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![• Brix (B0) is a density measurement that indicates the
percentage of sugar in 100 g of a sugar-water solution.
Brix can be calculated by:
• Brix = [g sugar/(g sugar + g water)] x 100
• Brix units can be used to predict the alcohol content in
wine.
• % potential alcohol (v/v) = 0.57 x Brixinitial](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/kuliah1biochemicalengineering-221021115726-28db28f2/85/Kuliah-1-Biochemical_Engineering-ppt-24-320.jpg)
Kuliah 1 (Biochemical_Engineering ).ppt
- 1. Biochemical Engineering Dr. AmylGhanem Department of Chemical Engineering Dalhousie University
- 2. Outline • What isbiochemical engineering? • The catalysts • Relationship to engineering • Historical perspective: penicillin • The industry: facts • The industry: • Food, beer and wine • Industrial chemicals • Pharmaceuticals
- 3. Some definitions…. • Biotechnology:use or development of methods of direct genetic manipulation for a socially desirable goal. Sometimes a broader definition is used, where biotechnology is applied biology. • Biomedical Engineering: engineering on systems to improve human health • Bioengineering, biological engineering: work on medical or agricultural systems, draws on electrical, mechanical, industrial and chemical engineers. • Biochemical Engineering: extension of chemical engineering principles to systems using a biocatalyst to bring about desired chemical transformation.
- 4. The story ofpenicillin Alexander Fleming's photo of the dish with bacteria and Penicillin mold, 1928
- 6. The story ofpenicillin 1928 1940’s Discovered by Alexander Fleming Chemical synthesis proved to be too difficult Fermentation route was chosen Efforts to increase production •cell line selection •medium optimization •process development Full scale production 15+ years
- 7. Biocatalyst: cells andenzymes 10-20 mm 1-5 mm
- 8. Enzyme: Acetylcholinesterase size range innm E + S E-S E + P
- 9. Typical chemical processing A B A+BP P A B temperature flowrate A P B Reactor Separation
- 10. Cell as abioreactor Product : cells small molecule enzyme A P C D etc. ? Reactor inside a reactor Separation reactor A P cell B C D E P A
- 11. Bioprocesses are “special”……. •Cells are living organisms that require specific conditions for growth, production • Cells grow in culture medium (nutrients) that may support other cell types (contamination) • Bioproducts are often sensitive to external conditions (T, pH) and can easily be destroyed (separations) • Product is generally very dilute in bioreactor medium • Many byproducts in medium to remove
- 12. ….but they havetheir advantages! • Cells will often perform reactions that are too difficult to do synthetically (penicillin) • Cells can turn basic nutrients (for example, agricultural waste) into valuable products • Amazing diversity of products from cells • Cells can be modified to increase product diversity even more! • Enzymes are highly specific catalysts with high catalytic power
- 13. Industry B.Sc. M.S. Ph.D. 20001991 2000 1991 2000 1991 Chemical 26.7 43.7 24.1 38.1 28.4 46 Fuels 12.6 21.2 8.5 16.1 7.6 15.3 Electronics 15.6 2.4 22.8 3.2 19 4.8 Food/Consumer Products 11.4 7.2 4.5 4.5 2.8 5.6 Materials 3.3 2.7 7.1 5.8 6.2 5.6 Biotech and Related Industries 6.9 3.1 14.7 7.7 19.4 4 Pulp and Paper 2.4 5.1 1.3 3.2 0.9 0.8 Engineering Services 9.8 8.2 10.7 14.9 6.6 11.3 Business Services and Other* 11.2 6.4 6.3 6.4 9 6.5 AIChE Career Services Dept, 8/25/00 Engineering Employment Trends –
- 14. Industry in Canada:Biotechnology • 358 Biotech companies in Canada in 1999 • $1.9 billion in revenue • 7695 people employed • 70% are located in the health or agri foods sectors • more than 2500 biotech patent applications every year in Canada
- 15. Industry in Canada:Bioproducts Firms that produce fuels, chemicals, materials and specialty products using biological feedstocks and bioprocesses ex. alcohol from agricultural and forest feedstock, enzyme production companies •75-100 companies that undertake R&D and manufacturing •$100-150 million in sales each year •1500-2000 people employed •Very young industry!!
- 16. Industry in Canada:Medical Devices • 800 manufacturing firms in 2000 (90% Canadian-owned) • 3.1 billion in revenue, 1.6 billion of which were exports • 18,000 people employed • ex) cardiovascular devices and treatments such as heart valves and ECG systems • in vitro diagnostics; imaging; dental implants and materials
- 17. Industry in Canada:Chemicals • In 2000, there were 1,200 establishments operating in Canada. • They employed approximately 72,500 employees. • Canadian shipments in 2000 were valued at $30.2 billion
- 18. Industry Focus: Foodand beverage
- 19. Industry Focus: Foodand beverage Fermentation Products • cheese • soy products • yoghourt • wine, beer • bread Enzymes • adjust food flavour • adjust food texture • improve nutritional quality • high fructose corn syrup
- 20. Fermentation • A formof anaerobic respiration occurring in certain microorganisms (ex. yeasts) • Alcoholic fermentation is a series of biochemical reactions by which pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2.
