The document outlines the Fraser Health Authority's guidelines on knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE), emphasizing the importance of terminology, effective strategies, and stakeholder involvement in disseminating health-related information. It describes various models like push, pull, and linkage and exchange, highlighting processes for knowledge synthesis, translation, and dissemination towards improving healthcare practices. Additionally, it provides tips on developing key messages, identifying target audiences, and planning dissemination activities while noting potential barriers and the iterative nature of the process.

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Knowledge Transfer and Exchange (KTE)
Terminology and Steps in Planning Dissemination

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Beware!
Be aware of the fact that the science of KTE has a
deluge of terminology which is often used
interchangeably (and often incorrectly !)
terms actually all have a specific meaning and action(s)
associated
In this presentation, you will be introduced to the same
terminology from two (or more) perspectives:
1) the academic research perspective –CIHR / CHSRF
2) the continuing health education perspective-CACHE
The key is to remember the source and its objective

3. Know
ledge
Transfer
?
Knowledge
Synthesis??
Knowledge
Exchange?
Knowledge
to Action ?
Knowledge Dissemination?
KT
KSTE
Knowledge Utilization
Terminology?
Dissemination Utilization
Actionable
Message
KTE KSE
Knowledge Sharing
diffusion
Push / Pull
Linkage & Exchange
Knowledge
Translation
Knowledge
M
obilization
Knowledge management

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What is most important?
To understand:
That KTE is an iterative process that takes time
How the KTE process works
That a range of stakeholders need to be involved
Effective strategies for KTE
Useful frameworks for facilitating the use of best
evidence in practice or decision making

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Terminology- Knowledge Creation/Generation
Creation of
“evidence-based”
knowledge
through scientific
research/study or
evaluation

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Terminology- Knowledge Translation
“The exchange, synthesis & ethically-sound application of
knowledge---within a complex system of interactions among
researchers & users----to accelerate the capture of benefits of
research for Canadians through improved health, more
effective services & products, and a strengthened health care
system”
• Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR-2000)
“The purpose is to bridge the gap between what we know
(evidence) with what we actually do; any KT strategy takes
into account that translation and learning occurs in a complex
social system, thus, it requires a learner-centered approach”
• Canadian Association of Continuing Health Education (CACHE)

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Terminology- Knowledge Synthesis
The importance of understanding how the results
from a single research study mesh with the larger
body of knowledge / research on the topic
Conducted by completing a synthesis of the global
literature on the topic
Allows determination of the effectiveness of
interventions or practices
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR-2000)

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Terminology- Knowledge
Exchange
The interactions between the research user and
the research producer that result in mutual
learning
• Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR-2000)
Emphasizes a collaborative approach that spans
knowledge creation to its implementation.
• Canadian Association of Continuing Health Education
(CACHE-)

9. Lavis, Lomas et al (2006). BulletinLavis, Lomas et al (2006). Bulletin
of the WHO.of the WHO. 99
The Push Model
Push
the researcher is the catalyst for change
• packages tools (syntheses, policy briefs, videos) in
order to make research more accessible for
decision-makers & other research users
Decision-maker is the target of information in
the push model, but may be involved in the
research also

10. Lavis, Lomas et al (2006). BulletinLavis, Lomas et al (2006). Bulletin
of the WHO.of the WHO. 1010
The Pull Model
Pull
Focus is on the decision-maker’s desire for
information
They may be looking for new evidence that will
change programs/services
They may be learning how to critically appraise the
evidence or learning how to use the evidence in
decision-making

11. Lavis, Lomas et al (2006). BulletinLavis, Lomas et al (2006). Bulletin
of the WHO.of the WHO. 1111
Linkage and Exchange Model
Researchers and research-users
collaborate for mutual benefit
May be a short or long-term
collaboration and may occur at
any point in the research / policy
process
May include priority setting
exercises, collaborative research
projects, or projects with a
developmental product at the end
eg. database

