz przestrzennego zorientowania polityki wsparcia zagranicznych inwestycji bezpośrednich wychodzących z Polski oraz na zasygnalizowanie
wyzwań, jakie rysują się przed tą polityką po 2008 roku. Uzyskane rezultaty stanowią punkt
wyjścia do dalszych, bardziej szczegółowych badań w przyszłości.
* Projekt badawczy: No. 11430010 Small Grants Program of the International Visegrad
Fund „Outward FDI policies in Visegrad Countries”.
Running Head: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 2
International Business
Student Name
University Name
Date
Instructor Name
Discuss a “real world” MNC’s international strategy. The discussion should identify the company’s strategic plans, how the factors of international strategy, above, affected them, location efficiencies, a SWOT analysis, their application of the steps in international strategy formulation, and so on.
Support your paper with a minimum of five (5) external resources In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources, including older articles, may be included.
Length: 5-7 pages not including title and reference pages
Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Introduction:
Dawn of economic process has raised up, where international business is changing into more and more common. Transnational organizations will measure among the foremost profitable within the world. An organization must bear in mind of the speech and civilization of the country wherever it plans to board with its asset. Politics and laws of the condition will moreover produce international trade simple or onerous. With the achievement of international business, its outlook is polished, on a planet scale. Effective organization of international business process includes inexpensive organization of money, workers, expansion, advertising, and announcement. This is over and over again so the association, completion and organization of the operation go well. The long lope of international business is intense as fiscal process and therefore they would similar to for catholicity persistence. Even though the business goes globally there are some issues to be considered around as such
1. Social Issues
2. Ethical Issues
3. Labour Issues
4. Environmental Issues
Impacts of Political, Legal and Economic System:
Political, economic, and legal assortment and change within the international souk, and the way executive reply to the confront with data and considerate resulting not exclusively from the business regulation though conjointly from economic expansion, sociology, faith, topography, and the past. Early labors to tie together technology and take manufactured goods into foreign markets; the crash of dispersion catalysts like super language, script, print technology, transport innovation, transmit medium, electronic medium, and advertising institution; and consequently the appearance of recent companies will calculate to manage to level back the crash. Largely North America or Western Europe is that the specific regions were these impacts have taken place. Political modification happens as nations look for to ascertain stability and order.
I need a 125 word reply to each of the four following forum postings.docxtroutmanboris
I need a 125 word reply to each of the four following forum postings in a finance class (500 words total) You are responding to comments made by other students in the class. MUST BE ORIGINAL!
Forum #1
When an organization decides to engage in international financing activities, they also take on additional risk as well as opportunities. The main risks that are associated with businesses engaging in international finance include foreign exchange risk and political risk. These risks may sometimes make it difficult to maintain constant and reliable revenue. When an organization decides to engage in international financing activities, they also take on additional risk as well as opportunities. The main risks that are associated with businesses engaging in international finance include foreign exchange risk and political risk. These risks may sometimes make it difficult to maintain constant and reliable revenue. Foreign exchange risk occurs when the value of investment fluctuates due to changes in a currency's exchange rate. When a domestic currency appreciates against a foreign currency, profit or returns earned in the foreign country will decrease after being exchanged back to the domestic currency. Political risk transpires when a country's government unexpectedly changes its policies, which now negatively affect the foreign company. These policy changes can include such things as trade barriers, which serve to limit or prevent international trade. “Since 2010, one in ten of the countries surveyed have experienced a significant increase in the level of short-term political risk. These risks include governments asserting control over natural resources, regimes being ousted by popular uprisings and the expropriation of foreign investors' assets” (Brown, Sophle. 2013).
References
Brown, Sophle. Political instability on the rise. Dec 11, 2013. Retrieved from web:
http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/11/business/maplecroft-political-risk/
Forum #2
Multinational companies seem to be the standard for future business. They are typically more productive and pay their workers more than comparable locally owned businesses (Eun & Renick, 2015). With the many advantages that are available to multinationals it is no surprise that companies are shifting in this direction. However, all of the advantages do not come risk free as you may have expected. Two of the significant risks associated with multinationals and international financial management are foreign exchange risk and political risks.
Foreign exchange risk is what would likely be the first thing you would consider when thinking about international finance. Exchange rates fluctuate on a regular basis and can be somewhat unpredictable at times. This has been the case since the early 1970s when fixed exchange rates were abandoned (Eun & Renick, 2015). Exchange risk is the difference between the exchange rate at the moment a business deal is closed for a given amount and the exchange rate at the moment when .
