This document summarizes common tumors of the kidney and urinary bladder. It discusses renal cell carcinoma, the most common malignant kidney tumor, which can be of clear cell, papillary, or chromophobe subtypes. Wilms tumor, the most common childhood kidney cancer, is also reviewed. Finally, tumors of the urinary bladder are covered, including papillary urothelial neoplasms and invasive urothelial carcinoma. Classification and clinical features of these tumors are presented.

1. TUMORS OF THE KIDNEY AND
URINARY BLADDER
РИШИК РАНА
ЛА2-204(1)

2. OBJECTIVES
• By the end of this session the student should be able
to:
• List the common benign and malignant tumors of the kidney
• List the types of renal cell carcinoma
• Know the clinical presentation of Wilms tumor
• Understand the basis of the classification of urothelial
carcinoma

3. CASE PRESENTATION

4. • A 63-year-old man was found to have microscopic hematuria
on urinalysis done as part of a pre-employment physical
examination. The remainder of the urinalysis was normal, as was
the physical exam. The patient did not complain of any fever,
weight loss, pain, malaise, weakness, or urinary tract symptoms.

5. • Hct: 57%
• Hb: 19 g/dL
• BUN: 12 mg/dL
• Creatinine: 0.7 mg/dL
• WBC: 7,450/mm3 with a normal differential
• Urine cytology: negative

6. • Work-up for the hematuria was begun with noninvasive imaging
studies, which included a renal ultrasound examination and an
intravenous pyelogram. A mass was seen in the left kidney with
both imaging studies. The patient underwent nephrectomy.

10. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

11. RENAL TUMORS
• Benign:
• Oncocytoma
• Renal cell adenoma
• Malignant:
• Renal cell carcinoma
• Wilms tumor
• Urothelial carcinoma

12. TUMORS OF THE KIDNEY
• Renal cell carcinoma
• Arise from tubular epithelium
• 85% of primary malignant tumors of the kidney
• 2-3% of cancer in adults
• 6th-7th decade of life, Men 2x> women
• Increased risk in smokers, occupational exposure to cadmium,
in dialysis-associated cysts

13. • Clinical:
• Hematuria 50%
• Pain
• Mass
• Paraneoplastic syndrome:
• Fever, polycythemia 5-10% (erythropoietin)
• Hypercalcemia, hypertension, cushing syndrome
• Metastases to lung, bone

14. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA: TYPES
• 1. Conventional RCC (clear cell)
• 2. Papillary RCC
• 3. Chromophobe RCC

19. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA: TYPES
• 1. Conventional RCC (clear cell RCC)
• 70-80% of RCC
• Familial and sporadic
• Associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
• VHL is autosomal dominant
• Multiple tumors: hemantioblastoma of cerebellum and retina, renal
cysts, renal cell carcinoma
• Germline mutation in VHL gene (3p25)
• Loss of second allele by somatic mutation
• Seen in sporadic RCC as well

20. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA: TYPES
• 2. Papillary RCC
• 10-15% arise from proximal tubular epithelium
• Multifocal, bilateral
• Familial and sporadic
• MET proto oncogene (7q31)
• Trisomy 7, Mutation of chromosome 7
• In sporadic cases: trisomy 7, 16, 17

25. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA: TYPES
• 3. Chromophobe RCC:
• 5% arise from collecting ducts
• Loss of Ch 1,2,6,10,13,17,21
• Hypodiploidy
• Good prognosis

28. • Morphology:
• Clear cell
• Solitary, large, cortical, well defined
• Yellow-orange, gray-white, cysts, hemorrhage, necrosis
• May extend to pelvis, ureters
• May invade renal vein and inferior vena cava
• Papillary
• Bilateral, multiple
• Chromophobe
• Brown-tan

29. • Micro:
• Clear cell RCC
• Lipid, glycogen
• Clear cells
• Round nuclei
• Vascular
• Papillary
• Chromophobe:
• Perinuclear halo, macrovesicles
• Well defined cell membrane

30. Coventional RCC Papillary Chromophobe
Clear cell papillary Thick cell
membrane,
perinuclear halo
VHL gene 3p MET oncogene
7q
Loss of
chromosomes
Cortical, yellow
orange with
hemorrhage,
necrosis
Papillary, might
be multifocal,
bilateral
Cortical, Brown

31. OCYTOMA

32. RENAL CELL ADENOMA

33. CASE PRESENTATION

34. • Our patient is a 5 year-old, Caucasian female who presented to
the primary pediatric clinic in early spring with chief complaints of
cough, fever by touch, and decreased activity for six days. Our
patient's illness began with rhinorrhea and progressed to appetite
loss and fever that her parents felt was unresponsive to
acetaminophen.