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Terminology- Knowledge Transfer
“A systematic approach to capturing, collecting & sharing tacit knowledge
in order for it to become explicit knowledge”
Government of Alberta
KT is about transferring good ideas, research results & skills between
universities, other research organizations, business & the wider
community to enable innovative new products and services to be
developed
UK Office of Science and Technology
“Successful knowledge transfer involves much more than a one way, linear
diffusion of knowledge & skills from a university to industry; it depends on
access to people, information and infrastructure”
UK Particle Physics & Astronomy Research Council
Refers to the process of having all forms of knowledge used by
stakeholders; has been criticized for implying a unidirectional
process.
Canadian Association of Continuing Health Education (CACHE)

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Terminology-
Diffusion and Dissemination
Diffusion: The process by which an innovation is communicated through
certain channels over time among members of a social system
• Rogers (1995 -5th ed.)
Dissemination: targets a specific audience and (inter) actively uses
specific styles and levels / types of communication (small group
discussion, one-one meetings, didactic pres) of information to improve
knowledge or skills or elicit change
The spreading of knowledge or research eg in journals or at conferences
Concerns the transmitting of knowledge, but does not emphasize the
development of knowledge, nor the context of the receiver of
knowledge.
• Canadian Association of Continuing Health Education (CACHE)

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Terminology
Research Utilization
The process by which specific research-
based knowledge is implemented in practice
• Estabrooks et al, 2003
Implementation
The execution of the adoption decision where
the research or decision is put into practice

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Terminology
Adoption and Uptake:
To implement and sustain the innovation or
program over time as a regular ingredient of
practice/policy
Evaluation:
Measure how successful knowledge
exchange activities are based on a pre-
determined set of outcomes or indicators

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Knowledge Transfer and Exchange
(KTE)
WHAT IS THE GOAL OF KTE?:
To produce and disseminate information that
is useful for intended end-users (managers,
decision makers, policymakers)
The style, format, content, and process of
reporting information influences the ability
for the information to be used

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Dissemination ActivitiesDissemination Activities--
when and who?when and who?
What is the preferred order of these disseminationWhat is the preferred order of these dissemination
activities and why?activities and why?
Who will take the lead on each of these?Who will take the lead on each of these?
Suggest: Each committee member responsible for atSuggest: Each committee member responsible for at
least one dissemination activity with reportleast one dissemination activity with report--back atback at
next meeting to groupnext meeting to group

18. Steps in Planning Dissemination

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Consider the goal…..
What is the goal of disseminating?
A single change in a program?
A change in practice?
A change in culture?
Are there both short-term & long-term goals
to consider?

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Consider the context….
In creating a plan, we will need
to consider the context or the
environment that it is being
completed within
• political, organizational, social,
cultural context?
• utility?
• relevance?

21. Grol and Grimshaw (2003)Grol and Grimshaw (2003) 21212121
Consider the Barriers…..
Potential barriers exist- examples :
The practice environment / organizational context
• Financial disincentives (lack of re-imbursement)
• Lack of time
• Risk of formal complaint
The social context
• Usual Routines
• Opinion leaders do not agree with the evidence
• Obsolete knowledge
Professional Context aka knowledge and attitudes
• Clinical uncertainty
• Self confidence in skills
• Need to do something
• Inability to appraise the evidence

22. Who is your target audience?

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Who is your Target Audience?
Who are the people who can
use these findings/results?
• Primary Audience?
• Secondary Audience?
Target audiences should be identified
and engaged early in the process to
build their interest and give them a
sense of ownership in the program

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Developing key messages……

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Develop Key Messages ….
identify the most important, and locally relevant
findings, results, information
What does it mean? why it is important? How does it fit
into the local context?
Consider: How is this information potentially useful to
your target audience?
develop clear, simple, action-oriented messages
the tone, content, and language of a key message needs
to be appropriate for its intended audience

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Tips on tailoring the messages
Messages should be tailored to each audience
based on what is relevant and of interest to them
Consider your specific target audience- how would
you tailor your message so that it becomes what
the audience wants to hear?