Similar to 403 ib International Business Environment model Q&A (20)
1. Perspective of Indian Economy: Indian Economy as a Developing Economy, Basic Characteristics Overview of Economic Planning, Role of Monetary policy and Fiscal Policy, Budget terminology, Economic Growth, GDP and GDP Trends, Money Supply & Inflation, Inflation trends, RBI – overview of role and functions, Capital Markets – overview of role and functions, Concept of Poverty, Estimates of Poverty, Poverty Line, Economic Reforms and Reduction of Poverty, Concept of Inclusion, Need of inclusive growth, Financial inclusion. Concept of Hard & Soft Infrastructure. Hard Infrastructure - Transport Infrastructure, Energy Infrastructure, Water management infrastructure, Communication Infrastructure, Solid waste management, Earth monitoring and measuring networks. Soft Infrastructure - Governance Infrastructure, Economic infrastructure, Social infrastructure, Critical Infrastructure, Urban infrastructure, Green infrastructure, Education Infrastructure, Health Infrastructure. (6)
2. Human Resources and Economic Development : The Theory of Demographic Transition, Size and Growth Rate of Population in India, Quantitative Population Growth Differentials in Different Countries, The Sex Composition of Population, Age Composition of Population, Density of Population, Urbanization and Economic Growth in India, The Quality of Population, Population Projections (2001-2026), Demographic Dividend. Human Development in India
- The Concept and Measures of Human Development, Human development Index for Various States in India, National Human Development Report, Changing profile of GDP and employment in India, GDP, Employment and Productivity per Worker in India, Relative Shift in the Shares of NSDP and Employment in Agriculture, Industry and Services in Different States. (6)
3. Sectoral composition of Indian Economy: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Sectors, Issues in Agriculture sector in India ,land reforms, Green Revolution and agriculture policies of India , Industrial development , small scale and cottage industries, Industrial Policy, Public sector in India, Services sector in India. Areas of Market Failure and Need for State Intervention, Redefining the Role of the State, Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG) Model of Development, Planning commission v/s NITI Aayog, Public Versus Private Sector Debate, Unorganised Sector and India's Informal Economy. (6)
4. Inequality and Economic Power in India: FDI, Angel Investors and Start-ups, Unicorns, M&A, Investment Models, Role of State, PPP (Public-Private Partnership), Savings and Investment Trends. Growth of Large Industrial Houses Since Independence, Growth of Monopolies and Concentration of Economic Power in India, Competition Policy and Competition Law, Growth and Inequality, India as an Economic Superpower, Growth of the Indian Middle Class, Indian MNCs : Mergers and Acquisitions, Outsourcing, Nationalism and Globalization, Small-scale and Cottage Enterprises, The Role of Small-scale Industries in India
Introduction to Imports and Exports: Meaning and Definition of Imports and Export – Classification – Strategy
and Preparation for Export Marketing – Export Marketing Organizations – Registration Formalities – IEC – RCMC
– Export Licensing – Selection of Export Product – Identification of Markets – Methods of Exporting – Pricing
Quotations – Payment Terms – Letter of Credit - Liberalization of Imports – Negative List for Imports – Categories
of Importers – Special Schemes for Importers. (7+2)
2. Management of Import and Exports: Basic Concept of Import and Exports - Understanding an Export
Transaction - Direct Quotation Method - Spot & Forward rates and booking of Forward contract for exports –
Understanding NOSTRO, VOSTRO and LORO - Payment terms - contents and types of Letter of credit - Uniform
Customs Procedures for Documentary Credits (UCPDC) - Excise clearance - Customs house agents - Marine
insurance. (7+2)
3. Import Export Documentation: Aligned Documentation System – Commercial Invoice – Shipping Bill –
Certificate of Origin – Consular Invoice – Mate’s Receipt – Bill of Lading – GR Form – ISO 9000 – Procedure for
obtaining ISO 9000 – BIS 14000 Certification – Types of Marine Insurance Policies - Import Documents – Transport
Documents – Bill to Entry – Certificate of Inspection – Certificate of Measurements – Freight Declaration - Principal,
Auxiliary & Regulatory set of documents. (7+2)
4. Import Export Procedures: Steps in Export Procedure – Export Contract – Forward Cover – Export Finance –
Institutional framework for Export Finance – Excise Clearance – Pre-shipment Inspection – Methods of Preshipment
Inspection – Marine Insurance – Role of Clearing and Forwarding Agents – Shipping and Customs
Formalities – Customs EDI System – Negotiation of Documents – Realisation of Exports Proceeds - Pre-Import
Procedure – Steps in Import Procedure – Legal Dimensions of Import Procedure – Customs Formalities for Imports
– Warehousing of Imported goods – Exchange Control Provisions for Imports – Retirement of Export Documents.
(7+2)
5. Policy Framework for Imports and Exports: Foreign Trade Policy – Highlights – Special Focus Initiatives – Duty
Drawback – Deemed Exports – ASIDE – MAI & MDA – Star Export Houses – Town of Export Excellence – EPCG
Scheme – Incentives for Exporters. Export Promotion Councils-Commodity Boards – FIEO – IIFT – EOUs – SEZs –
ITPO – ECGC – EXIM Bank.
MBA SEM-III
307– International Business Environment
Generic Elective – University Level
1. Introduction to International Business: Importance, nature and scope of International business; modes of entry into International Business, internationalization process. Globalization: Meaning, Implications, Globalization as a driver of International Business. The Multinational Corporations (MNCs) – evolution, features and dynamics of the Global Enterprises. Consequences of Economic Globalization, Brexit, Reverse globalization. (5+1)
2. International Business Environment: Political Economy of International Business, Economic and Political Systems, Legal Environment, Cultural Environment, Ethics and CSR in International Business. (5+1)
3. International Financial Environment: Foreign Investments - Pattern, Structure and effects. Theories of Foreign Direct Investment, Traditional and Modern theories of FDI, Modes of FDI - Greenfield, Brownfield Investments, Mergers and Acquisitions, Motives of FDI, FDI contrasted with FPI. Basics of Forex Market. (5+1)
4. International Economic Institutions and Agreements: WTO, IMF, World Bank, UNCTAD Tariff and Non-tariff Barriers. Balance of Payment Account: Concept and significance of balance of payments, Current and capital account components. Introduction to Basic Concept of IFRS. (5+1)
5. Emerging Issues in International Business Environment: Growing concern for ecology, Digitalisation; Outsourcing and Global Value chains. Labor and other Environmental Issues, Impact of Pandemic COVID-19 on international trade. (5+1)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
Balance of Payment Account
Introduction to Basic Concept of IFRS.
Emerging Issues in International Business Environment: Growing concern for ecology, Digitalisation; Outsourcing and Global Value chains. Labor and other Environmental Issues, Impact of Pandemic COVID-19 on international trade
Introduction to Global Economic & political Systems: Meaning of Global Economy and its History Structure and
Components of Global Economy, Theory of Hegemonic Stability, Differences among National Economies, Market
Oriented Capitalism, Developmental Capitalism, Social Market Capitalism, Comparative Analysis, Effects of
Globalization on Indian Economy.
