IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document provides information about the Goodwill Advance Stone Company limestone mine located near Chechat Village in Kota district, India. It details the mine's location, area, mineral extracted, production levels, and geological characteristics. The mine extracts Kota Stone via open pit mining methods. Overburden is removed through drilling, blasting, and excavation before the limestone is extracted. Precautions are discussed to maintain safe, stable pit walls and waste dumps. No slope or bank failures have occurred at Kota Stone mines due to near-vertical pit wall designs and competent rock types.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH BAGASSE ASH IN CO...IAEME Publication
Objectives: There is an increase in demand and utilization of cement and many scientists are in search for developing alternative binding materials that can be eco-friendly and helps towards waste management. The use of agricultural and industrial waste produced can help in reduction of waste is in focus. Methods: In this work one of the agro waste named sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) has been used as partial replacement of cement. SCBA is produced by burning of sugarcane bagasse which is left after extraction of juice from sugarcane. At high temperature under controlled condition bagasse is burned to obtain ash which contains high amorphous silica. In this paper the cement by weight is replaced by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by SCBA in concrete. Findings: A comparison is made for 0% and other percentages by conducting different tests named compressive strength test, flexural strength test and split tensile strength test for 7 days and 28 days. Improvements: The test results shows that Sugarcane Bagasse Ash can be utilized for partial replacement of cement up to 15% by weight of cement without any major loss in strength.
UTILIZATION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS A SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL...IAEME Publication
In developing countries, accumulation of unmanaged agricultural waste has resulted in an increased environmental concern. Recycling of such agricultural wastes is the viable solution not only to pollution problem, but also the problem of land filling. In view of utilization of agricultural waste in concrete and mortar, the present paper reviews, utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) in different compositions that were added to the raw material at different levels to develop
sustainable concrete and mortar. Various physico-mechanical properties of the concrete and mortar incorporating sugarcane bagasse ash are reviewed and recommendations are suggested as the outcome of the study.
Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in Concreteijsrd.com
Utilization of industrial and agricultural waste products in the industry has been the focus of research for economic, environmental, and technical reasons. Sugar-cane bagasse is a fibrous waste-product of the sugar refining industry, along with ethanol vapour. This waste-product is already causing serious environmental pollution which calls for urgent ways of handling the waste. In this paper, Bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized, in order to evaluate the possibility of their use in the industry. X-ray diffractometry determination of composition and presence of crystalline material, scanning electron microscopy/EDAX examination of morphology of particles, as well as physical properties and refractoriness of bagasse ash has been studied.
Effect of sugarcane bagasse ash on strength properties of concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The present study focuses on the utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as replacement material for cement in concrete production. Sugarcane Bagasse ash contains high amorphous silica content and aluminium ion. For experimental investigations, Sugarcane bagasse ash and its chemical properties are obtained from KCP sugar factory, Andhra Pradesh. Ordinary Portland cement was partly replaced by sugarcane bagasse ash in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight and the influence of Sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial replacement material has been examined on fresh concrete tests by Compaction factor test and Slump cone test as well as on hardened concrete with tests for Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Modulus of Elasticity. The results indicate that inclusion of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in concrete up to 20% level significantly enhanced the strength of concrete. The highest strength was obtained at 10% Sugarcane bagasse ash replacement level. Keywords: Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, By-Product, Amorphous Silica and Strength
The document describes a case study of constructing an ash pond dyke using fly ash, waste recycled product (WRP), and locally available soil. Laboratory tests on mixtures of these materials found that a mixture of WRP, fly ash, and clay met permeability and strength requirements for the dyke construction. A section of the dyke was designed using this optimized mixture, with the upstream portion consisting of local soil. The constructed ash pond dyke has been functioning satisfactorily since 2001.
One of the major adventures of civilization is construction .With the passing times in growth of population, today construction activity is at its peak .Even with the advancement of technology the quality of construction largely depends upon the ingredients used to construct any building. One such ingredient is sand, which is one of the most essential components to give shape to the dreams of the people. Natural sand has been the main source of fine aggregates, since man began to use concrete and masonry. The fact remains undisputed that the river sand that has been produced by rivers in natural processes has not increased for ages. Down the years, these river sand deposits have been exploited to the fullest extent. This indiscriminate exploitation causing almost an irreversible damage to the river system are leading to ecological damage, ground water depletion, water scarcity and fall in farm production. Above all, illegal quarrying and use of filter sand is nothing but playing with human lives. Most of the state governments of India are imposing environmental ban on the dredging operations and all sand quarrying operations in most of the areas. This leads to the development of another latest technology, alternative to the river sand –ROBOSAND
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document provides information about the Goodwill Advance Stone Company limestone mine located near Chechat Village in Kota district, India. It details the mine's location, area, mineral extracted, production levels, and geological characteristics. The mine extracts Kota Stone via open pit mining methods. Overburden is removed through drilling, blasting, and excavation before the limestone is extracted. Precautions are discussed to maintain safe, stable pit walls and waste dumps. No slope or bank failures have occurred at Kota Stone mines due to near-vertical pit wall designs and competent rock types.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH BAGASSE ASH IN CO...IAEME Publication
Objectives: There is an increase in demand and utilization of cement and many scientists are in search for developing alternative binding materials that can be eco-friendly and helps towards waste management. The use of agricultural and industrial waste produced can help in reduction of waste is in focus. Methods: In this work one of the agro waste named sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) has been used as partial replacement of cement. SCBA is produced by burning of sugarcane bagasse which is left after extraction of juice from sugarcane. At high temperature under controlled condition bagasse is burned to obtain ash which contains high amorphous silica. In this paper the cement by weight is replaced by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by SCBA in concrete. Findings: A comparison is made for 0% and other percentages by conducting different tests named compressive strength test, flexural strength test and split tensile strength test for 7 days and 28 days. Improvements: The test results shows that Sugarcane Bagasse Ash can be utilized for partial replacement of cement up to 15% by weight of cement without any major loss in strength.