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Identifying Spokespeople
Need to identify credible / influential
spokespeople to spread messages in order to
spread the message and increase uptake:
Champions / messengers should be people or
organizations that are credible and influential within
each target audience
Aim to engage them early in the process
WHO are these spokespeople? What makes them
credible?

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Dissemination Activities-what?
What activities will be
undertaken for
dissemination of the key
messages to each of the
target audiences?
What is appropriate and
effective?

29. Grol and Grimshaw (2003)Grol and Grimshaw (2003) 2929
What are successful techniques ?What are successful techniques ?
‘‘Mostly effective to effectiveMostly effective to effective’’
MultiMulti--professional collaborationprofessional collaboration
Interactive small group meetingsInteractive small group meetings
Regular remindersRegular reminders
Educational outreach visitsEducational outreach visits
Computerized decision supportComputerized decision support
Mass media campaignsMass media campaigns

30. Grol and Grimshaw (2003)Grol and Grimshaw (2003) 3030
What are successful techniques ?What are successful techniques ?
‘‘Mixed effectsMixed effects’’
Educational MaterialsEducational Materials
ConferencesConferences
Use of opinion leadersUse of opinion leaders
Education with different educationalEducation with different educational
strategiesstrategies
Feedback on performanceFeedback on performance
Continuous quality improvementContinuous quality improvement

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Dissemination Activities
Aim for
INTERACTION!!
Face-to-face meetings
Small groups
All party involvement
Aim for two-way
dialogue---avoid one
way flow of information

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Other considerations for
dissemination..
While planning, don’t forget: COSTS
print or web-based support materials: cost of design,
layout, translation if required
travel costs: whose budget? how much is required?
venue, equipment, technicians, catering costs
resources for future activities (meetings) and actions
that pertain to messages (eg new initiatives)

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Note to self:
What is the timeline for dissemination?
Remember:
Dissemination is an iterative process of several
months / meetings, not a one-off task
Meetings will provide an opportunity to assess
progress, adjust and fine-tune activities as required

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Time to spread the message……..

35. Who else needs to know?
Raise awareness internally- who else needs to know?
What will they do with the information?
Managers, Directors, Executive, Front Line staff
Others?
Externally-Raising public awareness
Develop and distribute public reports
Media releases, interviews
Government
Organise public forums
Other ideas?

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External Communication
Strategy
Is one required?
Who needs to know? What do they need to know and
why?
For media releases to the public, use plain language and
tell a story that will generate human interest
Consider informing other groups e.g. rotary clubs, chamber
of commerce
Enlist outsiders (public, media and externals) to assist in
spreading the messages

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Useful KTE
Resources-practical examples
From CIHR, the KT Casebook titled
Moving Population and Public Health Knowledge Into Action
–A casebook of Knowledge Translation stories
From CIHR, the KT Casebook titled
Evidence in Action. Acting on Evidence. A casebook of
health services and policy research knowledge translation
stories
http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/30739.html

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Useful KTE Resources
Canadian Association of Continuing Health Education
http://www.cachecanada.org
Institute of Health Economics Report (2008). Effective Dissemination
of Findings from Research. www.ihe.ca
Canadian Health Services Research Foundation: www.chsrf.ca
Molapo, D (2007). Knowledge dissemination: Determining impact.
IFLA Conference, Knowledge Management Workshop, Howard
College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/10204/1255/1/Molapo_2007.pdf
Developing an Effective Dissemination Plan (2001).
http://www.researchutilization.org/matrix/resources/dedp/#ten

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Useful KTE Resources:
Canadian Health Services Research Foundation http:// www.chsrf.ca
The Foundation's Communication Notes:
Developing a Dissemination Plan
Reader-Friendly Writing - 1:3:25
How to Give a Research Presentation to Decision
Makers
Dealing With the Media
Self-Editing: Putting Your Readers First
Designing a Great Poster
Communications Primer