Managerial Economics: Concept of Economy, Economics, Microeconomics, Macroeconomics. Nature and
Scope of Managerial Economics, Managerial Economics and decision-making. Concept of Firm, Market, Objectives of
Firm: Profit Maximization Model, Economist Theory of the Firm, Cyert and March’s Behavior Theory, Marris’ Growth
Maximisation Model, Baumol’s Static and Dynamic Models, Williamson’s Managerial Discretionary Theory. (6+1)
2. Utility & Demand Analysis: Utility – Meaning, Utility analysis, Measurement of utility, Law of diminishing
marginal utility, Indifference curve, Consumer’s equilibrium - Budget line and Consumer surplus. Demand - Concept of
Demand, Types of Demand, Determinants of Demand, Law of Demand, Elasticity of Demand, Exceptions to Law of
Demand. Uses of the concept of elasticity. Forecasting: Introduction, Meaning and Forecasting, Level of Demand
Forecasting, Criteria for Good Demand Forecasting, Methods of Demand Forecasting, Survey Methods, Statistical
Methods, Qualitative Methods, Demand Forecasting for a New Products. (Demand Forecasting methods - Conceptual
treatment only numericals not expected) (8+1)
3. Supply & Market Equilibrium: Introduction, Meaning of Supply and Law of Supply, Exceptions to the Law of
Supply, Changes or Shifts in Supply. Elasticity of supply, Factors Determining Elasticity of Supply, Practical Importance,
Market Equilibrium and Changes in Market Equilibrium. Production Analysis: Introduction, Meaning of Production and
Production Function, Cost of Production. Cost Analysis: Private costs and Social Costs, Accounting Costs and Economic
costs, Short run and Long Run costs, Economies of scale, Cost-Output Relationship - Cost Function, Cost-Output
Relationships in the Short Run, and Cost-Output Relationships in the Long Run. (8+1)
4. Revenue Analysis and Pricing Policies: Introduction, Revenue: Meaning and Types, Relationship between
Revenues and Price Elasticity of Demand
The Trading System: Debate over Free Trade – Functions of GATT and WTO, The Uruguay Round and World
Trade Organization, Trade Blocs – EU, OECD, OPEC, SAARC, ASEAN, NAFTA, Threats to Open Trading System,
Developments in International Trade Theory, Bi-lateral, Multilateral Trade Agreements, Impact of Trade wars in
liberalized economy
International Monetary System: The International Financial System - Reform of International Monetary Affairs
- The Bretton Wood System and the International Monetary Fund, Controversy over Regulation of International
Finance, Developing Countries' Concerns, Exchange Rate Policy of Developing Economies.
International Trade Laws: International Contracts of Sale of Goods Transactions, International Trade Insurance,
Patents, Trademarks, Copyright and Neighboring Rights. Intellectual property Rights, Dispute settlement
Procedures under GATT & WTO, Payment systems in International Trade, International Labour Organization and
International Labour Laws.
Introduction to Global Economic & political Systems: Meaning of Global Economy and its History Structure and
Components of Global Economy, Theory of Hegemonic Stability, Differences among National Economies, Market
Oriented Capitalism, Developmental Capitalism, Social Market Capitalism, Comparative Analysis, Effects of
Globalization on Indian Economy. (6)
2. The Trading System: Debate over Free Trade – Functions of GATT and WTO, The Uruguay Round and World
Trade Organization, Trade Blocs – EU, OECD, OPEC, SAARC, ASEAN, NAFTA, Threats to Open Trading System,
Developments in International Trade Theory, Bi-lateral, Multilateral Trade Agreements, Impact of Trade wars in
liberalized economy. (6
Contemporary issues and Challenges in Global Economic Environment - Indian perspective: Globalization and
its Advocacy, Globalization and its Impact on India, Fair Globalization and the Need for Policy Framework,
Globalization in Reverse Gear-The Threatened Re-emergence of Protectionism. Euro zone Crisis and its impact
on India, Issues in Brexit, World recession, inflationary trends, impact of fluctuating prices of crude oil, gold
etc.
Contemporary issues and Challenges in Global Economic Environment - Indian perspective: Globalization and
its Advocacy, Globalization and its Impact on India, Fair Globalization and the Need for Policy Framework,
Globalization in Reverse Gear-The Threatened Re-emergence of Protectionism. Euro zone Crisis and its impact
on India, Issues in Brexit, World recession, inflationary trends, impact of fluctuating prices of crude oil, gold
etc.
Contemporary issues and Challenges in Global Economic Environment - Indian perspective: Globalization and
its Advocacy, Globalization and its Impact on India, Fair Globalization and the Need for Policy Framework,
Globalization in Reverse Gear-The Threatened Re-emergence of Protectionism. Euro zone Crisis and its impact
on India, Issues in Brexit, World recession, inflationary trends, impact of fluctuating prices of crude oil, gold
etc.
International Monetary System: The International Financial System - Reform of International Monetary Affairs
- The Bretton Wood System and the International Monetary Fund, Controversy over Regulation of International
Finance, Developing Countries' Concerns, Exchange Rate Policy of Developing Economies.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Yes of course, you can easily start mining pi network coin today and sell to legit pi vendors in the United States.
Here the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network #pi coins #legit #passive income
#US
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
403 ib International Business Environment model Q&A
1. Sinhgad Institute of Business
Administration & Computer
Application (SIBACA)
MODEL Question
-Answers
FOR
MBA - Semester: IV
(Specialization IB)
Course Code: 403IB
Type: Subject – Core
Course Title: International Business
Environment
BY:
Dr. Bhati Rakesh Kumar
2. MBA Semester – IV
Subject: 403 (IB) International Business Environment
MODEL Question -Answers
Q1. Enumerate the main elements of culture and explain their significance in international
business environment?
Answer:
Culture can be defined as “the sum total of the beliefs, rules, techniques, institutions, and
artifacts that characterize human populations” or “the collective programming of the mind”
Sociologists generally talk about the socialization process, referring to the influence of parents,
friends, education, and the interaction with other members of a particular society as the basis for one’s
culture. These influences result in learned patterns of behavior common to members of a given society.
The definitions of culture vary according to the focus of interest, the unit of analysis, and the
disciplinary approach (psychology, anthropology, sociology, geography, etc.).