UTILIZATION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS A SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL...IAEME Publication
In developing countries, accumulation of unmanaged agricultural waste has resulted in an increased environmental concern. Recycling of such agricultural wastes is the viable solution not only to pollution problem, but also the problem of land filling. In view of utilization of agricultural waste in concrete and mortar, the present paper reviews, utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) in different compositions that were added to the raw material at different levels to develop
sustainable concrete and mortar. Various physico-mechanical properties of the concrete and mortar incorporating sugarcane bagasse ash are reviewed and recommendations are suggested as the outcome of the study.
Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in Concreteijsrd.com
Utilization of industrial and agricultural waste products in the industry has been the focus of research for economic, environmental, and technical reasons. Sugar-cane bagasse is a fibrous waste-product of the sugar refining industry, along with ethanol vapour. This waste-product is already causing serious environmental pollution which calls for urgent ways of handling the waste. In this paper, Bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized, in order to evaluate the possibility of their use in the industry. X-ray diffractometry determination of composition and presence of crystalline material, scanning electron microscopy/EDAX examination of morphology of particles, as well as physical properties and refractoriness of bagasse ash has been studied.
Effect of sugarcane bagasse ash on strength properties of concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The present study focuses on the utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as replacement material for cement in concrete production. Sugarcane Bagasse ash contains high amorphous silica content and aluminium ion. For experimental investigations, Sugarcane bagasse ash and its chemical properties are obtained from KCP sugar factory, Andhra Pradesh. Ordinary Portland cement was partly replaced by sugarcane bagasse ash in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight and the influence of Sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial replacement material has been examined on fresh concrete tests by Compaction factor test and Slump cone test as well as on hardened concrete with tests for Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Modulus of Elasticity. The results indicate that inclusion of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in concrete up to 20% level significantly enhanced the strength of concrete. The highest strength was obtained at 10% Sugarcane bagasse ash replacement level. Keywords: Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, By-Product, Amorphous Silica and Strength
The document describes a case study of constructing an ash pond dyke using fly ash, waste recycled product (WRP), and locally available soil. Laboratory tests on mixtures of these materials found that a mixture of WRP, fly ash, and clay met permeability and strength requirements for the dyke construction. A section of the dyke was designed using this optimized mixture, with the upstream portion consisting of local soil. The constructed ash pond dyke has been functioning satisfactorily since 2001.
One of the major adventures of civilization is construction .With the passing times in growth of population, today construction activity is at its peak .Even with the advancement of technology the quality of construction largely depends upon the ingredients used to construct any building. One such ingredient is sand, which is one of the most essential components to give shape to the dreams of the people. Natural sand has been the main source of fine aggregates, since man began to use concrete and masonry. The fact remains undisputed that the river sand that has been produced by rivers in natural processes has not increased for ages. Down the years, these river sand deposits have been exploited to the fullest extent. This indiscriminate exploitation causing almost an irreversible damage to the river system are leading to ecological damage, ground water depletion, water scarcity and fall in farm production. Above all, illegal quarrying and use of filter sand is nothing but playing with human lives. Most of the state governments of India are imposing environmental ban on the dredging operations and all sand quarrying operations in most of the areas. This leads to the development of another latest technology, alternative to the river sand –ROBOSAND
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document describes a genetic algorithm approach to optimizing the design of steel-concrete composite plane frames to minimize cost. Key points:
- The algorithm uses genetic algorithms to determine the optimal sizes of composite beams and columns that minimize total frame cost while satisfying strength, serviceability, and other design constraints.
- Design variables are the cross-sectional properties of beams and columns. The algorithm evaluates candidate designs, analyzes the frame, and checks if designs satisfy constraints.
- The best designs are kept in subsequent generations while weaker designs are removed, simulating natural selection. This process iterates to find the optimal composite frame design.
- The approach is demonstrated on 2x3 and 2x5 frame examples,
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document describes the design of a custom cryptographic processor for implementing symmetric key operations. The processor is implemented on an FPGA using Verilog. It includes instruction units to perform logical operations, arithmetic operations, and finite field arithmetic needed for symmetric key algorithms like AES, Blowfish, RC5, RC6, IDEA. The processor is pipelined for high speed and includes modules for an ALU, control unit, registers, and multiplexers. Experimental results showed the processor operates at high speed with low area and delay compared to a general purpose processor.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document analyzes water quality parameters of the Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu, India. Samples were collected from three locations along the river on a monthly basis and tested for total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and magnesium. The results found that two of the sampling locations had water quality issues like high dissolved solids and magnesium that require treatment for drinking. Water quality was generally better during monsoon seasons with more rainfall. The study aims to evaluate the river's water resources and classify them for different uses.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes two GPU programming models - Accelerator and CUDA. It describes the basic steps in Accelerator programming including creating data arrays, loading them into data-parallel array objects, processing the arrays using Accelerator operations, creating a result object, and evaluating the result on a target processor. It also provides an example code showing the use of ParallelArrays and FloatParallelArray objects. The document then briefly introduces CUDA as a parallel computing platform and programming model for GPUs that provides lower and higher-level APIs.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing fluorinated yttrium barium copper oxide (Y3Ba5Cu8Oy) superconducting compounds. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the compounds had an orthorhombic structure similar to YBa2Cu3O7, with a larger 'c' axis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the grain size increased with higher fluorine content. Transition temperature measurements found the superconducting transition onset temperature increased with fluorine addition up to 0.6, likely due to optimization of oxygen stoichiometry, but saturated beyond that point due to disturbance of the optimum oxygen level. Overall, fluorine doping improved the superconducting properties of the samples.
