Kidney stones

1.  LECTURER:
 SUBJECT:
 TITLE: KIDNEY STONE
Presented By- Group
15/11/2022
MARKA UNIVERSITY

2. OBJECTIVES
o INTRODUCTION
o INCIDENCE
o STONE FORMATION
o TYPES OF STONES
o CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
o CAUSES & RISK FACTORS
o PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
o TREATMENT & PREVENTION 15/11/2022

3. 15/11/2022
INTRODUCTION
Kidney Stones, also known as renal calculus
or nephrolith, are small, hard deposits of
mineral and acid salts on the inner surfaces of
the kidneys.
•If stones grow to sufficient size they
can cause blockage of the ureter.
•kidney-------- stone (calcium)
gall bladder---- stone (cholesterol oxalates)
intestine ------- jejunum (hard substance)

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Urinary calculi are more common in men than in
women.
🞭 Incidence of urinary calculi peaks between the
3rd and 5th decades of life.
🞭 80% of stones under 2mm in size
🞭 90% of stones pass through the urinary system
spontaneously
🞭 There is seasonal variation with stone occurring
more often in the summer months suspecting the
role of dehydrationin this process.
INCIDENCE

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Highly concentrated urine constituents crystallize and harden to
form calculi.
 Kidney stones form when our urine contains more
crystal- forming substances — such as calcium,
oxalate and uric acid.
 At the same time, our urine may lack substances that
prevent crystals from sticking together, creating an
ideal environment for kidney stones to form.
 The crystals get deposited on the nucleus and continue
to grow. These can some times adhere to the renal
papillae.
STONE FORMATION

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 Calcium oxalate
 Calcium phosphate
 Struvite
 Uric acid
 Cystine
TYPES OF KIDNEY STONES

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Calcium stones: Most kidney stones are calcium stones,
usually in the form of calcium oxalate and calcium
phosphate. Oxalate is a naturally occurring substance found
in food. Some fruits and vegetables, as well as nuts and
chocolate, have high oxalate levels. Our liver also produces
oxalate.
CALCIUM STONES

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CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
IN ALKALINE URINE
ENLARGES RAPIDLY
TAKE SHAPE OF CALYCES
STAGHORN

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Uric Acid: This type of kidney stone is more common in men than in
women. They can occurin people with gout or those going through
chemotherapy.
Struvite: This type of stone is found mostly in women with urinary tract
infection. These stonescan be quite large and cause urinary obstruction.
Cystine: Cystine stones are rare. They occur inboth men and women
who have the genetic disorder cystinuria.
Other: Other, rarer types of kidney stones also canoccur. Such as
XANTHINE STONES, DIHYDROXY ADENINE STONE, SILICATE
STONES etc.
CONT…….

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• Severe flank pain
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fatigue
• Elevated temperature, BP, and respirations
• Steady Pain
• Pain on urination; Pink, red or brown urine
• Oliguria and anuria in obstruction
• Hematuria
• Renal colic
• Hydronephrosis
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

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 Supersaturation of urine is the key to stone formation
 Imbalance of pH in urine
 Gout
 Hyperparathyroidism
 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
 UTI (Urinary Tract Infections)
 Dehydration
 Crystal aggregation
CAUSES

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 HIGH MINERAL CONTENT IN DRINKING WATER
 DEHYDRATION
 FAMILY OR PERSONAL HISTORY
 DIETARY INTAKE
 BEING OBESE
RISK FACTORS

13.  Slow urine flow, resulting in super
saturation of the urine.
 Damage to the lining of the urinary tract
 Decreased inhibitor substances
in the urine that would otherwise
prevent super saturation and
crystalline aggregation.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
15/11/2022

14. DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
LAB INVESTIGATIONS
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Diagnosis of kidney stones requires a complete health history assessment
and a physical exam. Other tests include Trusted Source:
 Blood tests for calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, and electrolytes
 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine to assess kidney functioning
 Urinalysis to check for crystals, bacteria, blood, and white cells
 Examination of passed stones to determine their type

15. CONT….
The following tests can rule out obstruction:
 Abdominal X-rays
 Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
 Retrograde pyelogram
 Ultrasound of the kidney (the preferred test)
 MRI scan of the abdomen and kidneys
 Abdominal CT scan
15/11/2022

16. •Acute Treatment:
Pain Medication!!
Strain urine for stones
Keep Hydrated
Ambulation
Diet Restrictions
Emotional Support
Invasive Procedure (may be necessary)
TREATMENT & PREVENTION
15/11/2022

17. Lithotripsy: used sound wave to break up large stones into
smaller fragments allowing it to passthrough the urinary tract.
 Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotrypsy (ESWL)
 Percutaneous Ultrasonic
 Electrohydraulic
 Laser
Surgical Therapy
 Nephrolithotomy (Kidney)
 Pyelolithotomy (Renal Pelvis)
 Ureterolithotomy (Ureter)
Basket Extraction/Ureteroscopy
SURGICAL PROCEDURES
Lithotripsy
Basket Extraction 15/11/2022

18.  Hydration
 Drink 3 liters of fluid per day (14 cups)
 Ideally water
 Lemonade (citrate decrease stoneformation)
 Diet
 Low sodium & calcium intake.
 Avoid intake of oxalate-containing foods (eg, spinach,strawberries,
rhubarb, tea, peanuts,wheat bran).
 Low protein intake is required.
 Exercise/Increase Activity
-Avoid activities leading to sudden increases inenvironmental
temperatures that may cause excessive sweating and dehydration.
PREVENTION
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19. MEDICATIONS
Pain relief may require narcotic medications. The
presence of infection requires treatment with antibiotics.
Other medications include:
•allopurinol for uric acid stones
•diuretics
•sodium bicarbonate or sodium citrate
•phosphorus solutions
15/11/2022

20. THANK YOU FOR YOUR LISTENING
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