Culture was defined earlier as the symbols, language, beliefs, values, and artifacts that are part of
any society. As this definition suggests, there are two basic components of culture: ideas and symbols
on the one hand and artifacts (material objects) on the other. The first type, called nonmaterial culture,
includes the values, beliefs, symbols, and language that define a society. The second type, called
material culture, includes all the society’s physical objects, such as its tools and technology, clothing,
eating utensils, and means of transportation.
The cultural environment of a foreign nation remains a critical component of the international
business environment, yet it is one of the most difficult to understand. The cultural environment of a
foreign nation involves commonly shared beliefs and values, formed by factors such as language,
religion, geographic location, government, history, and education.
It is common for many international firms to conduct a cultural analysis of a foreign nation as to
better understand these factors and how they affect international business efforts.
Cross-cultural management issues arise in a range of business contexts. Within individual firms,
for example, managers from a foreign parent company need to understand that local employees from
the host country may require different organization structures and HRM procedures. In cross-border
mergers and acquisitions (M&As), realizing the expected synergies very often depends on establishing
structures and procedures that encompass both cultures in a balanced way. Cross-border joint ventures,
alliances, or buyer–supplier relationships between two or more firms also require a cultural compromise.
Finally, for firms to sell successfully to foreign customers requires culturally sensitive adaptations to
products, services, marketing, and advertising.
Despite the various patterns and processes of globalization, cultural differences still remain
important. Even with greater common access, via various media and the Internet, to the same brands,
rock icons, and sports stars, differences remain. Terms like cultural convergence or, simply,
Americanization (the homogenization of global consumer preferences through the ubiquity of
McDonald’s, Coca-Cola, and Ford) overstate the similarities between groups of people around the
world.
Cultures vary and these variations lead to real and significant differences in the ways that
companies operate and people work.Moreover, because of globalization more and more firms are coming
head to head with the added complexity of doing business globally, which stems from the huge amount
of variety in the world that still exists
Q1. Distinguish between tariff and non-tariff barriers.
Answer: All countries are dependent on other countries for some products and services as no
country can ever hope to be self reliant in all respects. There are countries having abundance of natural
resources like minerals and oil but are deficient in having technology to process them into finished
goods. Then there are countries that are facing shortage of manpower and services. All such
shortcomings can be overcome through international trade. Though it seems easy, in reality, importing
goods from foreign countries at cheap prices hits domestic producers badly. As such, countries impose
taxes on goods coming from abroad to make their cost comparable with domestic goods. These are
called tariff barriers. Then there are non tariff barriers also that serve as impediments in free
international trade.
3. 1. With tariffs the Government receives the revenue whereas no revenue is received by the Government
by applying non-tariff measures.
However, it is favoured as an appropriate measure to meet the demand of the country and to protect the
industry.
2. Non-tariff measures protect the procedures and make them feel more secure than under a tariff. But
incentives are not there under tariffs.
3. In tariff customer’s classification and valuation procedures pose a problem before the customs
authorities. Where-as under non-tariff measures no such problem arises.
4. Non-tariff barriers to trade induce the domestic producers to form monopolistic organisations with a
view to keeping output low and prices high. This is not possible under import duty.
Non-tariff barriers remain ineffective if monopolistic tendencies prevail in the country.
5. Non-tariff measures are flexible than tariff. Imposition of tariff and amendments are subject to
legislative enactment.
6. In non-tariff the price differences will be greater in two countries because there is no free flow of
imports; but in tariff—price differentiation will be equal to the cost of tariff and transportation between
exporting and importing countries.
7. Tariffs are simple to operate. Tariff rates once fixed through legislation require no individual
allocation of licensing quotas or exchange.
For non-tariff measures numbers of authorities are there to administer. It may result in political
interference or corruption.
8. Tariff favours particularly to efficient firms in the country but non-tariff measures benefit established
firm because they get quotas or import licenses.
9. Non-tariffs discriminate against new-comers but tariff do not discriminate.
Q2. Discuss Movements in interest rates and then impact on trade and investment flows.
Answer: All other factors being equal, higher interest rates in a country increase the value of that
country's currency relative to nations offering lower interest rates. However, such simple straight-line
calculations rarely, if ever, exist in foreign exchange. Although interest rates can be a major factor
influencing currency value and exchange rates, the final determination of a currency's exchange rate
with other currencies is the result of a number of interrelated elements that reflect and impact the
overall financial condition of a country in respect to that of other nations.
Generally, higher interest rates increase the value of a given country's currency. The higher interest
rates that can be earned tend to attract foreign investment, increasing the demand for and value of the
home country's currency. Conversely, lower interest rates tend to be unattractive for foreign
investment and decrease the currency's relative value.
However, this simple occurrence is complicated by a host of other factors that impact currency
value and exchange rates. One of the primary complicating factors is the interrelationship that exists
between higher interest rates and inflation. If a country can manage to achieve a successful balance of
increased interest rates without an accompanying increase in inflation, then the value and exchange rate
for its currency is more likely to rise.
Interest rates alone do not determine the value of a currency. Two other factors that are often of
greater importance are political and economic stability and the demand for a country's goods and
services. Factors such as a country's balance of trade between imports and exports can be a much more
crucial determining factor for currency value. Greater demand for a country's products means greater
demand for the country's currency as well. Favorable gross domestic product (GDP) and balance of
trade numbers are key figures that analysts and investors consider in assessing the desirability of
owning a given currency.
Another important factor is a country's level of debt. While they can be managed for some
period of time, high levels of debt eventually lead to higher inflation rates and may ultimately trigger
an official devaluation of a country's currency.
The recent history of the United States clearly illustrates the critical importance of a country's
overall perceived political and economic stability. In recent years, U.S. government and consumer debt
has exploded to new high levels. In an attempt to stimulate the U.S. economy, the Federal Reserve has
maintained interest rates near zero. Despite these facts, the U.S. dollar has enjoyed favorable exchange
rates in relation to the currencies of most other nations. This is partially due to the fact that the U.S.
retains, at least to some extent, the position of being the reserve currency for much of the world. Also,
4. the U.S. dollar is still perceived as a safe haven in an economically uncertain world. This fact, more so
than interest rates, inflation or other considerations, has proven to be the overriding and determining
factor for the relative value of the U.S. dollar.