The document analyzes friction stir welding tools with various threaded pin profiles. Three tool pin profiles are modeled in CATIA and analyzed using ANSYS: cylindrical, frustum, and conical pins with threads. The stress distributions and displacement vectors in the pins are obtained for different rotational speeds and temperatures. The results show that the cylindrical pin profile experiences the lowest stress levels and displacement compared to the other profiles. Increasing rotational speed does not significantly affect the stress, while higher temperatures generally increase stress across all pin profiles. The cylindrical pin profile is determined to be preferable for withstanding loads during friction stir welding.
This document analyzes the performance of different directional antennas for various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. It compares omni-directional, steerable, and switched beam antennas using the DSR, OLSR, and ZRP routing protocols in terms of average jitter, end-to-end delay, throughput, and power consumption. The document outlines the characteristics and operation of each antenna type and routing protocol. It then describes the simulation setup using the QualNet simulator to evaluate and compare the performance of the antennas with the different routing protocols under various mobility scenarios.
This document presents a method for interactive image segmentation using constrained active contours. It begins with an overview of existing interactive segmentation techniques, including boundary-based methods like active contours/snakes and region-based methods like random walks and graph cuts. The proposed method initializes a contour using region-based segmentation then refines it using a convex active contour model that incorporates both regional information from seed pixels and boundary smoothness. This allows the contour to globally evolve to object boundaries while handling topology changes.
This document summarizes a study that investigates the effect of thermophoresis on unsteady free convective heat and mass transfer in a viscoelastic fluid past a semi-infinite vertical plate. The study uses the Walters-B fluid model to simulate rheological fluids. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using an implicit finite difference scheme. Results show that increasing the thermophoretic parameter decreases velocity and concentration but increases temperature within the boundary layer. Thermophoresis is found to significantly increase the surface mass flux.
Book Conferencias 2013-2014 por David Martinez CalduchSoluciona Facil
Book de Conferencias realizadas entre 2013 y 2014 por David M Calduch, Consultor en Marketing Digital & Social Media Strategy • Formador & Conferenciante • HootSuite Expert
Hootsuite es una plataforma líder para la gestión y análisis de redes sociales. Más del 79% de las 100 empresas más grandes del mundo y 9 millones de usuarios utilizan Hootsuite. Ofrece funciones como programación de publicaciones, monitorización de conversaciones, análisis avanzados, colaboración en equipo y seguridad.
We visited a Child Aid Project in Doornkop, South Africa in April 2004 to evaluate the program. The project aims to help underprivileged children through education and healthcare initiatives. Overall, the program appears to be making a positive difference in the lives of many local children.
A Laboratory Study of Cyclic Plate Load Test on Lime and Rice Husk Ash Treate...IJMER
This document summarizes a study on the strength characteristics of marine clay subgrade when stabilized with rice husk ash and lime. Marine clay is problematic for construction due to its expansive nature. The study involved laboratory tests to determine the optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, CBR and plate load characteristics of marine clay treated with varying percentages of rice husk ash and lime. Test results showed that treating the marine clay with 25% rice husk ash and 9% lime increased the ultimate bearing capacity and reduced settlements under cyclic plate loading compared to untreated marine clay. The study concluded that chemical stabilization of marine clay with rice husk ash and lime improves its strength properties and suitability as a subgrade for flexible pavements.
A Study on Effective Use of Rice Husk Ashes in Geotechnical ApplicationsIJERA Editor
RHA is an agricultural industrial waste which is nearly 100 million tons, requires huge quantities of land for its
disposal. To utilize these huge quantities in several civil engineering applications, physical and engineering
properties has been identified to study the quality of RHA. In this connection Gradation, Seepage, compaction,
strength and chemical composition tests were conducted. Test results shows there are non-plastic, porous, elongated
light weight materials and dominated by siliceous materials. These have low dry densities at high moisture contents
achieved high values of shear strength (φ> 36o
) and CBR (>7) can be use as Embankment, structural fill and sub
grade material. Pozzolanic nature of Rice Husk Ashes helps to achieve high strengths with chemical addictives
exposed to curing
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document describes a genetic algorithm approach to optimizing the design of steel-concrete composite plane frames to minimize cost. Key points:
- The algorithm uses genetic algorithms to determine the optimal sizes of composite beams and columns that minimize total frame cost while satisfying strength, serviceability, and other design constraints.
- Design variables are the cross-sectional properties of beams and columns. The algorithm evaluates candidate designs, analyzes the frame, and checks if designs satisfy constraints.
- The best designs are kept in subsequent generations while weaker designs are removed, simulating natural selection. This process iterates to find the optimal composite frame design.
- The approach is demonstrated on 2x3 and 2x5 frame examples,
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document describes the design of a custom cryptographic processor for implementing symmetric key operations. The processor is implemented on an FPGA using Verilog. It includes instruction units to perform logical operations, arithmetic operations, and finite field arithmetic needed for symmetric key algorithms like AES, Blowfish, RC5, RC6, IDEA. The processor is pipelined for high speed and includes modules for an ALU, control unit, registers, and multiplexers. Experimental results showed the processor operates at high speed with low area and delay compared to a general purpose processor.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document analyzes water quality parameters of the Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu, India. Samples were collected from three locations along the river on a monthly basis and tested for total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and magnesium. The results found that two of the sampling locations had water quality issues like high dissolved solids and magnesium that require treatment for drinking. Water quality was generally better during monsoon seasons with more rainfall. The study aims to evaluate the river's water resources and classify them for different uses.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes two GPU programming models - Accelerator and CUDA. It describes the basic steps in Accelerator programming including creating data arrays, loading them into data-parallel array objects, processing the arrays using Accelerator operations, creating a result object, and evaluating the result on a target processor. It also provides an example code showing the use of ParallelArrays and FloatParallelArray objects. The document then briefly introduces CUDA as a parallel computing platform and programming model for GPUs that provides lower and higher-level APIs.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing fluorinated yttrium barium copper oxide (Y3Ba5Cu8Oy) superconducting compounds. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the compounds had an orthorhombic structure similar to YBa2Cu3O7, with a larger 'c' axis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the grain size increased with higher fluorine content. Transition temperature measurements found the superconducting transition onset temperature increased with fluorine addition up to 0.6, likely due to optimization of oxygen stoichiometry, but saturated beyond that point due to disturbance of the optimum oxygen level. Overall, fluorine doping improved the superconducting properties of the samples.
