Juvenile Justice Systems Day 2
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- The juvenile justice system originated from the idea that children should be treated differently than adults under the law due to their immaturity. In the past, children were punished the same as adults, including facing the death penalty. - The first juvenile court was established in Cook County, Illinois in 1899. This started a movement where other states created separate courts to handle juvenile offenders with the goal of rehabilitation due to children's undeveloped decision making. - Juvenile courts have jurisdiction over juvenile offenders and certain status offenses. Status offenses are actions that would not be considered criminal if committed by an adult, such as truancy or underage drinking.
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1) Some of the historical events that have had an impact on the.docx
1)
Some of the historical events that have had an impact on the contemporary juvenile justice network in the United States, I can say starting off has to be the age differential for punishment. What I mean by that is, while reading some of the historical events I came across this portion; “there were no corporal punishment prior to puberty, which was considered to be the age of 12 years for females and 13 years for males. No capital punishment was to be imposed for those under 20 years of age, and that children under the age of 17 years were typically exempt from the death penalty (Bernard,1992)”.
Another historical event that had such an impact would be dealing with Chancery courts, under the guidance of the king’s chancellor, were created to consider petitions of those who were in need of special aid or intervention, such as women and children left in need of protection and aid by reason of divorce, death of a spouse, or abandonment, and to grant relief to such persons. Through the chancery courts, the king exercised the right of parens patriae (“parent of the country”) by enabling these courts to act in loco parentis (“in the place of parents”) to provide necessary services for the benefit of women and children (Bynum & Thompson, 1992).
Basically, stating that, “the king, as ruler of his country, was to assume responsibility for all of those under his rule, to provide parental care for children who had no parents, and to assist women who required aid for any of the reasons just mentioned. Although chancery courts did not normally deal with youthful offenders, they did deal with dependent or neglected children, as do juvenile courts in the United States today”.
My opinion on both are pretty much upside down, because these juveniles are getting more and more out of hand and I feel as if they are doing so not just because lack of attention from home, parents etc. they come up with but just foolishness knowing that they won’t necessarily get punished for it. But times have changed are going to continue to change just because of that. I was reading on the case Roper v. Simmons. This case was very interesting to me because teens are still committing these types of crimes, which I call pre-meditated. I wouldn’t want my love one away from me, but committing such crime, consequences are needed to be set in place. Now as far as the time served giving that would be difficult for me to decide, only because you may NEVER know what a person is committing the crime for. They can tell you one thing and mean another. Long term effects will result in continuous increase in prison population, after while the juvenile courts/jail will no longer be needed because it’s a continuous thing with the crimes being done. Juveniles stealing cars, robbing and killing-the EXACT thing they see us adults doing and seeing the punishments being given and thinking oh that’s nothing I can serve that. It’s like it’s a trend now.
2)
n 1818, a New York C.
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It found that the compromise between punishment and healing for juvenile offenders is a dilemma that the United States have to face since the inception of its judicial system. After declaring self-rule from Britain, the United States modeled its lawful system after the one well-known United Kingdom. It meant that, in the eyes of the law, little difference was made between children and adults. Kids as could be tried as adults if warranted by their crime. At the end of 18th century, psychologists and sociologists began to recognize the emerging notion of adolescence as a developmentally different era of life. This is the idea of managing adolescent offender outer of the adult court became more widely accepted but keeping in line with the idea that juvenile delinquent requires special care and treatment. In this case, the society had a role to play in the prevention of Juvenile delinquency that opened the first facility for disturbed youth in 1825. New York House of Refuge, on the other hand, was created as an option for juveniles who had committed an illegal act that would have likely earned them time in jail. But in 1899, what came into existence is the development of first juvenile court in the United States came into existence in Cook County, Illinois. The rationale that was behind the forming a separate justice system for youths. Its evident that this was based on the British set of guidelines for parens patriae, which gives a State meaning as a parent. What is provided by Sickmund and Snyder is that the set of instructions was to give an interpretation with a mean because children were not of full legal capacity, the state had the inborn power and accountability to protect children whose natural parents were not providing suitable care or supervision. The court system viewed insufficient parenting as part of the problem with delinquent youth and reasoned that, with proper intervention, troubled juveniles could be put back on the path towards becoming law-abiding, productive members of their communities.
In 1899 United States of America, made legal history when the world's first juvenile court opened in Chicago. The court was founded on two fundamental principles. First, juveniles lack the maturity to take responsibility for their actions the way adults could. Secondly, because, their personality was not yet fully developed, what could be noted is that they could receive proper corrective measures more successfully than adult criminals. More than a century later, these principles remain the benchmarks of juvenile justice in the United States.
A rising number of crimes committed by the kids are being subjected to trial as adults much the way they might have been before the beginning of juvenile courts. This stems from public outra ...