For international investors, there are substantial gains to be made from moving money between
different countries with different interest rates.
Suppose the EU and UK both have an interest rate of 0.5%. At that time, it doesn’t make much
difference whether you put savings in the US banks or EU banks.
However, if the UK increased interest rates to 1.5% then you would get a substantially higher
return from saving in a UK bank. Therefore, EU investors may sell Euros and buy Pound Sterling so
that they can gain more interest from their savings.
This increased demand for Pound Sterling will push up the value of the Pound against the Euro.
Even small changes in interest rates can make a significant impact on exchange rates. Increased capital
mobility means it is easier to transfer money across accounts. Money can be moved from one account to
another with ease. Also, the commission from buying dollars will be quite limited making it more
attractive to shift accounts.
Q2. Discuss Structure of Foreign investments?
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a kind of cross-border investment made by a resident in one
economy (the direct investor) with the objective of establishing an interest in an enterprise (the direct
investment enterprise) i.e. resident in an economy other than that of the direct investor. The motivation
of the direct investor is a strategic long term relationship with the direct investors. The motivation of
the direct investor is a strategic long term relationship with the direct investment enterprise to assure
the significant degree of influence by the direct investor in the management of the direct investment
enterprise. The objectives of direct investment are different from those of portfolio investment whereby
investor does not generally expect to influence the management of the enterprise.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in India is undertaken in accord with the FDI policy which is
formulated and declared by the Government of India. The Department of Industrial Policy and
Promotion, Ministry of Commerce and Industry and the Government of India issues a “Consolidated
FDI Policy” on a yearly basis on March 31 of each year (since 2010) elaborating the policy and the
process in respect of FDI in India. The latest Consolidation FDI policy governed by the provisions of
the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) 1993. FDI is prohibited in the listed sectors;
Any kind of lottery business
Atomic energy
Nidhi company
Betting and gambling including casinos
Real estate business
Business of chit fund
Routes for Investment
The Indian economy was considered to be one of the weak and developing economies of the world,
but with the changing time, India has witnessed a huge amount of change in its economy during the
past years. The Government has taken many initiatives for its development and for the promotions so
that foreign investors get more interest and invest in the domestic markets of India. There are basically
two routes for the FDIs to invest in India. Namely;
Automatic route
Government approval
The FDIs which are permitted through automatic route can make the investment in a hassle free
procedure. They do not require any prior approval of the RBI or the Government before making any
remittance. They only need to notify the regional officer of the RBI before 30 days of receipt of inward
remittance and submit the necessary documents in that office before the completion of 30 days of issue
of shares to foreign investors. Whereas;
Under the FDIs which does not fall under the automatic route require prior Government approval.
For this purpose, a body has been incorporated as the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB)
who deals with FDIs which are not permitted under the automatic route. The Indian companies who
5. are permitted to have foreign investment through (FIPS) are not required to get any approval from the
RBI. They only need to notify the Regional office of the RBI as being prescribed.
1. Incorporating a company in India: It can be a private or public limited company. Both
wholly owned and joint ventures are allowed. Private limited company requires minimum of 2
shareholders.
2. Limited liability partnerships: Allowed under the Government route in Sectors where 100%
FDI is allowed.
3. Sole proprietorship/partnership firm: Under Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approval-RBI
decides the application in consultation with Government of India.
4. Extension of foreign entity: Liaison office, Branch office (BO) or Project Office (PO) -These
offices can undertake only the activities specified by the RBI. Approvals are granted under
the Government and RBI route. Automatic route is available to BO/PO meeting certain
conditions.
5. Other structures: Foreign investment or contributions in other structures like not for profit
companies etc. are also subject to provisions of Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA).
Q3. Discuss the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing?
The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) was negotiated in the Uruguay Round of
Trade Negotiations. It replaced the Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles (MFA, or
Multi- Fibre Arrangement) of 20 December 1973. The Multi Fibre Arrangement (MFA) governed the
world trade in textiles and garments from 1974 through 2004, imposing quotas on the amount
developing countries could export to developed countries. It expired on 1 January 2005. The MFA was
introduced in 1974 as a short-term measure intended to allow developed countries to adjust to imports
from the developing world. Developing countries have an absolute advantage in textile production
because it is labor-intensive and they have low labor costs.
The ATC provided for all then-existing textile and clothing trade restrictions to be notified and
eliminated over a period of 10 years from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement. The
ATC also provided that the ATC itself would be terminated at the beginning of the 12th year of the
WTO, together with all of the remaining restrictions within its scope. As this termination duly took
place on 1 January 2005, the ATC is no longer in effect. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
(ATC) and all restrictions there under terminated on January 1, 2005. The expiry of the ten-year
transition period of ATC implementation means that trade in textile and clothing products is no longer
subject to quotas under a special regime outside normal WTO/GATT rules but is now governed by the
general rules and disciplines embodied in the multilateral trading system. It also contains a specific
transitional safeguard mechanism which could be applied to products not yet integrated into the GATT
at any stage.
Action under the safeguard mechanism could be taken against individual exporting countries if
it were demonstrated by the importing country that overall imports of a product were entering the
country in such increased quantities as to cause serious damage — or to threaten it — to the relevant
domestic industry, and that there was a sharp and substantial increase of imports from the individual
country concerned.
The ATC calls for a progressive phasing out of all the MFA restrictions and other
discriminatory measures in a period of 10 years. In contrast to the MFA, the ATC is applicable to all
members of the WTO.
