Office of the Human Rights Defender of the Republic of Poland
Mrs Katarzyna Wilkołaska-Żuromska, senior Counsellor, Department of Constitutional and International Law
PIL is one of utmost important area of Legal field. Today i prepared the short note on this. It will be helpful for all law students, and all other aspirant who are preparing for other governmental exams. In most of the government exam there is question relating to the this topic.
The monthly newsletter of the Centre of Policy and Legal Reform is devoted to the analysis of the state reform, in particular in the areas of parliamentarism and elections, constitutional and judicial reform, civil service, anti-corruption, etc.
The purpose of the publication is to raise the awareness among citizens and to strengthen their ability to influence the state authorities in order to accelerate democratic reforms and establish proper governance in Ukraine.
This article discusses the proposal of a redevelopment of the judicial enforcement step mainly in regards of public interest litigation. That is to say whenever the judiciary has before itself the responsibility to provide an answer for the claims to the accomplishment of public policies, it must focus on ensuring the contradictory as a co-participation one. The constitutional proceedings require from the judiciary a new approach with regards to dealing with old and new litigations. As for public interest litigations it is necessary to rebuild the foundation of mainstream judicial proceeding theory so that it can go beyond the debate between liberal and socializing stances and thus enable a discoursive formation of the decision and of its enforcement. Basing on 5º paragraph of the article 461 from Brazilian Civil Procedures Code, this article argues that it should be created a procedure in the judicial enforcement step whereby the parties (and others) may settle about its form, timing and scheduling, supported by an expert mediator, who would be supposed to technically assist the parties' settlement efforts. In this way, the enforcement of public interest litigation acquires a “soft character” as it becomes more effective since it allows that its form will not come from a monocratic doer, but from the deliberation of the very ones affected by the claimed public police, and thus the enforcement has better chances to succeed.
PIL is one of utmost important area of Legal field. Today i prepared the short note on this. It will be helpful for all law students, and all other aspirant who are preparing for other governmental exams. In most of the government exam there is question relating to the this topic.
The monthly newsletter of the Centre of Policy and Legal Reform is devoted to the analysis of the state reform, in particular in the areas of parliamentarism and elections, constitutional and judicial reform, civil service, anti-corruption, etc.
The purpose of the publication is to raise the awareness among citizens and to strengthen their ability to influence the state authorities in order to accelerate democratic reforms and establish proper governance in Ukraine.
This article discusses the proposal of a redevelopment of the judicial enforcement step mainly in regards of public interest litigation. That is to say whenever the judiciary has before itself the responsibility to provide an answer for the claims to the accomplishment of public policies, it must focus on ensuring the contradictory as a co-participation one. The constitutional proceedings require from the judiciary a new approach with regards to dealing with old and new litigations. As for public interest litigations it is necessary to rebuild the foundation of mainstream judicial proceeding theory so that it can go beyond the debate between liberal and socializing stances and thus enable a discoursive formation of the decision and of its enforcement. Basing on 5º paragraph of the article 461 from Brazilian Civil Procedures Code, this article argues that it should be created a procedure in the judicial enforcement step whereby the parties (and others) may settle about its form, timing and scheduling, supported by an expert mediator, who would be supposed to technically assist the parties' settlement efforts. In this way, the enforcement of public interest litigation acquires a “soft character” as it becomes more effective since it allows that its form will not come from a monocratic doer, but from the deliberation of the very ones affected by the claimed public police, and thus the enforcement has better chances to succeed.