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Similar to Juvenile Justice Systems Day 2
1) Some of the historical events that have had an impact on the.docx
1)
Some of the historical events that have had an impact on the contemporary juvenile justice network in the United States, I can say starting off has to be the age differential for punishment. What I mean by that is, while reading some of the historical events I came across this portion; “there were no corporal punishment prior to puberty, which was considered to be the age of 12 years for females and 13 years for males. No capital punishment was to be imposed for those under 20 years of age, and that children under the age of 17 years were typically exempt from the death penalty (Bernard,1992)”.
Another historical event that had such an impact would be dealing with Chancery courts, under the guidance of the king’s chancellor, were created to consider petitions of those who were in need of special aid or intervention, such as women and children left in need of protection and aid by reason of divorce, death of a spouse, or abandonment, and to grant relief to such persons. Through the chancery courts, the king exercised the right of parens patriae (“parent of the country”) by enabling these courts to act in loco parentis (“in the place of parents”) to provide necessary services for the benefit of women and children (Bynum & Thompson, 1992).
Basically, stating that, “the king, as ruler of his country, was to assume responsibility for all of those under his rule, to provide parental care for children who had no parents, and to assist women who required aid for any of the reasons just mentioned. Although chancery courts did not normally deal with youthful offenders, they did deal with dependent or neglected children, as do juvenile courts in the United States today”.
My opinion on both are pretty much upside down, because these juveniles are getting more and more out of hand and I feel as if they are doing so not just because lack of attention from home, parents etc. they come up with but just foolishness knowing that they won’t necessarily get punished for it. But times have changed are going to continue to change just because of that. I was reading on the case Roper v. Simmons. This case was very interesting to me because teens are still committing these types of crimes, which I call pre-meditated. I wouldn’t want my love one away from me, but committing such crime, consequences are needed to be set in place. Now as far as the time served giving that would be difficult for me to decide, only because you may NEVER know what a person is committing the crime for. They can tell you one thing and mean another. Long term effects will result in continuous increase in prison population, after while the juvenile courts/jail will no longer be needed because it’s a continuous thing with the crimes being done. Juveniles stealing cars, robbing and killing-the EXACT thing they see us adults doing and seeing the punishments being given and thinking oh that’s nothing I can serve that. It’s like it’s a trend now.
2)
n 1818, a New York C.
Juveniles Tried as Adults .docx
Juveniles Tried as Adults
Juveniles Tried as Adults
Research Thesis Paper
Juveniles Tried as Adults
It found that the compromise between punishment and healing for juvenile offenders is a dilemma that the United States have to face since the inception of its judicial system. After declaring self-rule from Britain, the United States modeled its lawful system after the one well-known United Kingdom. It meant that, in the eyes of the law, little difference was made between children and adults. Kids as could be tried as adults if warranted by their crime. At the end of 18th century, psychologists and sociologists began to recognize the emerging notion of adolescence as a developmentally different era of life. This is the idea of managing adolescent offender outer of the adult court became more widely accepted but keeping in line with the idea that juvenile delinquent requires special care and treatment. In this case, the society had a role to play in the prevention of Juvenile delinquency that opened the first facility for disturbed youth in 1825. New York House of Refuge, on the other hand, was created as an option for juveniles who had committed an illegal act that would have likely earned them time in jail. But in 1899, what came into existence is the development of first juvenile court in the United States came into existence in Cook County, Illinois. The rationale that was behind the forming a separate justice system for youths. Its evident that this was based on the British set of guidelines for parens patriae, which gives a State meaning as a parent. What is provided by Sickmund and Snyder is that the set of instructions was to give an interpretation with a mean because children were not of full legal capacity, the state had the inborn power and accountability to protect children whose natural parents were not providing suitable care or supervision. The court system viewed insufficient parenting as part of the problem with delinquent youth and reasoned that, with proper intervention, troubled juveniles could be put back on the path towards becoming law-abiding, productive members of their communities.
In 1899 United States of America, made legal history when the world's first juvenile court opened in Chicago. The court was founded on two fundamental principles. First, juveniles lack the maturity to take responsibility for their actions the way adults could. Secondly, because, their personality was not yet fully developed, what could be noted is that they could receive proper corrective measures more successfully than adult criminals. More than a century later, these principles remain the benchmarks of juvenile justice in the United States.
A rising number of crimes committed by the kids are being subjected to trial as adults much the way they might have been before the beginning of juvenile courts. This stems from public outra ...
PERSPECTIVESJuveniles in CourtMatthew F. Soulier, MD, .docx
PERSPECTIVES
Juveniles in Court
Matthew F. Soulier, MD, and Charles L. Scott, MD
Nineteenth-century American reformers were concerned about the influence of immaturity and
development in juvenile offenses. They responded to their delinquent youths through the creation
of juvenile courts. This early American juvenile justice system sought to treat children as different
from adults and to rehabilitate wayward youths through the state’s assumption of a parental role.