Steps Percentage of products to be brought under
GATT (including removal of quotas)
How fast remaining quota should open
up, if 1994 rate was 6%
Step 1
1st Jan 1995 – 31st Dec 1997
16 percent (minimum taking 1990
imports as base)
6.96 percent annually
Step 2
1st Jan 1998 – 31st Dec 2002
17 percent 8.70 percent annually
Step 3
1st Jan 2002 – 31st Dec 2004
18 percent 11.05 percent annually
Step 4
1st Jan 2005
Full integration into GATT and final
elimination of quotas , ATC terminates
49 percent (maximum) No quotas left
6. Q3. What are the functions of UNCTAD?
Answer:
In the early 1960s, growing concerns about the place of developing countries in international
trade led many of these countries to call for the convening of a full- fledged conference specifically
devoted to tackling these problems and identifying appropriate international actions.
The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was held in
Geneva in 1964. Given the magnitude of the problems at stake and the need to address them, the
conference was institutionalized to meet every four years, with intergovernmental bodies meeting
between sessions and a permanent secretariat providing the necessary substantive and logistical
support. The UNCTAD aims at creating development-friendly integration of developing countries into
the world economy.
Functions of United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD):
i. To serve as the focal point within the UN for the integrated treatment of trade and development and
interrelated issues in the areas of finance, technology, investment, and sustainable development
ii. To serve as a forum for intergovernmental discussions and deliberations, supported by discussions
with experts and exchanges of experience, aimed at consensus building
iii. To undertake research, policy analysis, and data collection in order to provide substantive inputs for
the discussions of experts and government representatives
iv. To facilitate cooperation with other organizations and donor countries providing technical
assistance tailored to the needs of the developing countries, with special attention being paid to the
needs of least developed countries, and countries with economy in transition
The UNCTAD secretariat works together with member governments and interacts with
organizations of the UN system and regional commissions, as well as with governmental institutions,
non-governmental organizations, and the private sector, including trade and industry research
institutes, and universities worldwide.
Q4. Discuss in details technology transfer
Answer: Technology Transfer (also called Transfer of Technology (TOT) and Technology
Commercialization) are the processes by which the information or knowledge related to the
technological aspects travel within the group or between the organizations or entity. Taking this to the
broader scenario, give rise to International technology transfer in which the knowledge travels in
between the countries, which is not only limited to the Knowledge and information, rather includes skill
transferring, methods of manufacturing, physical assets, know-how, and other technical aspects, and
henceforth helps in further development of the technology and innovation, by effectively utilizing the
technology transferred and finally incorporating it.
Technology transfer has been used in the movements of technology from the laboratory to
industry or from one application to another domain application or taking developing countries into
consideration technology transfer helps in growing access to technologies which are related to other
developed countries and henceforth helps in approaching towards the newer technologies and
inventions i.e. from Developed to developing countries.
FORMS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER:
Technology transfer can be classified into vertical and horizontal technology transfer
Vertical transfer refers to transfer of technology where transmission of new technologies is done from
the generation of new technology during the research and development programs into the science and
technology organizations, for instance, to the application related to the industrial and agricultural
sectors, or we can say that vertical transfer is the technology transfer commencing from basic research
to applied research, from applied research to development followed by development to production.
While the horizontal technology transfer is the movement of a well-known technology from
one equipped environment to another (from one company to another) or say refers to the transfer and
use of technology used in one place or organization to another place or organization.
As discussed above generally developed countries follow the route:-
Research -> Development -> Design -> Production
While less advanced and developing countries follow the route:-
Production -> Design -> Development -> Research
Generally there are the reverse trends in the developing countries because the path to be followed
depends upon the transfer, absorption, and adaptation of existing technology
7. ADVANTAGES
The advantages related to technology transfer comprises of the essential gain to the public who
benefits from the manufactured goods that get to the market and ultimately the availability of the jobs
which results from the improvement and sale of the products so formed.
Technology transfer strengthens industry by identifying new business opportunities which
contributes to enhancing the know-how and competitiveness of the technology providers, which
ultimately results in broadening the business area and re-focusing to the technologies and systems to
serve several different fields. In addition, technology transfer promotes the wider use and awareness of
technology and systems.
Technology transfer brings economic benefits by increasing revenues for both technology
donors and receiver's benefits with new and better products, processes, and services that lead to
increased efficiency and effectiveness, greater market share and increased profits.
Moreover technology transfer helps in earning rewards which is above and beyond the regular
salary which is received through patents, licenses, and other technology transfer awards which help in
benefiting intellectually and professionally through working collaboratively with their peers in the
industrial sector.
DISADVANTAGES
As technology transfer is keen or meant for the business oriented activity, hence forth there can
be the chances to have financial or commercial risk, as we are well aware that Licences can generate the
income, but patent application which are not licensed will only cost money.
Even when the transfer programme related to the technology transfer is successful or in
particular after technology transfer institutional tensions may arise within the organization which may
be in between the recipient of licensing income and those who know they will never make utilizable
inventions. For the sake of remedy in those circumstances Institutional policies can be made aiming to
have partial rearrangement of income received by license between all research groups but, using this
strategy may not eradicate the problem rather in most of the cases discoverer will be frustrated or
disappointed because the income that they have earned is given to other groups. Technology transfer
activities may put researchers in conflict of interest situations, especially when the transfer involves the
creation of the spin- off company, hence Institutions should be aware of these possible dangers.
Moreover problem can be because of non performance of licensee. And may be the licensee has
limited chances beyond the license scope unless future enhancements to patent included in initial
agreement and Unrealistic expectations and demands from licensor.
INDIAN SCENARIO :
Technology in India is growing exponentially and has played an important role in all round
development and growth of economy in the country, India has opted for a wise mix of original and
imported technology. Henceforth "Technology transfer" plays a very important role and is generally
covered by a technology transfer agreement.
Developing countries like India generally not follow the usual path for development with regard
to technologies but use their advantage in the cutting edge technology options which is now available
and put the tools to use this modern technology.
Technology transfer is assumed to get benefits from R&D which is shared with the developing
and underdeveloped countries , so taking this to the point of consideration National research
laboratories is been constructed by the Indian government for the purpose of R&D which is yet to be
commenced by the private sectors.
India generally comprises of Small and medium enterprises and is growing since liberalization,
which has resulted in growth of The multinational enterprises, which in turn is competing with the
international companies which has enhanced the confidence of India. Not only confined to the
pharmaceuticals but is broadly categorized in other areas too such as agriculture, dairy and other
technologies.