Public Interest Litigation: A Critical Reviewijtsrd
In this research paper the researcher has focused on the introduction of Public Interest Litigation in the Indian Judicial System. The innovative procedure of law has been introduced for betterment of the socially and economically deprived. Paper includes the positive impacts and negative impacts it curtails on the Indian society and explores the ways someone can use the judicial instrument for securing the rights of the deprived sections of society. The paper discusses about the writs that can be used to take the legal remedy. Also, includes certain landmark cases and judgments that show up the necessity public interest litigation has in the Indian society. The paper aims at critically analyzing the public interest litigation instrument introduced by the judicial system. The researcher also comments on the present scenario of the public interest litigation and aims to show its importance by discussing relevant case laws that made an impact on the judicial system. The conclusion part lays an overview of the research work done and tries to suggest the necessary steps to be taken or the loophole that exists, which needs to be mended. Arihant Agrawal"Public Interest Litigation: A Critical Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17001.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/17001/public-interest-litigation-a-critical-review/arihant-agrawal
Giovanni Birindelli - Protectionism - Milan Universitycatallaxy
Slides of the lectures held on 3-4 May 2018
Course in Economic Geography (Prof. A. Vitale)
LLM in Sustainable Development, Faculty of Law
University of Milan
Role of NGOs in the protection of human rights of accused and victimsNamrata Chakraborty
In this Powerpoint Presentation, I have tried to portray the role of NGOs both in Indian and International levels in protecting the rights of the victim as well as accused in a criminal justice administration
Public Interest Litigation: A Critical Reviewijtsrd
In this research paper the researcher has focused on the introduction of Public Interest Litigation in the Indian Judicial System. The innovative procedure of law has been introduced for betterment of the socially and economically deprived. Paper includes the positive impacts and negative impacts it curtails on the Indian society and explores the ways someone can use the judicial instrument for securing the rights of the deprived sections of society. The paper discusses about the writs that can be used to take the legal remedy. Also, includes certain landmark cases and judgments that show up the necessity public interest litigation has in the Indian society. The paper aims at critically analyzing the public interest litigation instrument introduced by the judicial system. The researcher also comments on the present scenario of the public interest litigation and aims to show its importance by discussing relevant case laws that made an impact on the judicial system. The conclusion part lays an overview of the research work done and tries to suggest the necessary steps to be taken or the loophole that exists, which needs to be mended. Arihant Agrawal"Public Interest Litigation: A Critical Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17001.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/17001/public-interest-litigation-a-critical-review/arihant-agrawal
Giovanni Birindelli - Protectionism - Milan Universitycatallaxy
Slides of the lectures held on 3-4 May 2018
Course in Economic Geography (Prof. A. Vitale)
LLM in Sustainable Development, Faculty of Law
University of Milan
Role of NGOs in the protection of human rights of accused and victimsNamrata Chakraborty
In this Powerpoint Presentation, I have tried to portray the role of NGOs both in Indian and International levels in protecting the rights of the victim as well as accused in a criminal justice administration
The concept of rule of law is that the state is governed by the law, not by any particular government. This paper displays the present condition of the rule of law in curriculum and students’ intention in getting a course or a training program on the rule of law in their curriculum. In this study, 23 in-depth interviews with different university going students of different disciplines—science, social science, medical and engineering, 2 key-informant interviews, and 3 focus group discussions (FGDs), along with intensive studies from various secondary sources, were conducted.
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Dialogue Forum on Civil Society in Turkey and the EU
15 November 2013 in Istanbul
Vesna Lendić Kasalo
Croatian Government Office
for Cooperation with NGO's
Dialogue Forum on Civil Society in Turkey and the European Union
14-15 November 2013 in Istanbul
Ege ERKOÇAK
Ministry for EU Affairs
Director for Political Affairs
Genre et Médias Perspectives Pour Une Lutte Contre le
Hülya Uğur Tanrıöver
Université Galatasaray
Faculté de Communication
Centre de recherche sur les médias /MEDIAR
PARLAMENTOLAR ARASI DEĞİŞİM VE DİYALOG
CİNSİYET EŞİTLİĞİ SEMPOZYUMU
6-7 KASIM 2012 PARİS-FRANSA
PROF. DR.YILDIZ ECEVİT
Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi
Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Kadın Çalışmaları
Anabilim Dalı Başkanı
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
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CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Parliamentary Exchange and Dialogue Forum On Discrimination Nevşehir 10-11 September 2013
1. Office of the Human Rights Defender
of the Republic of Poland
Mrs Katarzyna Wilkołaska-Żuromska, senior Counsellor,
Department of Constitutional and International Law
2. Act on the Human Rights Defender
The Human Rights Defender shall safeguard the
freedoms and rights of persons and citizens specified
in the Constitution and other normative acts,
including safeguarding the implementation of the
equal treatment principle (Article 1(2) of the Act on
the Human Rights Defender).
3. Human Rights Defender is the constitutional
authority for legal control and protection. In his
activities, the Defender is integral and
independent from other state authorities.
The Defender is appointed by the Sejm and
approved by the Senate for a 5 -year term of office.
4. In accordance with principles specified by statute,
everyone shall have the right to apply to the Human
Rights Defender for assistance in protection of his
freedoms or rights infringed by organs of public
authority (Article 80 of the Constitution of the
Republic of Poland).
5. Actions or defaults by natural persons or other
entities governed by private law fall outside the
Defender's competence.
However, in such cases the Defender may
investigate whether the reaction of competent
authorities or institutions to the breach of law
by entities governed by private law was
appropriate.
6. Act on equal treatment
It is prohibited to treat people unequally due to:
–race,
–ethnic origin or nationality,
–gender,
–religion, denomination, beliefs
–disability,
–age,
–sexual orientation.
7. AREAS PROTECTED
The Act is applied with regard to:
–employment-related issues,
–access to and conditions of use of the labour market instruments,
–taking up vocational training,
–conditions of taking up and pursuing business or professional activities,
–acting in trade unions and employers’ organisations,
–social security,
–health care,
–education and higher education,
–public services.
8. Act on equal treatment
New competences of independent authority for the
promotion, analysis and support of equal treatment:
1.
providing independent assistance to victims of
discrimination in lodging complaints of discrimination,
2.
carrying out independent research on discrimination,
3.
publishing independent reports and making
recommendations on discrimination-related problems,
4.
exchange of information with the competent
European authorities.