The document analyzes friction stir welding tools with various threaded pin profiles. Three tool pin profiles are modeled in CATIA and analyzed using ANSYS: cylindrical, frustum, and conical pins with threads. The stress distributions and displacement vectors in the pins are obtained for different rotational speeds and temperatures. The results show that the cylindrical pin profile experiences the lowest stress levels and displacement compared to the other profiles. Increasing rotational speed does not significantly affect the stress, while higher temperatures generally increase stress across all pin profiles. The cylindrical pin profile is determined to be preferable for withstanding loads during friction stir welding.
This document analyzes the performance of different directional antennas for various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. It compares omni-directional, steerable, and switched beam antennas using the DSR, OLSR, and ZRP routing protocols in terms of average jitter, end-to-end delay, throughput, and power consumption. The document outlines the characteristics and operation of each antenna type and routing protocol. It then describes the simulation setup using the QualNet simulator to evaluate and compare the performance of the antennas with the different routing protocols under various mobility scenarios.
This document presents a method for interactive image segmentation using constrained active contours. It begins with an overview of existing interactive segmentation techniques, including boundary-based methods like active contours/snakes and region-based methods like random walks and graph cuts. The proposed method initializes a contour using region-based segmentation then refines it using a convex active contour model that incorporates both regional information from seed pixels and boundary smoothness. This allows the contour to globally evolve to object boundaries while handling topology changes.
This document summarizes a study that investigates the effect of thermophoresis on unsteady free convective heat and mass transfer in a viscoelastic fluid past a semi-infinite vertical plate. The study uses the Walters-B fluid model to simulate rheological fluids. The dimensionless governing equations are solved using an implicit finite difference scheme. Results show that increasing the thermophoretic parameter decreases velocity and concentration but increases temperature within the boundary layer. Thermophoresis is found to significantly increase the surface mass flux.
Book Conferencias 2013-2014 por David Martinez CalduchSoluciona Facil
Book de Conferencias realizadas entre 2013 y 2014 por David M Calduch, Consultor en Marketing Digital & Social Media Strategy • Formador & Conferenciante • HootSuite Expert
Hootsuite es una plataforma líder para la gestión y análisis de redes sociales. Más del 79% de las 100 empresas más grandes del mundo y 9 millones de usuarios utilizan Hootsuite. Ofrece funciones como programación de publicaciones, monitorización de conversaciones, análisis avanzados, colaboración en equipo y seguridad.
We visited a Child Aid Project in Doornkop, South Africa in April 2004 to evaluate the program. The project aims to help underprivileged children through education and healthcare initiatives. Overall, the program appears to be making a positive difference in the lives of many local children.
A Laboratory Study of Cyclic Plate Load Test on Lime and Rice Husk Ash Treate...IJMER
This document summarizes a study on the strength characteristics of marine clay subgrade when stabilized with rice husk ash and lime. Marine clay is problematic for construction due to its expansive nature. The study involved laboratory tests to determine the optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, CBR and plate load characteristics of marine clay treated with varying percentages of rice husk ash and lime. Test results showed that treating the marine clay with 25% rice husk ash and 9% lime increased the ultimate bearing capacity and reduced settlements under cyclic plate loading compared to untreated marine clay. The study concluded that chemical stabilization of marine clay with rice husk ash and lime improves its strength properties and suitability as a subgrade for flexible pavements.
A Study on Effective Use of Rice Husk Ashes in Geotechnical ApplicationsIJERA Editor
RHA is an agricultural industrial waste which is nearly 100 million tons, requires huge quantities of land for its
disposal. To utilize these huge quantities in several civil engineering applications, physical and engineering
properties has been identified to study the quality of RHA. In this connection Gradation, Seepage, compaction,
strength and chemical composition tests were conducted. Test results shows there are non-plastic, porous, elongated
light weight materials and dominated by siliceous materials. These have low dry densities at high moisture contents
achieved high values of shear strength (φ> 36o
) and CBR (>7) can be use as Embankment, structural fill and sub
grade material. Pozzolanic nature of Rice Husk Ashes helps to achieve high strengths with chemical addictives
exposed to curing
Impact of Using RHA and CD in Replacement of Cement for Mixijceronline
This document presents a study on the impact of using rice husk ash (RHA) and copper dust (CD) as partial replacements for cement in concrete mixes. The study involved collecting RHA and CD, testing their properties, developing mix designs, and casting and testing concrete cubes with different RHA and CD replacement levels. The key findings were:
- Replacing cement with up to 30% RHA and 40% CD in the mix designs increased the compressive strength of concrete cubes up to 25% and split tensile strength up to 40% compared to a normal concrete mix.
- Tests on the raw materials found RHA has a specific gravity of 2.52 and 75% fineness, while CD
ice husk ash (RHA),a by - product of rice processing,is produced in large quantities globally every year and due to the difficulty involved in its disposal,can lead to RHA becoming an environmental hazard in rice producing countries,potentially adding to air and water pollution . Therefore it is necessary to find out the alternative for consumption or disposal of the RHA. Utilization RHA in concrete is an effective way to solve the environmental and disposal problem of the ash. Due to its pozzolanic properties it can be use as supplementary cementitious material in concrete. This ability to use RHA to substitute a percentage of Portland c ement would not only reduce the cost of concrete construction,but would also provide a means of disposing of this ash,which has little alternative uses. RHA in concrete as a partial replacement for the energy intensive Portland cement would also stand to reduce the amount of energy associated with concrete construction. Therefore,RHA has great a potential in concrete for its sustainable use.