Government of India is in the verge to open Technology Transfer Offices, Universities,
institutions which will be funded by central government and will acts as mechanism for transferring or
exporting the research conducted and its outcome to the desired place.
Though some of the Indian Institutes have been already commercializing their research and are
successful in technology transfer in which they have been licensed as technologies to industry.
Moreover, numerous cases of technology transfer are seen in India by various well-known institutions.
.
8. Q4. Discuss International collaborative arrangements and strategic alliances.
International strategic alliance is typically defined as a collaborative arrangement between firms
headquartered in different countries. Partnering firms remain legally independent after the formation of
alliance and the alliance relationship is relatively enduring. International strategic alliances can be
categorized along multiple dimensions.
First, based on the type of activities of collaboration, international strategic alliances can be
categorized into licensing, franchising, management service, supply, research and development,
manufacturing, marketing, and others. An international strategic alliance can engage in one activity or
a combination of activities.
Second, based on the number of partners involved, an international strategic alliance can be
bilateral or multilateral; the existing body of literature on international strategic alliances has largely
focused on bilateral alliances.
Third, based on the nationalities involved, an international strategic alliance can be broadly
defined as a collaborative arrangement between firms one of which is headquartered outside the country
of alliance; therefore an international strategic alliance can be categorized as home-home, home-host, or
home-third country alliance. The majority of existing studies are about international strategic alliances
formed between a foreign firm and a local firm (i.e., home-host).
Fourth, based on the involvement of equity investment, international strategic alliances can be
categorized into non-equity-based and equity-based alliances. Non-equity-based international strategic
alliances are also called contract-based; equity-based international strategic alliances are often referred
to as international joint ventures.
Companies must choose an international operating mode, many of which are collaborative.
Collaborative frequently lessens control. MNEs with fully global orientation use most of the
operational modes available. Strategic alliance-collaborative is of strategic importance to one or more of
the companies. Collaborations-provide different opportunities and problems than do trade or wholly
owned direct investment.
Motives for Collaborative Arrangements
A. General Motives for Collaboration
1. Spread and reduce costs - sometimes it is cheaper to get another company to handle work, especially:
- cooperative ventures may increase operating costs.
2. Specialize in competencies - Resource-based view of the firm-holds that each company has a unique
combination of competencies. - Large, diversified companies realign to focus on their major strengths. -
licensing can yield a return on a product that does not fit the company’s strategic priority based on its
best competencies.
3. Avoid competition - Companies may combined resource to combat large competitors. -Companies
may collude to raise everyone’s profits.
4. Secure vertical and horizontal links -Companies may lack competence or resources to become fully
vertically integrated. -Secure horizontal links-may provide finished products and components.
5. Gain market knowledge -learn about a partner’s technology, operating methods, or home markets.
International Motives for Collaboration
1. Gain location-specific assets - Foreign companies may gain operational assets when teaming with
local companies.
2. Overcome legal constraints - country may require foreign companies to share ownership. -
Collaboration a means of protecting assets.
3. Diversify geographically - can smooth its sales and earnings because business cycles differ.
4. Minimize exposure in risky environments -reduce base of assets located abroad.
Strategic alliances are agreements between companies (partners) to reach objectives of
common interest. Strategic alliances are among the various options which companies can use to achieve
their goals; they are based on cooperation between companies
The four potential benefits that international business may realize from strategic alliances
1. Ease of market entry: advances in telecommunications, computer technology and
transportation have made entry into foreign markets by international firms easier. Entering
foreign markets further confers benefits such as economies of scale and scope in marketing and
distribution. the cost of entering an international market may be beyond the capabilities of a
single firm but, by entering into a strategic alliance with an international firm, it will achieve the
9. benefit of rapid entry while keeping the cost down. Choosing a strategic partnership as the entry
mode may overcome the remaining obstacles, which could include entrenched competition and
hostile government regulations.
2. Shared risks: risk sharing is another common rationale for undertaking a cooperative
arrangement when a market has just opened up, or when there is much uncertainty and
instability in a particular market, sharing risks becomes particularly important.
the competitive nature of business makes it difficult for business entering a new market or
launching a new product, and forming a strategic alliance is one way to reduce or control a
firm’s risks.
3. Shared knowledge and expertise: Most firms are competent in some areas and lack expertise
in other areas; as such, forming a strategic alliance can allow ready access to knowledge and
expertise in an area that a company lacks. the information, knowledge and expertise that a firm
gains can be used, not just in the joint venture project, but for other projects and purposes. the
expertise and knowledge can range from learning to deal with government regulations,
production knowledge, or learning how to acquire resources. A learning organization is a
growing organization.
4. Synergy and competitive advantage: achieving synergy and a competitive advantage may be
another reason why firms enter into a strategic alliance. as compared to entering a market alone,
forming a strategic alliance becomes a way to decrease the risk of market entry, international
expansion, research and development etc. Competition becomes more effective when partners
leverage off each other’s strengths, bringing synergy into the process that would be hard to
achieve if attempting to enter a new market or industry alone.
Strategic alliances developed and propagated as formalized inter organizational relationships,
particularly among companies in international business systems. These cooperative arrangements seek
to achieve organizational objectives better through collaboration than through competition, but
alliances also generate problems at several levels of analysis.
Strategic alliances are critical to organizations for a number of key reasons:
1. organic growth alone is insufficient for meeting most organizations’ required rate of
growth.
2. Speed to market is essential, and partnerships greatly improve it.
3. Complexity is increasing, and no single organization has the required total expertise to
best serve the customer.
4. Partnerships can defray rising research and development costs.
5. alliances facilitate access to global markets.