9. REVERSE BURDEN OF PROOF
Division of the burden of proof: the complainant must
substantiate that different treatment could have taken
place. As a result, a presumption of discrimination comes
into existence and then must be rebutted by its alleged
perpetrator. In case of substantiation of violating the
principle of equal treatment everyone charged with
violation of this rule is obliged to demonstrate that they
have not violated it (Article 14(3) of the Act on equal
treatment).
10. Defects in the provisions of the Act on equal
treatment.
•a doubt whether the Human Rights Defender’s powers, in
relation to matters between private operators, are compliant
with the provisions of EU directives, according to which
the authority for equal treatment should assist victims of
discrimination in lodging complaints concerning the equal
treatment principle
•the incompleteness of its regulations
11. Everyone, towards whom the principle of equal
treatment has been violated, has the right to
receive compensation (Article 13 of the Act on
equal treatment).
12. Three expert commissions within the Defender’s Office:
1.Commission of Experts for Elderly People
2.Commission of Experts for People with Disabilities
3.Commission of Experts for Migrants
13. The commissions of experts, who do not take any
remuneration for their participation and do community
service, are obliged to support the Human Rights Defender
in performance of his statutory tasks, particularly with
regard to monitoring of the protection of freedoms and
rights of man and of the citizen in the law enforcement
process as well as preparing analyses and monitoring of
equal treatment of persons and non-discrimination on the
grounds of the age, disability, gender, nationality, ethnicity
and religion.
14. “Equal opportunities in access of people with disabilities
to education”.
The members of the Commission drew up a monography
entitled “The most important challenges following the
ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of
People with disabilities by Poland”.
15. Trainings, inter alia, assistants to the Members of
Parliament
and
senators,
students
brought
together at legal clinics as well as representatives
of non-governmental organisations), also two
thematic reports regarding “The equal treatment
principle – law and practice” were prepared to be
issued:
16. “The equal treatment principle – law and practice.
The accessibility of public infrastructure for people
with disabilities. Analysis and recommendations”.
“The equal treatment principle – law and practice.
Countering violence motivated by the race, ethnic
origin
and
recommendations”.
nationality.
Analysis
and
17. As part of performing the tasks related to acting as an
independent authority for equal treatment, in 2012 the
Defender ordered to carry out social studies in the
following areas:
a)
Perception of elderly people by young people,
perception of young people by elderly people.
b)
Violence against elderly women and women
with disabilities.
c)
Elderly people in the market of financial
services.
d)
Physicians in the course of specialisation and
non-heterosexual persons.
18. • In 2012, there has been a significant increase
(by almost 90%) in the number of individual
In 2012, there has been a significant increase (by almost
complaints regarding the equal treatment
90%) in the number of individual complaints regarding
principle, sent to the Defender. Over that
the equal treatment principle, receivedDefender. Over
year, the Defender sent to the 1960 individual
that cases regarding received 1960 understood issues
year, the Defender the widely individual cases
regarding the treatment
of equal widely understood issues of equal
treatment.
19.
20. A motion addressed to the Defender is free of
charge, and does not have to take any particular
form; however, the identity must be indicated of
the applicant and the person whose liberty and
right is involved in the case, and the subject of
the case must be defined.
21. Key competences of the Human
Rights Defender:
•Examine each case on the spot,
•Demand explanation;
•Address a motion to the body whose activity has been
found to have caused an infringement of the liberties and
right of a human and a citizen.
22. The Defender's general motions may include the
following:
•Opinions and conclusions as to how the case
could be resolved,
•A request for the initiation of disciplinary
proceedings,
•A request for a legislative initiative,
•A request for issuing or amending other legal
acts.
23. The Defender may:
•Demand that proceedings be instituted in civil,
penal or administrative cases and may initiate
proceedings before the Constitutional Tribunal
•Participate in all ongoing proceedings,
•Lodge remedies, including extraordinary
remedies,
•Refer the so-called juridical questions to the
Supreme Court.
24. Good practices:
We can observe changes in the political and societal
discourse on equality. For instance the so called quota
legislation was accepted in December 2010,
guaranteeing at least 35 % of ballot positions to women.
Act on Sign Language in 2011
Labor Law
25. Human Rights Defender supported introduction of
alternative voting procedures: by proxy, by post and
with an overlay in Braille for blind voters.
Supported also enhancement of facilities inside the
poolingstation adjusted to needs of people with
disabilities.
Human Rights Defender launched a coalition which
aimed observance of law and enforcement of disabled
people rights during parliamentary elections on
9.10.2011. A number of NGOs, Media, and local
authorities took part in the coalition
26. Due to a great commitment Ombudsman
and NGOs President of the Republic of Poland signed
the act of ratification of the UN Convention on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities
27. Thank you for your attention!
e-mail: k.wilkolaska@brpo.gov.pl