35. • On physical exam our patient appeared
worrisomely “sick”. She was fatigued. The
outstanding physical findings consisted of a
slightly erythematous throat. On abdominal exam
a mass of 9 cm width by 4 cm length with
regularly shaped margins was palpated with light
depth and verified with percussion in the left
upper quadrant. The mass was smooth, slightly
firm, oval, nonmobile, and did not cross the
midline. The child denied pain during the exam,
but was uncomfortable during palpation.

37. • Our patient was then admitted to the children's hospital after her
fever and upper respiratory symptoms subsided for biopsy.
Biopsy confirmed diagnosis of Wilms' tumor. The tumor was
shrunk with chemotherapy for five months and then removed
from the left kidney via complete nephrectomy and partial right
nephrectomy.

38. WILMS TUMOR

39. WILMS TUMOR
(NEPHROBLASTOMA)
• Most common primary kidney tumor in children
• Occur commonly between 2-5 years
• WT1 gene, WT2 gene
• Risk with congenital malformation:
• WAGR syndrome
• Denys-Drash syndrome
• Beckwith-Weidmann syndorme

40. WILMS TUMOR
(NEPHROBLASTOMA)
• Risk with congenital malformation:
• WAGR syndrome
• Loss of ch 11p13 (WT1)
• Aniridia, genetal abnormalities, mental retardation
• Denys-Drash syndrome
• Loss of ch 11p13 (WT1)
• Gonadal dysgenesis
• Renal abnormalities
• Beckwith-Weidmann syndrome
• Enlarged body organs (tongue, kideny, liver), adrenal
enlargement, hemihypertrophy (body segment
enlargement)
• Ch 11p15.5 (WT2)

41. WILMS TUMOR
(NEPHROBLASTOMA)
• Clinical:
• Mass
• Cross the midline
• Hematuria
• Intestinal obstruction
• Prognosis: good
• 2 year-survival: 90%

49. WILMS TUMOR
(NEPHROBLASTOMA)
• Morphology:
• Large well-circumscribed
• 10% bilateral, multiple
• Soft homogeneous, tan-gray
• Hemorrhage, cysts, necrosis
• Triphasic:
• Epithelial: tubules
• Stroma: fibrous, myxoid
• Blastema: small blue cells
• Foci of anaplasia
• Nephtogenic rests: precursor lesions

50. CASE PRESENTATION

51. • A 73-year-old man presented with painless
hematuria and urinary frequency

54. • Radical prostatocystectomy specimen revealed urothelial
carcinoma with invasion of the muscularis, circumferentially
involving the bladder base. Carcinoma in situ was seen at the
right ureteral margin. There was also invasion of the prostate,
local lymph nodes and vascular structures

55. TUMORS OF THE URINARY
BLADDER

56. TUMORS OF URINARY BLADDER
AND COLLECTING SYSTEM
• Classification, ISUP (international society of
urologic pathology).
• Benign
• Urothelial papilloma
• Malignant
• Papillary
• Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential
• Papillary urothelial carcinoma – low grade
• Papillary urothelial carcinoma – high grade
• Flat
• Urothelial carcinoma in-situ
• Invasive urothelial carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma

57. TUMORS OF URINARY BLADDER
AND COLLECTING SYSTEM
• Clinical:
• Painless hematuria
• 50-70 year, men 3x>women
• Risk factors
• Smoking
• Industrial solvent, hydrocarbons, dyes
• Cystitis
• Schistosomiasis
• cyclophosphamide

58. TUMORS OF URINARY BLADDER
AND COLLECTING SYSTEM
• Clinical:
• High recurrence rate
• Fatal by ureteric obstruction
• Overall survival 5y: 57%
• Ureteric carcinoma 5y survival: 10%

71. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

72. OBJECTIVES
• By the end of this session the student should be able
to:
• List the common benign and malignant tumors of the kidney
• List the types of renal cell carcinoma
• Know the clinical presentation of Wilms tumor
• Understand the basis of the classification of urothelial
carcinoma

73. PICTURES