The utilization of waste produced by industries and agriculture has been focused, to reduce it for agriculture and economical reasons. The waste product from sugarcane factory (SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH) is causing serious pollution which is replaced in cement concrete. Bagasse is sugar factories byproduct.
Bagasse can be used for energy generation. The ash which is obtained from the boiler is a waste product known a Sugarcane Bagasse Ash. It has high volume of Sio2. Use of SBA as partial replacement of fine aggregate will help to improve quality of concrete. SCBA is replaced by cement in concrete with 0%, 5%, to 30% ratios. In addition to this 10% silica fume is added to the composition. Due to improper compaction of concrete may have pores & capillary spaces, which leads to low strength of concrete. Tests compaction factor test and slump cone test are conducted for fresh concrete as all as harden concrete tests like compressive strength, sorptivity and water absorption are also conducted.
An Overview of Rha And Scba Clay BricksIJERA Editor
Burnt clay brick is one of the major and widely used building units in construction around the world. The manufacturing of burnt clay bricks using waste materials can minimize the environmental overburden caused by waste deposition on open landfills and would also improve the brick performance at low production cost leading to more sustainable construction. These wastes utilization would not only be economical, but may also help to create a sustainable and pollution free environment. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the waste addition produced from two major crops: sugarcane and rice in clay bricks manufacturing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET - A Study on the Efficacy of RHA as a Full Replacement for Clay in Bric...IRJET Journal
The document presents a study on using rice husk ash (RHA) as a full replacement for clay in brick-blocks. Various mixtures of RHA, m-sand, and cement were tested with RHA proportions ranging from 50-70%. The mixtures were molded and cured, then tested for compressive strength, water absorption, size, and shape. Testing showed mixtures with 50% RHA, 20% m-sand, and 30% cement met the lowest construction standards and had high water absorption. Ultrasonic pulse velocity tests indicated the brick-blocks were very porous. The study concluded bricks made from a 50:20:30 RHA:m-sand:cement ratio could be used for unimportant construction
This document summarizes a study on improving the strength of concrete by using industrial and agricultural waste such as rice husk ash (RHA) and coconut fibers (coir). RHA is a highly pozzolanic material obtained by controlled burning of rice husk. Coir has excellent mechanical and physical properties. The study investigated partially replacing cement with RHA and adding coir fibers to concrete mixtures. Testing showed concrete strength initially decreased but matched control mixtures at 28 days and increased at 90 days with RHA replacement up to 12.5%. Adding up to 3% coir fibers to 12.5% RHA concrete further improved compressive strength. Flexural strength peaked at 17.5-20% RHA with co
Study of Performance of Cement Mortar by Partial Replacement of Cement using ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the partial replacement of cement with rice husk ash in cement mortar. Rice husk ash is a promising pozzolanic material that can be used to partially replace cement. The study involved testing cement mortar cubes with different percentages of rice husk ash replacement (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%). Tests were performed to determine the compressive strength, density, and water absorption of the cured mortar cubes. Results showed that the strength properties generally decreased with increasing rice husk ash content, but early strength gain was higher. Using rice husk ash can help reduce the cost of cement while providing an economic use for the agricultural waste.
Examining the Use of Pond Ash and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) in Place of Cement and ...IRJET Journal
This document examines using pond ash and rice husk ash to replace cement and fine aggregates in concrete. It discusses how replacing up to 15% of cement with rice husk ash and up to 10% of fine aggregates with pond ash can increase the compressive strength of concrete while reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The document provides background on rice husk ash and pond ash, including their particle sizes and chemical compositions. It also reviews several other studies that examined using these materials to replace cement and fine aggregates in concrete mixes.
This document investigates replacing cement with rice husk ash in concrete. An experiment was conducted replacing 20% of cement with rice husk ash. The compressive strength at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days with 20% replacement was found to compare favorably to concrete without replacement. Using rice husk ash provides benefits like reducing greenhouse gas emissions and construction costs while utilizing an agricultural waste. The results indicate rice husk ash is a suitable partial replacement for cement in concrete.
Rice Husk Ash Sandcrete Block as Low Cost Building MaterialIJERA Editor
Concrete is a widely used construction material for various types of structures due to its structural stability and
strength. The construction industry is today consuming more than 400 million tonnes of concrete every year
.Most of the increase in cement demand will be met by the use of supplementary cementing materials, as each
ton of Portland cement clinker production is associated with similar amount of CO2 emission, which is a major
source of global warming. Partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement with mineral admixtures like fly ash,
ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, metakaolin, Rice husk Ash (RHA),etc with plasticizers
eliminates these drawbacks. The use of rice husk modifies the physical qualities of fresh cement paste as well as
microstructure of paste after hardening. By burning the rice husk under a uncontrolled temperature in the
atmosphere, a highly reactive RHA was obtained and the ash was utilized as a supplementary cementing
material. This paper presents the effects of using Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a partial cement replacement
material in mortar mixes. This work is based on an experimental study of mortar made with replacement of
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with 10%, 20% 30% & 40% RHA. The properties investigated were the
compressive strength, setting time, consistency, workability and specific gravity. Finally, a cost analysis was
also done to compare the efficiency of rice husk ash sandcrete blocks. From the test results it can be concluded
that rice husk ash can be utilized in day today life of manufacturing building blocks which are more economical
and more eco-friendly than the cement concrete blocks which are produced now-a-days
IRJET- Utilization of Rice Straw Ash in Mortar MixesIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses utilizing rice straw ash (RSA) as a partial replacement for cement and fine aggregate in mortar mixes. RSA is an agricultural waste material rich in silica.
2. Several studies examined replacing cement and sand in mortar with RSA ranging from 0-30%. Results showed RSA increased compressive strength and decreased water permeability at replacement levels up to 10%. Initial and final setting times increased with higher RSA content.
3. The utilization of RSA provides benefits like improving mechanical properties of mortar, reducing environmental waste, and conserving natural resources. Overall, partial replacement of cement and sand in mortar with RSA improves strength properties and represents a sustainable use of agricultural waste.