Although these rehabilitative goals were never fully realized, the field of American child psychiatry
was spawned from these efforts on behalf of delinquent youths. Early child psychiatrists began
by caring for juvenile offenders. The function of a child psychiatrist with juvenile delinquents
expanded beyond strictly rehabilitation, however, as juvenile courts evolved to resemble criminal
adult courts—due to landmark Supreme Court decisions and also juvenile legislation between 1966
and 1975. In response to dramatically increased juvenile violence and delinquency rates in the 1980s,
juvenile justice became more retributional, and society was forced to confront issues such as capital
punishment for juveniles, their transfer to adult courts, and their competency to stand trial. In the
modern juvenile court, child psychiatrists are often asked to participate in the consideration of such
issues because of their expertise in development. In that context we review the role of psychiatrists
in assisting juvenile courts. (HARV REV PSYCHIATRY 2010;18:317–325.)
Keywords: child psychiatry, courts, forensic psychiatry, juveniles
HISTORY OF JUVENILE LAW
Adults have always made the laws that define order and
justice in societies, but such laws have historically varied
in their assignment of criminal culpability to juveniles and
adults. For example, in the eighteenth century under En-
glish common law, children younger than 7 years were con-
From the Division of Psychiatry and the Law, University of Califor-
nia, Davis Campus, Sacramento, CA.
Original manuscript received 19 November 2009; revised
manuscript received 28 May 2010, accepted for publication 28 July
2010.
Correspondence: Matthew F. Soulier, MD, UC Davis, Psychiatry and
Law, 2230 Stockton Blvd., 2nd Fl., Sacramento, CA 95817. Email:
[email protected]
©c 2010 President and Fellows of Harvard College
DOI: 10.3109/10673229.2010.527518
sidered lacking the cognitive capacity to know and under-
stand the consequences of their actions. Without the crim-
inal intent, or mens rea, such immature children were not
capable of committing a crime. Children between 7 and 14
were similarly presumed to lack this capacity unless the
prosecutor could prove that the child defendants knew and
understood the consequences of their acts. Persons older
than 14 were considered adults, subject to the full weight of
the law and punishment, including death if so determined.1
This “rule of sevens” was based on developmental consider-
ations and a moral d ...
1).Over the last few centuries numerous historical events have t.docx
1).Over the last few centuries numerous historical events have taken place that resulted in a major impact on the contemporary juvenile justice network in the United States. The notion of age of responsibility and maturity level has been the central focus since the inception of recorded history. The question remains today of when and under what circumstances children are capable of forming criminal intent ("Juvenile Justice", p. 5) which has led to continuous debates still occurring today.
Up until the early 1800s juvenile offenders in the United States received the same treatment and punishment as adult offenders. It was very common for juveniles to be housed with adults as well. In 1818, a New York City commission initiated the term "juvenile delinquency", and brought to the attention of the public eye and identified pauperism, or poverty, as a root cause of misbehavior amongst juveniles. In 1825, the Society for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency began to campaign for the separation of juveniles from adults. Over the course of the next few years, numerous juvenile institutions were established. These institutions, known as houses of refuge, primarily focused on education and treatment, instead of solely focusing on punishment ("Juvenile Justice", pp. 6-7).
With public warning from the New York City police chief, that violent juvenile offenses were steadily increasing, in 1849 the United States transitioned from houses of refuge to concentrating on reform schools and preventive agencies ("Juvenile Justice", p. 7) Industrial Schools for dependent children were founded in 1879, as a result of the Industrial School Act, preceded by the Chicago Reform School Act, but were later held unconstitutional. As a result of unsuccessful reform schools , the child savers movement developed during the post-Civil War era, with high and genuine concern for the welfare of children, leading to the establishment of the first juvenile/family court in 1899 ("Juvenile Justice", p. 8).
By 1932 the number of independent juvenile courts across the United States, exceeded 600. All states had enacted laws developing separate juvenile courts by 1945. Because juvenile courts were not criminal courts , juvenile offenders did not possess the same constitutional rights as accused adult offenders. Historical U.S. Supreme Court cases such as
Holmes
,
Kent v. United
States
, Gault
, and
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
, mentioned in this week's reading, and their holdings, have all had a dramatic impact on the contemporary juvenile justice network in America ("Juvenile Justice", pp. 9-10).
A few other major historical legislative acts that dramatically impacted the contemporary juvenile justice network in the United States have been enacted by Congress over the years. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency act of 1974, which established the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention to support efforts - local and state - in delinquency prevention and juvenil.