- 21. Metabolic pathways ine.coli
- 22. C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2 CO2 • Common yeast saccharomyces cerevisae used in making wine, beer, bread by above reaction. • Different strains of yeast can tolerate different alcohol concentrations. • Theoretically, 180 g of sugar will produce 92 g of ethanol Actual yield is only 84.6 g of ethanol • EtOH (20C) = 0.789 g/mL • volume of ethanol = 84.6 g x mL = 107.2 mL 0.789 g • volume of the alcohol and water contracts by 0.7% so 107.2 mL x 1.007 = 108 mL for an overall alcohol concentration of 10.8% (v/v:108/1000).
- 24. • Brix (B0)is a density measurement that indicates the percentage of sugar in 100 g of a sugar-water solution. Brix can be calculated by: • Brix = [g sugar/(g sugar + g water)] x 100 • Brix units can be used to predict the alcohol content in wine. • % potential alcohol (v/v) = 0.57 x Brixinitial
- 25. Beer making • Malting:grains (barley, rice) are steeped in water until germination and then dried before a plant develops. The starches in the grains get converted to sugars by enzymes. • Brewing: finely ground malt is turned into a sweetened liquid by adding warm water added and heating to around 75o where the sugars get dissolved. Grain is filtered out, and its boiled for sterilization and concentration (wort) • Fermentation: the yeast turns the sugar in the wort into alcohol, a process that takes about 10 days.
- 26. Wine making (1) YeastProliferation - aerobic oxygen is needed to sterol production increased yeast robustness (2) Initial Fermentation - anaerobic sugar is converted to alcohol duration times typically 5 - 12 days (3) Secondary Fermentation - malolactic lactic bacteria metabolize malic acid to lactic acid lowered acidity and wine “softening” occurs very typical for red wines
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- 28. Factors affecting yeastfermentation • Yeast Species • Temperature • Sugar concentration • pH • Vitamins • Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
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- 30. Stone washing denim Denimis faded by abrasive action of pumice stones Indigo dye adheres to denim surface Cellulase enzyme removes some of the dye by partially hydrolyzing the cotton surface •new looks •lower costs •shorter treatment times •less solid waste •weakens the fabric traditional method new method
- 31. Detergents • Detergent industryis the largest single market for enzymes at 25 - 30% of total sales • Dirt comes in many forms and includes proteins, starches and lipids (fats and oils) • proteases, amylases, lipases are enzymes used in detergents • enzymes allows lower temperatures and less agitation for washing Inner core of enzyme plus preservative bound with CMC Protective waxy coat that disperses in the wash
- 32. Industrial Chemicals Examples: • organicacids produced from Aspergillus niger, citric acid used in soft drinks • Xylanase used for wood pulping and bleaching
- 33. Agricultural Examples: • Recombinant bovinesomatotropin (bST) for increasing milk production • Bio-insecticides for crop protection • Phyto-vanilla(tm) flavor derived from tissue culture
- 34. Environment • Cleanup ofhazardous waste sites using bacteria that feed on pollutants • Bacteria used for bio-remediation • wastewater treatment • Biosensors: use biological activity to detect toxic substances • RIS® Water tests: antibody based kit to detect low level of solvents such as benzene
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- 37. Phase II clinicaltrials in 100 to 300 patients The Drug Development and Approval Process The drug discovery and approval process takes and average of 15 years and costs almost $400 million source: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Washington DC, 1996 Discovery of a promising compound Preclinical testing in animals Phase III clinical trials in 1000 to 3000 patients FDA review and approval Drug may be prescribed by physicians 1 year 3 years 19 months 6.5 years 2 years Phase I clinical trials in healthy volunteers
- 38. Products • Small moleculesand metabolites • antibiotics • Protein drugs • Vaccines • Antibodies, Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) How? Recombinant DNA technology means bacteria and yeast can produce human proteins like insulin
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- 40. 2005 World marketfor biopharmaceuticals Enbrel Rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis Amgen/Wyeth $3,657 US mil Procrit/Ep rex Stimulation of red blood cells for treatment of anemia in HIV patients Johnson&Johnson/Ortho Biotech $ 3,324 US mil Aranesp Stimulation of red blood cells for treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure Amgen $ 3,273 US mil Rituxan Leukemia and non- Hodgins lymphoma Genentech/Roche/Biogen $ 3,154 US mil Remicade Rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease Johnson&Johnson/Centoco r/Schering Plough $ 2,535 US mil
- 41. Epogen Stimulation ofred blood cells for treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure Amgen $ 2,455 US mil Neulasta Stimulation of production of white blood cells for protection against chemotherapy complications Amgen $ 2,288 US mil NeoRecor mon/Epog in Stimulation of red blood cells Genentech/Roche/Chugai $ 1,710 US mil Herceptin Breast cancer Genentech/Roche $ 1,629 US mil Avonex MS Biogen IDEC $ 1,543 US mil
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- 44. New challenges…. Increasingly, bacteria andyeast cannot correctly form the human protein: animal cell culture ex) mouse cells require even more careful treatment Large quantities???
- 45. Opportunities for you? TheBioproducts industry “needs staff that bridge the key disciplines of biology, chemistry and engineering” Canada’s Innovation Strategy , 2001 Government of Canada Bioproducts Sector Profile
- 46. Main Issues • Typesof reactors to provide high oxygen transfer • Appropriate cell and medium selection • Sterilization and maintaining sterility, no cross contamination • In pharma, product purity and quality impedes process change • Cells and molecules are sensitive to extreme conditions • Growth rate and reaction rates are small • Product is usually very dilute • Non traditional methods of separation • Often batch operations