Effect of unprocessed rice husk ash as a cementitious material in concreteIAEME Publication
This study investigated the effects of using unprocessed rice husk ash (RHA) and silica fume as partial replacements for cement in concrete. Cylinders and cubes were cast with RHA and silica fume replacing cement at levels from 10-25%. Testing found that RHA increased splitting tensile strength by up to 14% at 15% replacement, while silica fume increased strength by 17% at 20% replacement. Combining RHA and silica fume did not significantly improve strength over the control mix. The results indicate that RHA and silica fume can be used individually as supplementary cementitious materials in concrete to increase strength.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Different Strength for Different Mixer by using F...IRJET Journal
The document presents a comparative study on the mechanical properties of concrete with different mixtures using fly ash, quarry dust, and 6mm coarse aggregate as replacements for cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate respectively. Seven different mixtures were tested for properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, and modulus of rupture at 21 and 28 days. The results showed that a mixture with 30% replacements of cement with fly ash, fine aggregate with quarry dust, and coarse aggregate with 6mm chips achieved 90% of the compressive strength of normal concrete. The study aims to utilize waste materials like fly ash, quarry dust, and stone chips in concrete production.
This document discusses the influence of water content on the strength characteristics of rice husk ash as a construction material. Tests were conducted on rice husk ash samples from various sources to determine their physical, chemical and engineering properties. The results showed that the rice husk ashes are light weight, porous materials with high shear strength values, especially at their optimum moisture contents. At various drainage conditions, the angle of shearing resistance was highest at the optimum water content and decreased as the water content moved away from the optimum. Therefore, rice husk ash exhibits good shear strength that makes it suitable for uses like embankments and fill material in construction when properly conditioned with water.
Study of Partial Replacement of the Cement By GGBS & RHA and Natural Sand by ...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the effects of partially replacing cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and rice husk ash (RHA), and partially replacing natural sand with quarry sand in concrete. The concrete samples were tested at 7 and 28 days for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The results showed that replacing 60% of natural sand with quarry sand and a combination of 7.5% RHA with 22.5% GGBS provided good strength results. Using these industrial byproducts and quarry sand as partial replacements reduced the cost and environmental impact of concrete production. This research demonstrated that waste materials can be utilized to create more sustainable concrete.
Utilization of Rice husk Ash as a Soil StabilizerIRJET Journal
This study evaluated the potential use of rice husk ash (RHA) as a soil stabilizer. RHA is an agricultural waste produced from burning rice husks. Tests were conducted on mixtures of clayey soil and 5-20% RHA by dry weight of soil. It was found that adding RHA decreased the soil's maximum dry density and increased its optimum moisture content. The unconfined compressive strength increased up to 10% RHA addition but then decreased. The optimum percentage of RHA for stabilization was 10% by dry weight of soil, as it provided the highest strength. Using RHA as a soil stabilizer could help manage this agricultural waste while improving soil properties for construction.
IRJET- To Compare the Compressive Strength of OPC 43 RHA and PPC ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document compares the compressive strength of concrete with rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement. Mortar cubes were made with 10% RHA replacement of cement, and their compressive strengths were tested after 3, 7, 28 days and compared to cubes made with ordinary Portland cement and Portland pozzolana cement. The results showed that RHA can be used as a pozzolanic material in concrete to improve strength and durability while providing an environmentally-friendly way to dispose of the agricultural waste of rice husks. The study aims to develop concrete mixes that utilize RHA as a cement replacement material to meet structural requirements like compressive strength.
IRJET- To Compare the Compressive Strength of OPC 43 RHA and PPC Concrete
Kx2519061910
1. N.Vamsi Mohan, Prof.P.V.V.Satyanarayana, Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1906-1910
Performance Of Rice Husk Ash Bricks
N.Vamsi Mohan* Prof.P.V.V.Satyanarayana**Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao**
ABSTRACT
In this study, rice husk ash has been per brick, the total clay taken out from
utilized for the preparation of bricks in partial agriculture lands per year for such brick works
and full replacement of clay. Engineering out to over 300 million tonnes. The use of
properties like compressive strength, water flyash and other industrial wastes for making
absorption and size and shape have been studied. bricks is ecologically advantageous since apart
From the studies, it is observed that op t i mum from saving precious top agriculture soil, it
p r op or t i on f or ( RH A + Cl ay ) b r i c k s meets the social objecti ve of di sposing
w a s ob s e r ve d a s 30% RHA and 70% Clay Industrial wa st es oth er wi se ar e pol l utants
(Maximum of 30% RHA) as the bricks exhibited and nuisance.
high compressive strength and low brick weight. Rice husk ash is obtained by burning rice
In full replacement of clay with 40% RHA, 40% husk. Physical properties of RHA are greatly
Lime and 20% gypsum and 50% RHA, 30% lime affected by burning conditions. When the
and 20% gypsum gives more strength (41 kg/ combustion is incomplete, large amount of unburnt
cm2) when compared to all other possible carbon is found in the ash. When combustion is
proportions after 28 days curing period. completed, grey to whitish ash is obtained. The
amorphous content depends on burning temperature
INTRODUCTION and holding time. Optimum properties can be
Shelter is a basic human need and owning a obtained when rice husks are burnt at 500 - 700°
house becomes a life long struggle as majority of C and held for short time, this temperature at
Indians find housing costs prohibitively expensive. which the husk is being burnt is less then that
This problem becomes even more acute when required for formation of clinkers in cement
considering the low income families who accounts manufacturing process, the resulting ash can
for about 60-70% of Indian population. This brings be used as a replacement of cem en t in
out the need to reduce the cost of the housing and con cr et e. Th e Ri ce Husk a sh used in pl ain
make it affordable for the booming population. cem en t con cr et e oft en achieves economy and
Burnt clay bricks are being used extensively and the cost savings and imparts specific engineering
most important building material in construction properties to finished products. The chemical
industry. In India the building industry consumes composition of RHA produced by utilizing the
about 20000 million bricks and 27% of the total fl ui di z ed be d t yp e fu r n a c e i s r e p or t ed t o
natural energy consumption for their production. In be S i O 2 ( 80- 95% ), K 2 O ( 1- 2%) a n d un -
addition to this, Clay bricks available in certain burnt carbon (3-18%). The pozz olanic
region are poor in quality and have lower activit y of rice husk ash is effective in
compressive strength, higher water absorption, high improving the strength.
efflorescence, higher wastage during transportation
and handling, uneven surface etc., which have METHODOLOGY:
forced engineers to look for better materials capable The experimental program is divided in to two parts
of reducing the cost of construction. 1. Partial replacement of clay by RHA.