Juvenile Justice SystemComment by Jamie Price Good job.docx
Juvenile Justice System Comment by Jamie Price: Good job with the title page
Chalyne A. Arvie
CPSS235
26FEB2018
JAMIE PRICE
Running head: JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
1
JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
7
Juvenile Justice System
Juvenile Justice System Development Comment by Jamie Price: Good job with using headings.
But your first paragraph should be an introduction.
Introduce the main points that will be covered. Let the reader know where the paper is going.
Refer to my help documents associated with this assignment for assistance with creating a good academic introduction.
In the United States, the adolescent court framework was established more than ten years before the main court establishment in 1899 in Illinois. Before its formation, all youngsters were considered as adults or grownup where they were punished in similar ways as adults. Prior to the creation of juvenile courts, the common law's infancy defense provided the only special protections for young offenders charged with crimes. The common law conclusively presumed that children younger than seven years of age lacked criminal capacity, while those fourteen years of age and older possessed full criminal responsibility. Comment by Jamie Price: This is good information but you need to cite your work.
If the information isn’t common knowledge, you need to cite it using in-text citations.
Some basic formats are:
Blah blah blah (Last name, year).
According to Last name (year), blah blah blah.
Last name (year) reported that “blah blah blah” (p. #).
“Blah blah blah” (Last name, year, p. #).
The history of the juvenile justice system dates as far back as to the bible to Roman Era time. In this period, it was the parent’s responsibility to punish their children, unless the child is in need of a more severe consequences. In the middle ages, common law was established in England. The use of shires, reeves, and chancellors were used. When being punished, the English used the same punishments on children over the age of seven as an adult. In eighteenth-century London, jails were created based upon workhouses. On July 1899, United States established the first juvenile justice system located in Illinois. The Illinois legislature passed the Illinois Juvenile Act that would disciple accordingly to children under the age of sixteen. The juvenile courts were to take jurisdiction over the children (Champion, Merlo, & Benekos, 2013). Comment by Jamie Price: Try to remove unnecessary words.
“is in need of a” = needs Comment by Jamie Price: Good job citing your work.
Predominant Philosophy of the Juvenile System
Alterations in the social origination ideology of youngsters and the system of cultural control in the nineteenth-century y led to the establishment of the very first juvenile court in 1899. To differentiate between the young and adult offenders, progressive philosophers made efforts to reform the juvenile court system. They developed new thoughts regarding adolescence and made the court ...
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Learning objectives
AFTER READING THIS CHAPTER, THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO:
· Explain the concept of parens patriae.
· Differentiate between the types of juvenile offenders, including delinquents and status offenders.
· Explain the structure of the juvenile justice system and the roles and functions of various juvenile justice agencies.
· Summarize how juvenile offenders are processed through the criminal justice system.
· Understand the meaning of the deinstitutionalization of status offenders.
Introduction
The juvenile justice system is unique. This book explains the system and how it has evolved. The organization of this chapter is as follows: First, the juvenile justice system is described. Certain features of juvenile justice are similar in all states. Various professionals work with youth, and they represent both public and private agencies and organizations. From police officers to counselors, professionals endeavor to improve the lives of youth.
Every jurisdiction has its own criteria for determining who juveniles are and whether they are under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. A majority of states classify juveniles as youth who range in age from 7 to 17 years, and juvenile courts in these states have jurisdiction over these youth. Some states have no minimum-age provisions and consider each case on its own merits, regardless of the age of the juvenile.
Because juveniles are not considered adults and, therefore, fully responsible for some of their actions, special laws have been established that pertain only to them. Thus, violations specific to juveniles are referred to as status offenses. Juveniles who commit such infractions are categorized as status offenders. Juveniles who engage in acts that are categorized as crimes are juvenile delinquents, and their actions are labeled juvenile delinquency. In brief, delinquent acts for youth would be crimes if committed by adults. By contrast, status offenses are not considered crimes if adults engage in them. Examples of status offenses include runaway behavior, truancy, unruly behavior, and curfew violation. The characteristics of youth involved in such behaviors will also be described.
In 1974, the U.S. Congress enacted the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA). This act, although not binding on the states, encouraged all states to remove their status offenders from secure institutions—namely secure juvenile residential or custodial facilities—where they were being held. States subsequently removed status offenders from institutions and placed these youth with community, social service, or welfare agencies. This process is called the deinstitutionalization of status offenses (DSO) and will be described in some detail.
Next, a general overview of the juvenile justice system is presented. While later chapters will focus upon each of these components in greater detail, the juven.
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PERSPECTIVESJuveniles in CourtMatthew F. Soulier, MD, .docx
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Juvenile Justice SystemComment by Jamie Price Good job.docx
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Juvenile Justice Systems Day 2
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