Q5. What are the similarities and differences of EC and NAFTA
Answer: The nature of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is specific that doesn’t
comprise the standard antitrust strategies which are present in the European Union (EU) and these are
the dissimilarities which have stretched since 1994. In expressions of the values, the dimensions and
populations Mexico and Canada are not much advanced in worldwide status and economy as compared
to The United States. NAFTA, as a council directive has endorsed the consistency of rivalry set of
regulations in European Union (EU), though NAFTA has not been capable of improving its own
contest strategies as originally considered. In addition to this, NAFTA doesn’t contain the common
supranational traditions which are originated in the European Union (EU), for instance, they have no
court of justice, no commission and this prohibits contest regulations from its argument conclusion
practices that in converse split up in diversities on contest policies which are advanced to the World
Trade Organization. The significance of this stipulation is that, at the present time, the European
Union (EU) rivalry verdict is not only consistent at its greatness, however, also significant at the
nationalized stage. The European Union (EU), on the other side, is a political and economic union in
nature that was established in November 1993 and is considered the leading liberated trade mass in the
whole world at the present day. Its monetary accomplishment is undeniable through countries which
are in queue to develop into its members. Among all of the exclusive features of the EU, having a
universal currency that is known as Euro is at the top and these days, it is used by 17 countries out of
27 members of the union. The popular countries which are not utilizing the Euro currency are UK,
Sweden and Denmark. This is the EU which is well equipped with a common tariff that is applicable for
10. every member state. In contrast, the members of NAFTA are separated in the fields of rules of social
and economic issues. This is the major cause that a lot of obstacles are present in this system imposing a
strong impact on individual and business level. With the enhancement of the trade activities all over the
world, the making of the trade agreements and unions has become a common phenomenon as from the
use of this method; a number of specific advantages can be obtained for the member countries. The most
famous trade unions which are working on the face of this planet at the present day are known as the
NAFTA and EU and here their differences are elaborated in detail.
NAFTA
NAFTA stands for North American Free Trade Agreement which is among the generally
prevailing and extensive agreements in the world of business. It was commenced on January 1, 1994
and directs every business in North American trades. NAFTA is an agreement amongst United States,
Canada and Mexico which was premeditated to promote better dealings involving these states and the
major objective was to eliminate trading barriers. Main purpose behind this was to enhance speculation
amongst these countries that permitted for the elimination of duties between the member states which
was acceptable for free and cheaper trade.
EU
European Union (EU) is a political and economic union that was established in November 1993
and is considered the leading liberated trade mass in the whole world. Its monetary accomplishment is
undeniable through countries which are in queue to develop into its members. Initially only 6 countries
(including Netherlands, West Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy and France) were its members
and now it has 27 associate states. EU has a universal currency that is known as Euro and used by 17
countries out of 27. UK, Sweden and Denmark are famous countries not using Euro. EU has a distinct
marketplace having ordinary regulations that concern in all member countries.
Key Differences
The major important difference is that EU has a common tariff which applies on all member
states but members of NAFTA still separated in rules of social and economic issues and there
are a lot of obstacles which have a strong impact on individuals as well as businesses
EU People have a particular currency which is called Euro while in NAFTA the member states
use their own currencies.
EU is a separate opinionated body through European Parliament whereas NAFTA is presently
a contract to promote trade amongst member countries.
Numerous countries of EU have several clashes between them but members of NAFTA were
not opponents with each other.
EU has materialized as a business trading slab for the world and an amalgamation which
commands world’s 20% GDP as NAFTA has no such influence as a trading block because its
working is limited.
Q5. What are the key features of Counter trade?
Answer: Countertrade means exchanging goods or services which are paid for, in whole or part, with
other goods or services, rather than with money. A monetary valuation can, however, be used in
counter trade for accounting purposes. Any transaction involving exchange of goods or service for
something of equal value. Main variants of countertrade are:
1. Barter: Exchange of goods or services directly for other goods or services without the use of
money as means of purchase or payment.
2. Switch trading: Practice in which one company sells to another its obligation to make a purchase
in a given country.
3. Counter purchase: Sale of goods and services to one company in aother country by a company
that promises to make a future purchase of a specific product from the same company in that
country.
4. Buyback: This occurs when a firm builds a plant in a country, or supplies technology,
equipment, training, or other services to the country, and agrees to take a certain percentage of
the plant’s output as partial payment for the contract.
5. Offset: Agreement that a company will offset a hard currency purchase of an unspecified product
from that nation in the future. Agreement by one nation to buy a product from another, subject
to the purchase of some or all of the components and raw materials from the buyer of the
finished product, or the assembly of such product in the buyer nation.
11. Countertrade, as compared to monetary trade, may at first appear to be an outdated practice.Yet it
offers a number of benefits to both trading parties as it moves inventory for both. It is obvious that
countries that demand countertrade have reasons to do so. First, a country can gain access to raw
materials, products, and technology that it needs. Second, the country is able to dispose of items that it
produces. Third, countertrade allows the country to conserve its hard currencies.
From a seller's perspective, countertrade allows the seller to gain access to a market that might
otherwise be closed. Also the firm can largely ignore the costs of currency conversion as well as the
movement of currency exchange rates. Furthermore, the firm can charge full price (or even more than
that) because it gains leverage when goods are exchanged for other goods.
The benefits derived from countertrade also lead to problems. First, countertrade is a cumbersome and
complex process, and all parties must consider the additional risk, time, effort, and costs involved.
Second, the additional expenses inevitably and ultimately reduce the parties' profits. Third, the products
involved may not be internationally competitive in terms of pricing and quality. Both parties' inflated
prices increase the cost of international transactions. Finally, countertrade may encourage "covert
dumping." A country may offer its goods at a discount so as to induce its supplying partner to
participate, while the supplying partner may hastily dump the goods it receives in order to receive cash.
From the perspective of international trade, countertrade is a form of protectionism. A buyer,
instead of buying from the most efficient producer, may end up buying from a manufacturer who is less
efficient but more willin g to use countertrade. Therefore, the buyer has to absorb all or part of such
costs, and such costs in the end must be borne by consumers. The International Monetary Fund
discourages mandatory countertrade programs as it believes that appropriate fiscal, monetary, and
exchange rate policy can provide better results at lower costs.