In this contest search for an alternative Rice husk ash is mixed with clay in different
building material to clay bricks, various government proportions ranging from 10-80%, and the
agencies and research institutions have repeatedly basic properties of bricks like compressive
recommended the use of waste materials such as strength and water absorption.
flyash, Rise husk ash (RHA), Ground 2. Fully replacement of clay by waste material
* Former PG Student, Department of Civil from the different industries like RHA,
Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam- gypsum and lime.
530 003.
** Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, In this w or k , th r ee wast e
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003. p r od u c t s ( Ri c e H u s k A s h , L i m e a n d
granular blast furnace slag (GGBS) etc., as an G yp s u m ) u t i l i z e d i n bu i l d i n g construction
alternative building material in making bricks, have been considered to see the impact also on the
blocks and tiles etc. Logically the unlimited use of economy of the building construction by using these
clay is harmful to the society, waste material. Rice husk ash is taken from fou r
as all the conventional clay bricks d i ff e r e n t p l a c e s . T h e s e pl a c es a r e
depend on good quality clay available from Ja m m u, Na r a ya n a pur a m , pa da l a pa t a
agriculture fields. Presuming a weight of 3 kg wh i ch a r e n ea r t o V i z i a n a ga r a m and
1906 | P a g e
2. N.Vamsi Mohan, Prof.P.V.V.Satyanarayana, Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1906-1910
gypsum i s collected from Corommendal fertilizers 2720 (part: 10) - 1991
Pvt. Ltd, Visakhapatnam. Fig.1 and Table 1 show compressive
strengths of bricks cast with different rice husk ash
and clay proportions.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
All the above tests are conducted as per IS:
Table No: 1 Compressive strength of bricks cast with different rice husk ash and clay proportions
Desi gnati on RHA + clay RHA- 1 RHA - 2 RHA - 3 RHA- 4
cl a ycl a yCl a y
1 10%+90% 46 44 46 42
2 20%+80% 45 42 44 40
3 30%+70% 39 37 41 37
4 40%+60% 36 34 33 31
5 50%+50% 30 32 27 28
6 60%+40% 26 28 20 20
7 70%+30% 20 22 18 16
8 80%+20% 16 17 12 14
Fig.1 Compressive strengths (kg/ cm2) of bricks cast with different rice husk ash and
Clay proportions
Table 2 Chemical composition of the RHA
T ype of RHA Ca O (%) Si O 2
RHA – 1 11.3 75.77
RHA – 2 8.8 81.72
RHA – 3 10.0 73.2
RHA – 4 7.5 76.0
Table no: 3
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3. N.Vamsi Mohan, Prof.P.V.V.Satyanarayana, Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1906-1910
RHA + WEIGHT SHAPE AND
S.no ABSORPTION STRUCTURE SOUNDNESS
CLAY gms SIZE
1 10%+90% 1880 15.56% homogenous
2 20%+80% 1860 15.94% Homogenous
3 30%+70% 1800 16.30% Homogenous
Clear and ringing
Rectangular
sound
4 40%+60% 1760 18.31% Small lumps with
sharp
5 50%+50% 1700 20.73% Homogenous edges
19x9x9
6 60%+40% 1616 21.02% Homogenous
7 70%+30% 1590 21.62% Small lumps No sound
8 80%+20% 1540 21.84% Small lumps No sound
At 10% RHA the compressive strength is
42-46 kg/cm2, at 20% it is 40-45 kg/cm 2 , at 30% it for all other RHA's as the chemical properties (lime
is 37-40 kg/cm 2 and at 40% it is 31-36 kg/cm 2 . content & silica content) of all the RHA's are almost
So, from the above mentioned values by increasing similar.
the percentage of RHA the compressive strength Due to the addition of RHA the weight of the
decreases. brick reduced at higher the percentage of RHA,
By addition of RHA upto 40% the strength the weight of the brick reduced considerably.
is slightly decreasing and all the values are above 35 As the weight of the brick reduces considerable
kg/cm2 (As per IS: 1077-1975). Beyond 40% RHA so as the weight of the super structure and the
the compressive strengths are drastically decreasing weight which falls on the soil reduces.
and are lies below 35kg/cm2. At lower percentages Therefore from the first part (partial) it can
of RHA, the clay characteristics are very much c on c l ud e that th e op t i m um
dominating than the RHA's characteristics, so the p e r c en t a g e for RHA + Cl a y br i c k s i s
bonding between the materials is very high. 30% RHA + 70% Clay (Maximum of 30%
While the RHA percentage increases RHA RHA). Table no 4 and Fig no 2 shows the
characteristics predominate, the bonding between varieties of compressive strengths with respect
the clay particle and the RHA particles is weak. Th e to time.
