1. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
All animals are members of the Kingdom Animalia, also called Metazoa. This Kingdom does not
contain prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera, includes bacteria, blue-green algae) or protists (Kingdom
Protista, includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms). All members of Animalia are multicellular,
and all are heterotrophs (that is, they rely directly or indirectly on other organisms for their
nourishment). Most ingest food and digest it in an internal cavity.
Animal cells lack the rigid cell walls that characterize plant cells. The bodies of most animals (all
except sponges) are made up of cells organized into tissues, each tissue specialized to some
degree to perform specific functions. In most, tissues are organized into even more specialized
organs. Most animals are capable of complex and relatively rapid movement compared to plants
and other organisms. Most reproduce sexually, by means of differentiated eggs and sperm. Most
animals are diploid, meaning that the cells of adults contain two copies of the genetic material.
The development of most animals is characterized by distinctive stages, including a zygote,
formed by the product of the first few division of cells following fertilization; a blastula, which is
a hollow ball of cells formed by the developing zygote; and a gastrula, which is formed when the
blastula folds in on itself to form a double-walled structure with an opening to the outside, the
blastopore.
It is estimated that around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth; the exact number
is not known and all estimates are rough. Animals range in size from no more than a few cells to
organisms weighing many tons, such as blue whales and giant squid. By far most species of
animals are insects, with groups such as mollusks, crustaceans, and nematodes also being
especially diverse. By this measure our own group, the vertebrates, is relatively inconsequential
from a diversity perspective.
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Animalia/
Composition of Earth's early atmosphere?
Earliest atmosphere
The outgassings of the Earth was stripped away by solar winds early in the history of the planet until a
steady state was established, the first atmosphere. Based on today's volcanic evidence, this atmosphere
would have contained 80% water vapor, 10% carbon dioxide, 5 to 7% hydrogen-sulfur, and smaller
amounts of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane and inert gases.

2. A major rainfall led to the buildup of a vast ocean, enriching the other agents, first carbon dioxide and
later nitrogen and inert gases. A major part of carbon dioxide exhalations were soon dissolved in water
and built up carbonatic sediments.
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090724154759AAISseT
The Different Levels of the Atmosphere are:
Troposphere: This is the lowest atmospheric layer and is about seven miles (11 km) thick. Most
clouds and weather are found in the troposphere. The troposphere is thinner at the poles
(averaging about 8km thick) and thicker at the equator (averaging about 16km thick). The
temperature decreases with altitude.
Stratosphere: The stratosphere is found from about 7 to 30 miles (11-48 kilometers) above the
Earth’s surface. In this region of the atmosphere is the ozone layer, which absorbs most of the
harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. The temperature increases slightly with altitude in the
stratosphere. The highest temperature in this region is about 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees
Celsius.
Mesosphere: The mesosphere is above the stratosphere. Here the atmosphere is very rarefied,
that is, thin, and the temperature is decreasing with altitude, about –130 Fahrenheit (-90 Celsius)
at the top.
Thermosphere: The thermosphere starts at about 55 kilometers. The temperature is quite hot;
here temperature is not measured using a thermometer, but by looking at the motion and speed of
the rarefied gases in this region, which are very energetic but would not affect a thermometer.
Temperatures in this region may be as high as thousands of degrees.
Exosphere: The exosphere is the region beyond the thermosphere.
Ionosphere: The ionosphere overlaps the other atmospheric layers, from above the Earth. The
air is ionized by the Sun’s ultraviolet light. These ionized layers affect the transmittance and
reflectance of radio waves. Different ioniosphere layers are the D, E (Heaviside-Kennelly), and F
(Appleton) regions.
http://ds9.ssl.berkeley.edu/lws_gems/3/layers.htm