compressive strength values are somewhat similar
Table 4 Compressive strength (kg/cm2) of Full replacement of clay by RHA + Lime + gypsum
Designation RHA + Lime + Gypsum 7 days 28 days
1 80% + 20% 0% 22 28
2 70% + 20% + 10% 24 31
3 60% + 20% + 20% 29 36
4 50% + 20% + 30% 28 28
5 70% + 30% + 0% 30 36
6 60% + 30% + 10% 33 39
7 50% + 30% + 20% 34 41
8 60% + 40% + 0% 30 38
9 50% + 40% +10% 32 39
10 40 % + 40% +20% 31 41
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4. N.Vamsi Mohan, Prof.P.V.V.Satyanarayana, Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1906-1910
Fig: 2 Comparison of compressive strength for RHA + Lime + Gypsum
Table 5
RHA + Lime + gypsum weight Absorption Structure shape & size Soundness
S.no
1 80% + 20% 0% 2200 gms 16.8 % Small lumps Rectangular Clear and
with sharp ringing
2 70% +20%+10% 2254 gms 16.5 % Small lumps
edges, sound
3 60%+20%+20% 2265 gms 16.1 % Homogenous 19 x 9 x 9
4 50% +20%+30% 2290 gms 15.9 % Homogenous
5 70% +30%+0% 2258 gms 17.6 % Homogenous
6 60% +30%+10% 2297 gms 17.3 % Homogenous
7 50% +30%+20% 2310 gms 16.9 % Homogenous No sound
8 60% +40%+0% 2123 gms 16.7 % Homogenous No sound
9 50% +40%+10% 2146 gms 16.4 % Homogenous No sound
10 40% + 40%+20% 2180 gms 16.2% Homogenous No sound
In order to improve the strength of the is above 35 kg/cm2. From the above results it can
brick, lime is added in the above composition. Here conclude that the 50% RHA +30% lime+ 20%
by increasing the lime content the compressive gypsum is the optimum percentage.
strength increases. From the above table it is seen Positive aspects of RHA bricks in building
that the lime is kept constant at 20%, 30% and 40% construction
and the percentages of RHA and Gypsum are varied. 1. The RHA-clay bricks offer strengths at par
At 60% RHA + 30% lime + 10% Gypsum, the 7 with conventional clay bricks and in some
days strength is 33Kg/ cm2 and 28 days strength is cases even they give higher strength
39 Kg/cm2, at 50% RHA + 30 % lime +20% (around 100 kg/cm2) as compared to a
gypsum 7 days strength is 34 kg/cm2 and 28 days strength of 40-50 kg/cm2 in case of burnt
strength is 41 Kg/cm2, at 60% RHA +40 % lime + clay Bricks when fineness of RHA
0% gypsum the 7 days strength is 30 kg/cm2 and 28 increases.
days strength is 38 kg/cm2, at 50% RHA +40% lime 2. RHA – clay bricks have very low water
+ 10% gypsum the 7 days strength is 32 kg/cm2 and absorption of 12-15%.
28 days strength is 39 kg/cm2, at 40 % RHA + 40% 3. RHA bricks can be of good quality with
lime +20% gypsum at 7 days strength is 31 kg/cm2 sharp edges, controlled dimensions and
and 28 days strength is 41 kg/cm2. The ultimate offer a plain and even finish. They are
strength is very good and the compressive strength resistant to wear and tear which makes
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5. N.Vamsi Mohan, Prof.P.V.V.Satyanarayana, Dr.K.Srinivasa Rao / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1906-1910
them suitable for the internal and external 5. V.R.Kulkarni, (2000) “Use Of Ground
uses. Plastering over brick can be avoided granulated blast furnace Slag for strength
thus achieving further economy. and durability”, Vol-6, No-14, E&F journal
4. The bonding with mortar and plaster is of structural materials.
much greater or better in the case of RHA 6. P.G.Greeshma, Mariamma Joseph, (2011)
bricks. “Rice straw Reinforcement for
5. RHA bricks can be made in different sizes Improvement in Kuttanad clay”,
or shapes, so these can be used in building Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical
construction. Conference.
6. Bulk utilization of RHA helps in solving 7. Indian Standard 2720 PART 10 (1992)
the pollution problem. “Methods of Test for Soils Determination
7. RHA proved to be quite economical when of Unconfined Compressive Strength”.
produced in the vicinity if thermal power 8. N. Vamsi Mohan “Use of RHA & Blended
plants. Cement for partial/ full replacement of
8. These bricks are very easy to produce as burnt clay bricks” M.E. Thesis submitted
they manufacturing, process is simple and 2002, Andhra University.
machinery required is easily available.
9.
Conclusions:
1. By the addition of RHA upto 40% to clay,
the strength gradually decreased and
beyond the addition of 40% RHA the
compressive strengths decreased rapidly.
2. O p t i m um pr op or t i on for ( R HA +
C l a y) br i c k s wa s obs e r ve d a s 30%
RHA and 70% Clay (Maximum of 30%
RHA) as the bricks exhibited high
compressive strength and low brick weight.
3. As the percentage of RHA increased, water
absorption of RHA-Clay bricks also
increased.
4. In full replacement of clay with 40% RHA,
40% Lime and 20% gypsum and 50%
RHA, 30% lime and 20% gypsum gives
more strength (41 kg/ cm2) when compared
to all other possible proportions after 28
days curing period. 50% RHA, 30% lime
and 20% gypsum is optimum proportion
due to its light weight at that proportion.
5. As the percentage of lime and gypsum
increased, water absorption of RHA+
Lime+ Gypsum bricks decreased.
REFERENCES:
1. Girirsh.R.Hegde, (1997) “cost reducing
techniques for housing”, Elsivier.
2. Maria.Venturino(2001), “Utilization of
Flyash, Silica Fume and GGBS for high
performance concrete bridges and
pavements”, Seventh CANMET/ACI
international conference on flyash, silica
fume, slag and natural pozzolans in
concrete.
3. N.Banumathidas, N.Kalidas, “Newtrends in
Bricks and Blocks, the role of Fal-G”, July
1992, the Indian concrete journal.
4. Research and Consultancy Directorate of
the Associated Cement Cos Ltd, july 1992,
“Building Products from Industrial waste”,
the Indian concrete journal.
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